P.O. Box 25 Fox River Grove, IL 60021 Phone: (847) 458-4647 Fax: (847) 458-4648
1" 4 1/2" Pitch (varies) 1 1/2" (varies) approx. scale: 1 1/2" = 1'0"
2" (varies)
Figure 2
CUSTOM DECK
9" 7.6" 24" 3" 9" 2"
3"
9"
3"
+d h D pitch -d
D > 3" +d = (D - h - w/2) - d = (D - h/2 - 3w/2 - 0.75") -d TOP COVER = 0.75" pitch
+d
Note 1: For D < 3" place the mesh in the center of the concrete that is above the ribs. For D > 3", mesh is draped, not layered.
+d -d pitch
Note 2: For negative bending the b width for Inverted B deck is 7.5". For D > 3" mesh is draped, not layered.
Note 1 Note 2
Form decks with h < 1.5 and Pitch < 6.0 have a slab b width of 12 for both positive and negative bending. Form decks with h 1.5 or Pitch 6.0 have a slab b width of 12 for positive bending and a b width for negative bending = average rib width x 12/pitch. b is the concrete compression width.
These design considerations evolved from experience rather than from an extensive research program and, in general, reflect the normal conservative approach used by engineers. For stay in place bridge forms the rib influence depends on the design considerations of the particular state highway department. Figure 4 shows a cross section of bridge form panel. For more information on bridge form see the SDI paper on this subject.
Figure 4
Coverage (varies) Top flange (varies)
SPAN
1 2
123456 123456
R1
Key 1234567
1234567
uniform construction load (20 psf, unfactored)
l
P
R2
P +M = 0.25Pl + wl / 8
2
clear span
12345678901 12345678901
l
R1 P R2
l
R3
R2 V
SPAN
+M -M
SPAN
12345678 12345678
l
R1 P R2
R1
R2
R3
R4
= R4 = 0.4wl = R3 = 1.10wl = 0.60 wl at interior support +M = 0.08 wl 2 -M = 0.10 wl 2 def.* = 0.0069wl 4/EI R2 +M -M V = 1.20 wl = 0.074 wl 2 = 0.117 wl 2 = 0.617 wl at interior support
R1 R2 V
l
R3
l
R4
+ M = 0.20 Pl + 0.094 wl 2
For single spans only, the concrete load shall include either an additional 50% of the concrete weight or 30 psf whichever is less. * Deflection is to be calculated using only concrete plus deck weights uniformly distributed over all spans.
With this type of construction the deck usually bonds to the slab and for uniform service loads (such as in offices) the deflection calculation can be done in a similar manner used for composite decks; that is, the composite I is calculated by averaging the cracked and uncracked transformed sections where the form deck provides the steel reinforcing. The contribution of the welded wire fabric is not included in the calculation. If concentrated loads are part of the design, then the design engineer may feel more comfortable using only the cracked transformed I; again the welded wire fabric is not included. Individual deck manufacturers can provide their I values on request. For bar reinforced slabs it is 6
tc
bm = b2 + 2tc + 2tt single span bending: be = bm + 2(1 - x/ l)x; where x is the location of the load. continuous span bending: be = bm + 4/3 (1 - x / l)x shear: be = bm + (1 - x / l)x P but in no case shall be > 8.9(tc /h), feet.
be
b3 b2
By inverting the deck the side lap is kept high and out of the bottom of the gutter. While this detail is recommended for exposed roofs it is incorrect for built up roofs because the insulation board would have less bearing and a greater rib opening to span. Thermal movement of roof panels should also be considered. For most insulated buildings continuous sheet lengths should not exceed 60 (18 m). Exposed screw fasteners should have neoprene sealing washers.
10 12
1 4
Fu
Gage, t2* 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
10
860 890 920 1030 1080 640 670 690 770 810 540 560 580 640 670
12
45 55 65 45 55 65 45 55 65
The table pull over strengths lbs., are based on Fu = 45 ksi for 16 thru 22 gage, and 60 ksi for 24 thru 28 gage. * t1 is the thickness under the screw head or washer.
* Use the SDI decimal thickness, t2, for the gage of the material receiving the threads. The safety factor for pull over and pullout (ASD) is 3. The factor (LRFD) is 0.5.
Siding Form deck as siding is generally used in the more utilitarian structures. The uniform load tables apply when analyzing wind loads. If the wall is expected to also perform as a diaphragm then attention must be given to the fastenings. Caulking of side laps, flashing, insulation, and corner details use the same techniques as with other metal siding products. 10
The curtain spacing should not be greater than eight times the ceiling height and should be not less than 20% of the ceiling height where the ceiling height is measured at the vent. In most cases the curtain should be greater than 10 feet (3 m) above the floor. Smaller spacings of curtains may be needed around areas that are particularly subject to smoke damage in general the curtain spacing should not be closer than twice the ceiling height. Tighter spacings and deeper lengths can be needed around special hazards. Calculating Fire Resistance for Slabs with Form Deck There are several tested and U.L. listed assemblies for composite floor deck, both with and without spray on fire protection or suspended ceilings. U.L. allows the use of noncomposite form decks of the same cross section in these assemblies; the slabs must be appropriately reinforced. These ratings are covered in the D___ construction group of U.L. Many form deck ratings with spray on protection, drywall, or suspended ceilings are listed by U.L.; these are in the G___ construction group and the most common form deck in the ratings is the standard 0.5 x 2.5 (nominal) generic profile. No calculations are needed for these well defined constructions.
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total
teff
C.G. y
The rules for determining the equivalent thickness of formed slabs are: A. Where the spacing of ribs or undulations is equal to or greater than four times the minimum thickness, the equivalent thickness is the minimum thickness. B. Where the spacing of ribs or undulations is equal to or less than two times the minimum thickness, the equivalent thickness is calculated by dividing the net crosssectional area by the panel width. The maximum thickness used to calculate the net cross-sectional area shall not exceed two times the minimum thickness. C. Where the spacing of ribs or undulations exceeds two times the minimum thickness but is less than four times the minimum thickness, the equivalent thickness is calculated from the following formula: t + [(4t/s) - l] (te - t) where: s = spacing of ribs or undulations t = minimum thickness te = equivalent thickness calculated in accordance with item B The attached tables provide the effective thickness based on these rules for the standard form deck products made by SDI member companies. These tabulated effective 12
Minimum eqivalent thickness (inches)* for fireresistance rating (hours) 1 hr. 3.5 3.2 2.7 2.5 1 hrs. 4.3 4.0 3.3 3.1 2 hrs. 5.0 4.6 3.8 3.6 3 hrs. 6.2 5.7 4.6 4.4 4 hrs. 7.0 6.6 5.4 5.1
Rules A, B and C and Figure 12: Copyright 1994, Building Officials and Code Administrators International, Inc., Country Club Hills, Illinois. Guidelines for Determining Fire Resistance Ratings of Building Elements. Reprinted with permission of author. All rights reserved.
Naturally the slab must be reinforced with bars or welded wire mesh in accordance with ACI design procedures in order to carry the intended superimposed load. The tabulated effective thicknesses are conservative when compared to successfully tested (and U.L. listed) systems.
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Tables
B and B Inverted 1.5" x 6" Deck (wide rib) 1.5000" x 6.0000" Cover, in. 2.0000 2.2500 2.5000 2.7500 3.0000 3.2500 3.5000 3.7500 4.0000 4.2500 4.5000 4.7500 5.0000 5.2500 5.5000 5.7500 6.0000 6.2500 6.5000 6.7500 7.0000 Total Slab Depth, in. 3.50 3.75 4.00 4.25 4.50 4.75 5.00 5.25 5.50 5.75 6.00 6.25 6.50 6.75 7.00 7.25 7.50 7.75 8.00 8.25 8.50 Effective Thickness, in. B Deck 2.2 2.5 2.7 3.0 3.2 3.5 3.8 4.1 4.4 4.7 5.0 5.3 5.6 5.9 6.2 6.4 6.7 6.9 7.2 7.4 7.7 B Inverted 2.5 2.8 3.0 3.3 3.5 3.9 4.2 4.5 4.9 5.1 5.4 5.6 5.9 6.1 6.4 6.6 6.9 7.1 7.4 7.6 7.9 Control B B B B B C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
Nominal 1/2" x 2.5" Form Deck 0.5625" x 2.5000" Total Slab Effective Cover, in. Depth, in. Thickness, in. 1.9375 2.50 2.2 2.1875 2.75 2.5 2.4375 3.00 2.7 2.6875 3.25 3.0 2.9375 3.50 3.2 3.1875 3.75 3.5 3.4375 4.00 3.7 3.6875 4.25 4.0 3.9375 4.50 4.2 4.1875 4.75 4.5 4.4375 5.00 4.7 4.6875 5.25 5.0 4.9375 5.50 5.2 5.1875 5.75 5.5 5.4375 6.00 5.7 5.6875 6.25 6.0 5.9375 6.50 6.2 14
Control C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
Example Problem 1
20 gage inverted B (roof deck) is to be used as a form to carry a 6" (total depth) normal weight (145 pcf) concrete slab. Typical properties as obtained from manufacturers literature for the deck are: I = 0.21 in4; Sp = 0.26 in3; Sn = 0.25 in3; R = 3310 lbs; V = 3880 lbs, Values of per foot of width; R = is interior bearing, 4" width w (deck weight) = 1.9 psf; Fy = 33000 psi; E = 29.5 x 106 psi For a three span condition, calculate the maximum unshored span - use LRFD procedures. The concrete volume for a 6" slab is 0.453 ft3/ft2. Concrete = 145 x 0.453 = 65.7 psf Deck = 1.9 psf Refer to figure 5 for construction loading. Check interaction shear at bending at first interior support. -Mapplied = 0.117(1.6 x 65.7 + 1.4 x 20 + 1/2 x 1.9)(12)l2 -Mapplied = 190.1l2 inch lbs. where 1.6 is the load factor for the concrete; 1.4 is the load factor for the deck weight. These factors are obtained from the American Iron and Steel Institute Specification (1996). The factor for bending is 0.95 and the factor for shear has already been applied to the listed value. Mnominal = 0.95 x 33000 x 0.25 = 7838 lb. inches V = 0.617(1.6 x 65.7 + 1.4 x 20 + 1.2 x 1.9)l = 83.5l lbs. The interaction formula: Mapplied 2 Vapplied 2 1.0 + Mnominal Vnominal 190.1l2 2 83.5l 2 = 1 + 7838 3880 Solving for l provides l = 6.38' Check one (of three) span loadings: 0.95 x 33000 x 0.26 = [0.20 x 150 x 1.4l + .094 (1.6 x 65.7 + 1.2 x 1.9)l2]12 Solving for l provides l = 6.38' which is a coincidence that it is the same as the combined shear and bending calculation. Checking the interior reaction: With all spans loaded Rint = 1.10 (1.6 x 65.7 + 1.4 x 20 + 1.2 x 1.9)l = 148.9l lbs. 148.9l = 3310 l = 22.2' Check deflection - limit is L/180. l(12)/180 = .0069(65.7)l4 1728/29.5 x 106 x 0.21 l = 8.06' Stress controls and the maximum unshored span is 6.38' = 6'4 1/2". This can be considered as a clear span. 15
( )( ) ( )( )
Example Problem 2
Review for uniform load the slab described in example problem 1, if reinforced with 4 x 4 and 4.0 x 4.0 draped welded wire reinforcing. The span is 6' - three span condition. Refer to figures 3 and 6. f'c = 3000 psi; Fy = 60000 psi (WWR) As = 0.120 in2/ft; wire dia. = 0.225 = w -d = (6 - 0.75 - 3 x 0.225/2) = 4.91" +d= (6 - 1.5 - 0.225/2) = 4.39" b width for negative bending = 7.5" b width for positive bending = 12" Standard concrete slab procedures are used to review for bending. M = As Fy (d - a/2); where = 0.90 a = depth of compression block = As Fy/(0.85 f'c b) for negative bending: a = 0.120(60000/0.85 x 3000 x 7.5) a = 0.376" for positive bending: a = 0.120(60000/(0.85 x 3000 x 12) a = 0.235" -M = 0.90(0.120)60000(4.91 - 0.376/2) = 30,600 in. lbs. +M = 0.90(0.120)(60000)(4.39 - 0.235/2) = 27,700 in. lbs. The SDI method for determining the concrete area for shear is as illustrated below. The area for a 6" slab on inverted B deck is listed as 54 square inches.
Shear Area of Concrete
deck depth shaded areas represent area of concrete available to resist shear
pitch
overlapping areas
but if the slab depth causes the areas to overflap then the area is adjusted to not exceed the shape provided with the deck pitch as the top dimension.
pitch
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Example Problem 2
Ac = 54 in2
Because not all the concrete area is used it could be argued that enough compensation for shear area above the negative steel has been made so that the total available area is indeed 54 in.2. However, for this problem the conservative deduction of 0.75 x 12 = 9 in.2 is made. Ac = 54 - 9 = 45 Vc = 2(fc) Ac = 0.85 x 2 x (3000) 45 = 4190 lbs. Vs = 3880 lbs. Vs = Vc = 3880 + 4190 = 8070 lbs. Check: Limit V to < 4 (fc) Ac x 4 x (3000) 45 = 9859 > 8070 Deflection: For uniform loading the composite I can be used. The published composite I for this deck/slab is 17 in.4 (per foot). The ACI coefficients are: +M is an end span = 0.091wl2 - M= 0.083wl2 V = 0.58wl live load deflection < l/360 Since the deck is unshored and is galvanized it will carry the slab dead load permanently. +M = 27700 = 1.6(.091Wl) 62(12) Wl = 440 psf -M = 30600 = 1.6(.083Wl) 62 (12) Wl = 533 psf V = 0.58Wl(6) = 8070 lbs. Wl = 2310 psf = 6(12) = 0.20" = .0069Wl (6)4 1728 360 29.5 x 106 x 17 Wl = 6490 psf Obviously, the load is controlled by positive bending and is 440 psf. It is common for the capacity to far exceed the need.
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