TheHydrologicCycle

HydroPower
SergioCapareda BAEN,TAMU

WorldsHydroPowerCapacity
Produces21%ofworldselectricitysupply 1,010,000MWcombinedpoweroutputwitha theoreticalpotentialof2,800GW 2,000hydropowerplantsinUSwithatotalcapacity of92,000MW LargesthydropowerplantinUSisthe7,600 megawattGrandCouleePowerStation,Columbia River,WashingtonState.
Country Canada China Brazil US Continent Asia NorthAmerica Europe % 24% 23% 20% Energy(GWh) 618 595 537 315 309 282 255

US Hydro Power Generating Capacity

Energy(GWh)

Hydropower is the renewable energy source that produces the most electricity in the United States Accounted for 6% of total US electricity generation and 60% of the generation from renewables in 2010. Supplies 28 million households with electricity equivalent to nearly 500 million barrels of oil The US consumes around 18.8 million barrels of crude oil per day

US Hydro Power Generating Capacity

WaterPower
TheoreticalPower(Pt)

Hydropower is one of the oldest source of energy in the United States The first US hydroelectric power plant was built on the Fox River near Appleton, Wisconsin in 1882. Accounted for 6% of total US electricity generation and 63% of the generation from renewables in 2011 (up by 3% from a year before)

Where Pt =powerinhp Q=massflowrate,lbs/min Q=Av v=velocityofwaterstream,ft/min A=crosssectionalareaofwaterstream,ft2 =densityofwater,62.4lbs/ft3 H=head,ft

Pt (hp)

QH 33,000

WaterPower
TheoreticalPower(Pt)

Kalayaan Pumped Storage Power Plant, Philippines

Where Pt=powerinkW Q=massflowrate,kg/sec Q=Av v=velocityofwaterstream,m/sec A=crosssectionalareaofwaterstream,m2 =densityofwater,1000kg/m3 H=head,m

Pt (kW )

QH 102

Pumped Storage Facility in the Philippines

SampleCalculations
Given:H=291meters,pipediameter=6m;terminal velocity=10m/s;Efficiency80%.Determinethe poweroutput. Solution: 1.TheoreticalPower
Pt (W ) QH 291m (6m) 2 10m 1000kg N s 2 9.8m W s x x x x x x 102 4 s kg m N m m3 s2

Pt ( MW )
storage 22 10 6 m 3 hr Discharge Time (hrs ) 183,333 sec 51 hrs release 120 m 3 / sec 3600 sec

806,329W

MW 1x106W

806MW

2.ActualPowerOutput
Pa ( MW ) 806MWx0.80 645MW

BhumibolDamandHydroPowerPlant,Thailand

Details: 1. Capacity:535 MW 2. Completed: 1969 3. Annual Energy Production: 2.2B-kWh

The200WMiniHydroPowerUnit

Example
Given:Volumetricflowrate=35liters/secand1 meterhead.Determinethetheoreticalpower possibleandactualpoweriftheconversionefficiency was60%. Solution li 1 kg x 35 kg / sec 1. Q (kg / sec) 35 sec li 35 kg 1 m N sec 2 9.8m sec W kW Power (kW )t Q H x x x x x 0.343 kW 2. sec kg m sec 2 N m 1000W Power (kW ) a Q H Eff 0.343 * 0.6 0.206kW 206 W 3. 24hrs 365days 4. Yearly Output (kWh / yr) 0.206 kWx day x yr 1805 kWhr / yr 5.Notethat35lps=555gpm.

TechnicalSpecificationsofMiniHydroUnits
MHG200W Waterhead Waterflow Outputvoltage Output frequency Outputpower Generatorweight
Efficiency (200W )

Inefficiencies
Hydrauliclosesinconduitsandturbines Mechanicallossesinbearingsandpower transmissionsystem Electricallossesingenerator,stationuseand transmission(forhydroelectricpower) Overalleffectistoreducethetheoretical powerbyafactorof0.60 0.80

MHG500W 1.5m 70l/s 220VAC 5060Hz 500W 32kg

2

MHG1000W 1.5m 130l/s 220VAC 5060Hz 1,000W 75kg

1.5m 35l/s 220VAC 5060Hz 200W 16kg

N m kg m J sec Output 200W sec x100% 38.9% x x x x J Input 35kg 1.5m N sec2 W sec 9.8m
Output 500W sec kg m J sec 2 N m x x x x x100% 48.6% Input 70kg 1.5m N sec 2 W sec 9.8m J Output 1000W sec kg m J sec 2 N m x x x x x100% 52.3% Input 130kg 1.5m N sec 2 W sec 9.8m J

Efficiency (500W )

Efficiency (1000W )

WaterPowerGeneratingDevices
HydraulicRotatingPrimeMovers
Waterwheels(overshot,undershot,breast) Tubwheel/flutterwheel Turbines(Reaction:Francis,Nagler,Kaplan, Impulse:Pelton,Turgowheels)

WaterTurbines

HydraulicRams HydraulicAirCompressor

Comparison of Impulse Versus Reaction Turbines

ReactionTurbines
Reactionturbinesareactedonbywater,which changespressureasitmovesthroughtheturbine andgivesupitsenergy.Theymustbeencasedto containthewaterpressure(orsuction),ortheymust befullysubmergedinthewaterflow. Newtonsthirdlaw(laworreciprocalreactionsor conservationofmomentum)describesthetransfer ofenergyforreactionturbines. Mostwaterturbinesinusearereactionturbines. Theyareusedinlowandmediumheadapplications.

Waterwheels

UndershotWaterwheel

Overshot (35 ft x 40 wide)

Undershot (10 ft x 24 wide)

Application

Application:WaterPoweredSawmill

Tubwheel:Asmallundershotwheel mountedhorizontally

FrancisTurbineRunner

PropellerTypeKaplanRunner

ImpulseTurbines
Impulseturbineschangethevelocityofawaterjet.Thejet impingesontheturbine'scurvedbladeswhichreversethe flow.Theresultingchangeinmomentum(impulse)causesa forceontheturbineblades.Sincetheturbineisspinning,the forceactsthroughadistance(work)andthedivertedwater flowisleftwithdiminishedenergy. Priortohittingtheturbineblades,thewater'spressure (potentialenergy)isconvertedtokineticenergybyanozzle andfocusedontheturbine.Nopressurechangeoccursatthe turbineblades,andtheturbinedoesn'trequireahousingfor operation. Newtonssecondlaw(F=ma)describesthetransferofenergy forimpulseturbines. Impulseturbinesaremostoftenusedinveryhighhead applications.

Impulse:PeltonRunner

Turgowheels

TypicalRangeofHeads(m)
Kaplanturbine axialflowreactionturbine
Head: 2<H <70m Specificspeeds:300 1100rpm

SummaryofVariousTypesofHydroTurbines
HighHead Impulse Turbines Pelton Turgo Mediumhead Crossflow MultiinjectPelton Turgo Francis Lowhead CrossFlow

ReactionTurbines

Francisturbine mixedflowreactionturbine
Head: 300<H <500m Specificspeeds:60 400rpm

Propeller Kaplan

Peltonturbine animpulseturbine
Head: 50<H <1300m Specificspeeds:4 70rpm

Turgowheels
Head: Head: 0<H <250m 1<H<200m

Deriazturbine reactionturbine,mixedflow

CharacterizingTurbines SpecificSpeed usedtocomparedifferentimpellers Unitofspecificspeed=dimensionless Equationforspecificspeed q1/ 2 where Ns h3 / 4 Ns =specificspeed =pumpshaftrotationalspeed(rpm) q=flowrate(gal/min;m3/hr) h=headrise=(ft;m)

 Thisnumberdescribesthespeedoftheturbineatitsmaximum efficiencywithrespecttothepowerandflowrate.Thespecific speedisderivedtobeindependentofturbinesize. Giventhefluidflowconditionsandthedesiredshaftoutput speed,thespecificspeedcanbecalculatedandanappropriate turbinedesignselected. Thespecificspeed,alongwithsomefundamentalformulascan beusedtoreliablyscaleanexistingdesignofknown performancetoanewsizewithcorrespondingperformance. Example.Givenpumprotationalspeedof1760rpm,flowrate of1500gal/minandheadof100ft.Calculatethespecific speed Solution: 1760 *1500(1 / 2) Ns 2156 100(3 / 4)

SpecificSpeed,s

Typical Values for Ns in US Units (gpm)

Types Radialflow Nsrange 500<Ns<4000 Remarks Typicalforcentrifugal impellerpumpswithradialvanes; doubleandsinglesuction;Francisvaneimpellersinthe upperrange Typicalformixedimpellersinglesuctionpumps

MixedFlow 2000<Ns<8000 AxialFlow

7000<N2<20000 Typicalforpropellers andaxialfans

Thisisthespecificspeedforatypicalcentrifugal pump.

BankiTurbine(Mitchel,Crossflowor Ossberger)
Uses nozzles and blades instead of buckets (similar to overshot waterwheels)

HowaHydroPowerPlantWorks

HydroPowerMonograph

TypesofHydroPowerPlant
Onthebasisofoperation
BaseloadplantandPeakloadplant

Plantcapacity
Micro(<5MW) Mediumcapacity(5 100MW) Highcapacityplant(1001000MW) Superpowerplant(>1000MW)

Basedonhead
Lowhead(<15m) Mediumheadplant(1550m) Highheadplant(>50m)
Grouping done arbitrarily and not sacrosanct

TypesofHydroPowerPlant
Basedonhydraulicfeatures
Conventional Pumpedstorage Tidalpowertype

DiversionCanal:TaziminaProject, Alaska

BasedonConstructionFeature
Runofriver Valleydamtype Diversioncanal Highheaddiversion

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Types of Hydro Plant Run-of-the-river Diversion Canal Valley Dam type High head diversion

TypesofPumped StorageHydro ElectricPower System

800kWHydroPowerFacility,King Cove,Alaska(700residents)

HooverDam(17generators@133 MWeachproduces>2,000MW)

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TheGrandCouleePowerPlant 7,600MW

LargestHydroelectricPowerPlantin theWorld(13,320MW),Brazil

EnvironmentalIssues
Waterquality(lossesoxygenandgains nitrogenandphosphorus) Damagetosurroundings Obstructionofaquatic life Siltation Affectirrigationscheduling Overflowingofdams

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