Communication with Peripherals

The different devices connected to computer are known as peripherals. It includes both input and output devices. To communicate with peripherals, there are some sockets at the back of cabinet known as port. Different types of ports are as follows: 1) Serial port All input devices such as mouse, keyboard, modem etc are connected to serial port. It is denoted as com1, com2, etc where com stands for communication. Serial port sends one bit at a time. 2) Parallel Port All output devices such as monitor, printer etc are connected to parallel port. They are denoted as LPT1, LPT2, etc where LPT stands for line printer. Parallel port sends 8 bits at a time. It means that parallel port is faster than serial port. 3) USB port (Universal Serial Bus) It is faster than parallel Ports. They send 16 bits and more at a time. Today printers are connected to USB Port. E.g. Inkjet, laser Printer. 4) Game Port All game playing devices connected to game port. E.g. Joystick 5) Audio Port All Audio playing devices are connected to audio port. For e.g. speakers, headphone, mic etc. 6) P/S2 port Parallel Serial port Present keyboard & mouse are connected to P/S2.

Basic concepts of communication

Communication When information is exchanged from one place to another place, it is called as Communication. Types of Communication 1) Person to Person Communication 2) Telegraph Communication 3) Telephone Communication 4) Computer Network Communication Computer Networking When two or more computers are interconnected with each other and information is exchanged it is called as Computer Networking. Types of Computer Network (on the basic of distance) 1) LAN (Local Area Network) When computer in a building or in small area are connected with each other, the Network is called as LAN. It is in the range of 1 to 10 Kms. Here speed is fast and a chance of error is less. 2) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) When computer in a city or in state are connected with each other, the Network is called as MAN. It is in the range of 10 to 100 kms. 3) WAN (Wide Area Network) When computer in a state or a different countries are connected with each other, the Network is called as WAN. It is more than 100 kms. Here speed is slow, chance of error are more. Types of Computer Network (on the basic of technology) Peer to Peer Network When both computers act as a servers and both act as clients then we called it as peer to peer network. Client / Server Network in this type of network one computer act as server and other as client. Advantages of Networking 1) Sharing resources due to networking we can share different resources such as printer, scanner etc. 2) Data sharing In networking data can be easily transferred or accessed by one machines to another machine. 3) Web communication With the help of networking e-mail, communication web browsing etc. can be easily done. 4) High reliability Another advantage is to provide high reliability by having alternative sources of supply. E.g. all files could be replicated on two or three machines so if one of them is unavailable (due to hardware failure) the other copies could be used. In addition the presence of multiple CPU means that if one goes down, the other may be able to take over its work.

Network Topology Network Topology means pictorial representation of the Network. It means the way, how one can connect the computer. Types of Network Topology 1) Bus Topology 2) Ring Topology 3) Star Topology 1) Bus Topology All the computers are connected on a single backs one cable is called as Bus Topology. The computers are connected with the help of connector. At the end of cable, there is a terminator which terminates back the signal. It is inexpensive, chance of error are more due to high traffic. Difficult to find out errors.

Connector Cable

Node

Single

Different computer connected in Bus Topology. 2) Ring Topology Here the computer are connected in such a way that they from a ring. The data travels in one direction. If one computer will fail the Network will fail.

Different computer connected in Ring Topology.

3) Star Topology here the computers are connected with hub or switch port device as shown below. It is expensive than bus & ring topology. Here fault finding is easy. Network traffic is slow.

Hub/ Switch port

Star Topology In star if any computer will fail, the network will not stop. Topology 1) Bus Advantages i) Fast Speed ii) Easy to add new computer. i) Easy to find out error. ii) No Hub required. Disadvantages i) It depends on single cable. ii) Difficult to find out error. i) If one computer fails the network will fail. ii) Data flow in one direction. i) Hub is required. ii) More cables required.

2) Ring

3) Star

i) Easy to find out error. ii) Easily add new machine.

Network Component the different network components are 1) Server The main machine which provides the services as per the request. On this machine NOS (network operating system) must be installed. The different operating systems are Windows 2000, 2003, XP, Unix etc. 2) Workstation It is called as Client. The3 different machines/computers connected in network are called as Workstation. 3) NIC (Network Interface Card) In networking every machines/computer must have a NIC. It is used to connect different machines/computers from NIC a wire is connected to connector. 4) Nodes Any device attached to the network capable of communicating with other devices. In network a workstation or client is often called a node.

5) Links A communication path between two nodes or channels is known as link. 6) Connectivity By connectivity we mean a data communication process in which communication proceeds through three well defined phases. These are a) Connection between two or more nodes is established b) Data transfer between two nodes c) Communication is released after data transfer between two or more nodes has taken place. 7) Network Transmission media The individual system must be connected trough a pathway called transmission media. i.e. used to transmit the resources and services between the computers. All the system on the pathway must follow a common communication rules for data to arrive at its intended destination & for sending and receiving system to understand each other. These rules are called as Protocols. The different network transmission media are 1) Twisted pair cable i) Shielded twisted pair cable (STPC) ii) Unshielded twisted pair cable (UTPC) 2) Co-axial Cable In Co-axial cable there is a single cable consisting of a copper wire covered by an insulating material. There are two types of Co-axial cable. i) Broad band co-axial cable :- Used in TV cable system. ii) Base band co-axial cable :- Used in Telephone wiring system. In Broad band co-axial cable there is a single copper wire covered by an insulating material or a plastic coating. The plastic coating is covered by a copper mesh which is used for earthing & the copper mesh is covered by an insulating material or rubber coating.

Outer insulator material Plastic / rubber

Copper wire Plastic coating Copper mesh or Aluminum mesh

Broad Band Co-axial cable 3) Fibre Optic Cable In fibre optic cable there is a glass tube covered by an insulating material or a plastic covering. A light signal is passing from the glass tube which is then converted into an electrical signal. In fibre optics cables system the electrical signal get converted into Light signal by the help of modulator. The light sources detect the light signal and pass it from optical fibre Than at last light detector convert light signal into electrical signal. Modulator light sources optical fibre light detector

electrical Signal Light signal L.S. Light signal

Working of fibre optical cable Networking Applications E-mail E-mail stands for electronic mail. It can service to any group from a local workgroup to a corporation world. You can transfer mail smoothly and efficiently all over world. Email can be serviced from internet. Voice mail Voice mail enables you to connect your computer to telephone and to incorporate telephone voice mail message with your PC. This is also called as telephony. This involves moving voice mail message from phone to LAN and distribute to different clients. FTP FTP is a file transfer protocol. It is protocol for sharing files between networks. FTP enables user to log on to remote hosts. Logged on users can inspect directories, manipulate, execute commands on hosts. FTP also has capability of transferring files between dissimilar hosts. WWW www is the World Wide Web. It is vast interconnected library of information, art and commerce. The web consists of several web - pages. There is huge variety of web pages. For example we have home pages, business home pages, directories (list of web pages), search engines and artistic projects. Once the web page is published, it can be accessed by internet tools called web browser. E-Commerce E-Commerce stands for electronic commerce. In E-Commerce it is possible to do the trading or buy an item just by sitting at home. You can order for an item on internet. The number of dot com companies are evolved. For example we can order for a book on, amazon.com. in general, we can say E-Commerce is commerce over the internet. BBS User Group BBS is Bulletin Board Service group. It enables several network users to communicate and to co-operate when solving a problem through shared document management. Interactive conferencing, screen sharing, bulletin board are example of group ware application.