STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS: Experiment 8 - Particle Size Reduction

1. What is comminution?
It is the process of reducing the particle size of vegetable, animal or chemical drugs to a smaller or finer state of subdivisions.

2. What are the objects of comminution?

- to increase the ease and thoroughness of extraction of animal or vegetable drugs - increase the rate of solution of solids - enhance the absorption of drugs - aid the efficient processing of solid particles by fascilitating powder mixing or the production of suspension - to reduce the bulk volume of a material to improve transportation efficiency

3. What are the different size reduction methods used in extemporaneous

compounding? Trituration, Pulverization by intervention, Levigation, Cutting, Grating, Bruising or Contusion

4. How is trituration properly done? Describe or illustrate.

The act of trituration is carried on by moving the pestle with a circular motion, exerting pressure all the while on the powder being processed. The circle can start from the center of the mortar and gradually enlarged by working toward the mortar walls, or it can start at the outer edge and be gradually lessened in diameter.

5. What are the different kinds of mortar and pestle? When do you use
each? - glass mortars, Wedgwood, porcelain and metal(iron or brass)

6. What is geometric dilution? When and why do you employ geometric

dilution?

7. What is the primary requirement when choosing the agent

(intervention) for pulverization by intervention?

8. When do you employ pulverization by inervention?

usually with camphor and boric acid, generally, often apppied to subs. which are gummy and tend to reagglomerate or which resist grinding

9. Describe the proper technique of performing the levigation process.

- process wherein a paste is first formed by the addition of a suitable non solvent to the solid material and rubbing the paste in a mortar with a pestle or an ointment slab using a spatula.

10. When do you employ levigation?

- employed in small scale preparation of ointment -done to prevent the feeling of grittiness in the preparation

11. What are levigating agents? Give examples.

-Used with insoluble solutes. The levigating agent increase the solubility. -Mineral oil (Oily subs or ext phase), Glycerin (aqueous external phase)

12. Define mesh.

Mesh is the number of openings per linear inch.

13. What are the different classes of milling equipment?

- coarse crushers (20 mesh) , intermediate grinders (200 to 20), Fine grinding mills (>200, smaller than 20)

14. Enumerate the principal methods used in milling and the application of
each.

15. How will you select the appropriate milling equipment or method to
use?

Experiment 9- Heat Processes

16. What are the application of heat in the practice of pharmacy? 17. This term expresses qualitatively the intensity of heat. 18. What are the different tyoes of burner? 19. Make an illustration of hte flame zones produced by each type of
burner. Label each zone.

20. What is flashback? How can this be prevented? 21. When do you use wire gauze? What is it made of? What is the
advantage using it?

22. What are the different type of bath? Give the specific function each
type performs.

23. When do you employ clay triangle? 24. What are the different pharmaceutical processes for which heat is
required? Give the applications of each?

25. How should the containers used in any of these processes be handled? 26. Differentiate desiccation from exsiccation. 27. What is a desiccator? 28. What are desiccants? Give examples. 29. What are the considerations in choosing the appropriate desiccant to
use?

30. Why is it necessary to lubricate the groud surfaceof the lid with
petrolatum?

31. After exsiccation or ignition, is it proper to place the container

(evaporating dish or crucible) diractly on the counter to cool? Support your answer.

32. When do you use evaporating dish? Crucible? What are the different
types of crucible?

33. Define
a) b) c) d) e) evaporation

the

ff: calcination deflagration torrefaction fusion

34. How will you position the crucible on the clay triangle when conducting
the ignition, incineration, or carbonization process?

35. In

sublimation, give the use of or reason for a) perforated filter b) funnel wrapped with a iece of moistened paper c) neck of the funnel is plugged with a piece of cotton

tthe ff: paper or cloth

Experiment 10- Separating Miscible Liquids

36. What is distillation? What are the applications of distillation? 37. When do you employ simple distillation? Fractional distillation?
Vacuum distillation? Make a diagram of the set - up for each process and label the apparatus.

38. What are the priniples that govern the above distillation processes?
Illustrate.

39. What is bumping? Entertainment? Frothing? What preventive

measures may be employed?

40. What is the advantage of a round-bottom flask or distilling flask over

Florence flask and vice versa?

41. How is the size of the container used as boiler decided upon? 42. What are the different tyoes of condenser? When do you use each? 43. HOw will you position the thermometer in any of the set-ups for the
above processes?

44. What are the different types of clamp? 45. What are the coolants used in distillation? When do you employ
each?

46. How is the cooling chamber of a condenser filled? 47. When will you start and stop collecting the distillate? 48. Differentiate Erlenmeyer flask from suction flask. Why is the latter
the receiver of choice in vacuum distillation?

49. What are the precautions in terms of apparatus used that must be
observed when conducting vacuum distillation?

50. What is a rotary evaporation? 51. What are hte different tyoes of fractionating column? 52. When does "floating" occur? 53. What are the different sources of heat? When do you employ each? 54. Why is it advisable to grease the joints?

55. Why should organic liquids in general not be distilled to dryness?

Experiment 11- Separating Immiscible Liquids

56. What is steam distilation? 57. What properties must a substance have for steam distillation to
be practical?

58. What are the advantage and disadvantage of steam distillation

as a method of purification?

59. What are the principles that govern separation by use of

separatory funnel and steam distilation?

60. Make a diagram of and label the set-up for steam distillation and
separation by use of separatory funnel.

61. What are the different types of separatory funnel? 62. How will you select the appropriate size of separatory funnel? 63. What properties must you look for in a good solvent for
extraction?

64. What is the correct manner of shaking the separatory funnel? 65. When is vigorous shaking of separatory funnel done? Gentle
shaking?

66. How will you deal with emulsions when extracting? 67. What is the recommended way of removing the two layers out of
the separatory funnel?

68. What are the two methods of conducting steam distillation?

When do you employ each?

69. What are the ways of determining the completion of distillation/

co-distillation?

70. In steam distillation, when is it necessary to boil the sample? How

will you maerialize the latter scenario?

Experiment 12- Separating Liquid s and Solids

71. What are the differnt processes of separating liquids and solids?
When do you employ each?

72. What are the principles that govern these separation methods? 73. Compare and contrast: salting -out and precipitation 74. Compare and contrast: decantation and centrifugation 75. Compare and contrast: colation, expression and filtration 76. Compare and contrast: clarification and decoloration 77. Compare and contrast: lotion and recrystallization 78. Compare and contrast: reverse osmosis and dialysis 79. What are the different tyoes of filtration? 80. What are the different types of funnels? When do you employ
each?

81. What are the two types of filter? Describe the manner of folding
for each. When do you use each?

82. Make an illustrion of the proper filtration set- up 83. How should th eliquid be poured into the funnel? 84. What are the two methods of expression? Describe the proper
way of expession by hand?

85. List examples of clarifying agents. Decoloriing agents. How will

you select the appropriate agent to use?

86. Make an illustration of the proper decantation set - up. What

function does a stirring rod serve?

87. How will you position the tubes inside the centrifuge? 88. What are the two types of precipitaion? 89. What are the two kinds of salting- out?

90. Define

the

a. filtrate, b. tenaculum, colature, C. precipitate, preipitant, supernatant liquid

ff residue colatorium

Experiment 13- Extraction Process

91. What is extraction? 92.