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"ComputING", DT. Il, Mai 2000, pag. 21-28 ISSN 1221-43-37 "A 5-a Conferinta de Elemente Finite si de Frontiera" - ELFIN5, Proceedings, Section 2.2 - Application of the Structural Analysis in Civil Engineering, pag.f-B, Universitate a Oradea, 25-27 Mai 2000 (General Chairman).

1!
=

DYNAMICALRESPONSE OF "SCALA"BUILDING BUCHAREST TO EARTHQUAKE MOTION WITH FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

Mircea IEREMIA, prof. Dr. ing., Technical University of Civil Engineering Bucharest, Silviu GINJU, ing., Acta Pro Construct srl Adina TUDORACHE, stud., Technical University of Civil Engineering Bucharest.
The pa per presents the comparatively analysis between the frame structure response to the horizontal excitation produced by an earthquake and the case ofvertical earthquake appearance. The analysis has been effectedfor 2 variants ofmodeling. In the first variant the structure has been modeled al the ends ofthe co/umns with concentrated mass. In the second variant the mass has been considered as being uniform distributed on the jloor. The distribution of masses allows the appearance ofvertical vibrations of beams andjloors. The paper points the necessity of taking into account the vertical components of earthquake and influences of the Rayleigh viscous damping in the dynamic response of the structure.

Abstract

Key words: mesh, earthquake, modal analysis, spectral analysis, damping

1. Introduction
The paper presents the modaI and spectral dynamic analysis of the strength structure of "Scala" building. The building is placed in the center oh Bucharest City, within a seismic zone of 8 degrees MSK; earthquake coefficient ks=O.20. I\N.

Figure 1. "Scala" building

The structure has a system with basement, ground floor and 10 floors. The height of floors 1-10 is 2.75m, and the height of the ground floor is: 3.61m. At the last two levels, the structure is presenting withdrawals. The destination of this building being flats, with the exception of the ground floor, where is functioning a market.

The strength structure of the building is made up of frames of monolithic reinforced concrete. The concrete floors are made up of 5 cm flagstone with connectors and monolithissing 8 cm breadth top concrete. The foundation of the building consists of a general foundation plate that together with the walls from basement and concrete ground floor make up a rigid box.

2. Consideration regarding the modeling

The structure has been analyzed from dynamic point of view, through the method of finite element, by means of the computational program ANSYS 5.4 produced by Swanson Analysis Systems, lnc. The structure has been discrete made in two variants. In the first variant have been generated the finite elements, type Beam and Shell, having the sizes of the elements whose demeanor are modeling between the geometrical crossing points of the columns with the beams. It resulted: 788 nodes, 2167 elements type Beam4 and 549 elements type She1l63. In the second variant of modeling, each beam has been divided in two finite elements, type Beam, and each loop from concrete floor has been modeled by means of flour-finite elements, type Shell. In this case, the masses were considered as actioning in the junctions resulting in the field of the concrete floors. It resulted: 3147 elements type Beam-t, 2305 elements type She1l65 and 2888 nodes.

J\N

,~t

"~" t.
'. 010-

_oi

Figure 2 "Scala" structure. Dense mesb.

3. Considerations regarding the dynamic analysis

3.1. Undamped modal analysis
The moving equation for an undarnped system, expressed in matrix notation, using the above assumptions, is: [M]{ii}+[K){U}={O} (1) where: [MJ - the structure mass matrix; [K) - the structure stiffness matrix. For a linear system, free vibrations will be harmonic ofthe form: {u}={<!>} iCOS()) it (2) where: {<!> L - eigenvector representing the mode shape ofthe jth natural frequency.

Thus, equation (1) becomes:

(-o/[M]+ [K]){<I>l = {o}

(3)
AJi'SY$ 5.4

~.c30
H:~2:o-l

sn~l
SUB -1

rREO=.9~ZH
UY 'R!'Jys:O POWl!:cGreplu.c. l.'AC!'f!II:1 (f.Vt;.)

AVJl! 5=HeI e
:D)(X "".060804

SMX ".OiOO3, ~OOG73 .01'3414 .0:20212 .02 &949 .03)69& .040423 .G4716 .053898 .060035

Figure 3 Mode sbape 1 - transversal vibrations This equality is satisfied if either

{<I>l = {O} or

if the

eigenvectors ~
"11"

l, which

satisfy equation (3) where

determinant of ro 2 [M is zero. The first option is the trivial one and, is not of interest. Thus, the second one gives the solution: This is an eigenvaJue probJem, which may be solved for up to n values of,
OJ 2

[x]-

is the number ofDOF's. The eigenvalue and eigenvector problem needs to be solved for mode-frequency analyses. It has the form of:

and

[K]{<I>J = JM K<I>J
where:
AISr.5 5.4

(4)

Ai - the eigenvalue.

J).JJ 5 1999 21:13:2S .on.1L !V,)LU'IIOW STUa:'1 SUB UX

=z
(AVG)

r~1.1l3 l<SIS"O
pO"-XGraphl.CIII

l!p.lar-l AVRJ!5=1oI..a.t

OllJ[".0192.4
~ =.05362S

o
.005958 .011917 .017875 .023833 .02979Z
.035"1,5 .041708 .04766"6

.053625

Figure 4 Mode shape 2 -longitudinal FoIlowing the modal survey, we have been obtained the eigenmodes of vibration through the method of iterations on subspace, it reached in 20 mode shape up to 86% participating factors of

vibrations masses on longitudinal "x"direction; up to 87% on transversal "y" direction and up to 60% on vertical gravitational "z" direction.

The fundamental period of vibration of the structure resulted T1=1.2s. From the comparative survey of the modes shape of vibration of the structure within the two variants of modeling it can be observed that the horizontal vibrations of the

structure are not influenced by the mash density and the situation of masses, while the vertical vibrations amphfy, in case of modeling of structure, the second variant.

AJr5Y5 5.4

JU 5 1999 .1013:54
VODAI, SOLUTTOIi

S"",,",1
lSU3 =3

l'eC,.l=l.163
UX (AVG)

ons=O
Po erGraphl.~ !p.lar=l A\"Re5=ltat tim! =- .080il2 3r>CI =-.OtP055 _ -.04;055

-.04l005 -.01fH54
-.0327Q3

-.021Z~ -.01180. -.016352 -.01Q901 -.005451

Figure 5 Mode sbapc 3 - longitudinal vibrations

Thus in the first variant of modeling, the meaningful vibrations on vertical line appear in the 14 mode shape of vibration, driving approximately 5000 KN, to which it corresponds a participating factor of 22%. In the second variant of modeling, the

meaningful mode of vibration on vertical line is quicker obtained, on the 13 mode shape of vibration, the driven mass in vibration being 6760 KN, to which it corresponds a participating factor of 26%.

ANSYS 5.4

,fU
ll:

5 1999
14: 18

IODAI. ~.UTIOJl :il"I!P=1 SUB =4

r~o:2. 78g
tJT (AVG) M=O pOloll!rGraph.1cs

!"'-C!T=1
A~t .oMX SMX

=.0612S1 =.061029 -.05645' -.043401

-.030347

Sl3I =-.056454

ElI

-.011Z91 -.004239 .008814 .021060 .034922 .047;76 .06l029

Figure 6 Mode shape 4 - transversaJ vibrations

On the whole of the 20 vibration modes which have been analyzed, the total sum of the driven mass on vertical line is approximately the same. In the case of dense variant of mesh, a trend of

concentration of the vibrating mass in 3 modes of vibration (nr.13,14 and 15), while in rare variant of mesh, the meaningful vibrating mass can be found on 5 modes of'vibrations (nr.13,14,16,17 aud 18).

A.S".lS 5.4 .n..lI 5 1999

U:H:S9
:aOOAl. SOLlrtlOli"

smFI :~nm '36 rreO--l.1SI

-= ",,,,,,zO
"'!li

IA"")

PO'!rerapb..l.c;"
EPAc..E'1=l "'\~!S=M.t l),.'G =.091Q09

=-. OOl9?V
-.002185 -.003971\ -.OOJ227 -.OOl47' -.001724 -.9'73!!03 -.221Z-03 .530.-00 .001282 .OO2Q33 .002185

"".

Figure 7 Mode shape 6 - torsional vibrations

3.2. Damped moda) analysis

In the damped method the eigen problem becomes a quadratic eigenvalue problem given by: The dynamic response ofthe system is given by:

{uJ = {<I>Je(o;+jC1)J
where:
(5; -

(6)

[K ]{<I>i}+ Ai [c K<I>i} = -Ai 2 [M K<I>i}

where: ;

(5)

real part

of the

eigenvalue; .

OJ I -

= ~-

- ilie complex eigenvalue;

imaginary part ofthe eigenvalue; j= ~

[C] - ilie damping matrix.

AKSY'S 5.4 JA!I 5 1!J99 li: 16:Zg WODAL SOLUTJOii

Sl'!J'&1
:SUB =10 1'1t!Q=6.84E DT ""!.FO (AVG)

Po.....rG:.pbJ..cs
!'.o\c~T=l AVR.E.S=Ma.t 'MX =.06l13 !ffl5 --.050963 SNI z.OG1i46 -.050963 -.038~4 -.025917 -.013)94-.8105--D3

.011653 .02U7'; .03.699 .049222 .n61'746

Figure 8 Mode shape 10 - transversal

vibrations

The general damping matrix ([C]) may be used damped modal analyses:

fi

[c]= a[M] + $+

NMA't j=I

NEL k=l

f3cXK]+ Lf3AKj]+ L[Ck]+

[cd

(7)

where: a - ilie constant mass matrix multiplier; P - ilie constant stiffuess matrix rnultiplier;

variable stiffness matrix multiplier; NMAT - the number of material; Pj - the constant mass matrix multiplier for material i: [Kj] - the portion of structure stiffuess matrix based on material j;

Pc - the

NEL - the number of elements with specified damping; [Ck] - the element darnping matrix;

[C] - the frequency-dependent matrix.

damping

USI!) 5.4 J.UI 5 l!t199

Zl,19,12
JOOAL SCB.o\.TTlOll STl!Fl !HlB :.14

r~.ltJ5
113 (AVGl

""~ Po :e.rGra.ph.1e.5
!rACl~l
A.'~!.S=Nat

tl.-a: =.114392 """ =-.OO299l 5n.'t -.09-49157 -.002991 .007802 .018155 .019628 .040502 .(151375 .06:2-\8 .07312J .08399'1 .094367

Figure 9 Mode shape

J.t -

vertical vibrations relation:

~j

In the Rayleigh model the damping matrix [C] is calculated by using these constants to multiply the mass matrix [M] and stiffness matrix [K]: [C]=a [M]+ j3 [K] (8) The values of a and j3 are not generally known directly, but are calculated from modal damping ratios, Si. Si isthe ratio of actual damping for a particular mode of vibration,i. If O)i is the natural circular frequency of mode i, a and j3 satisfy Damping Ratio

= ~+
2roj

proj 2

(9)

To specify both a and j3 forgiven damping ratio S, it is comrnonly assumed that the sum of the a. and j3 tems is nearly constant over a range of frequencies (see figure 10). There forgiven S and a circular frequency range O)i to O)j. two simultaneous equations can be solved for a and j3.

o-damping

ro!

ro2

O)

Figure 10 Damping - circular frequencie relation

In our computation we used the following values for the fraction of critical damping, corresponding to eigenmodes 1 and 2:

~!=2% and ~2=5%. Solving the equation system (9) we computed the values for the constants of proportionality, which are presented in table 2.

Table 2

I ~\9

I ~.~4

I ~201

I :.\5

I ~.87
AJIS"tS 5.4 JU ~ l.999 21,20,)5
JtOWU. SCl.lr'tIOli' ~l

1....J...~-.0-3-9-----1

~um =17 rp-7(F!l.589

uz
Et'AC!!:'l"""l ""~Mat

(A"';)

03=0 Powe.rGrapb.ica

DMX =.100285

""'" =-.07Z907 s:.G ;.099!~t -.072907 .053779 -.03465;

-.015$24 OOJ 604

.00ZTH .041959 .Oro98?

.ooOll'l
.099242

Figure 11 Mode shape 17 - vertical vibrations

The influence of damping decreases the dynamic response of the structure with 14%.

The first ten periods of vibration are presented in table 3.

.us'l 5.4 JJJI 5 19119 2:1:20:55

JJOnlL SCIL ti"I IOI"

snsP-l
SUB =:18

rRl!()IIIO.212

ua
03=0
IPAel]t="l A\I'JU~S:M&e

(AVG)

PowecGraph.iC8

lWl: '" .0929SS S!'4."iI ;0;- .ORiS9S

::s.1'If:iI:

=.09214.7 -.081595 -.06i!"09 - .01159' -.021581 -.001516

0J2 <\28 .0".12133

.054439 .07244.2 .09244'

Figure 12 Mode shape 18 - vertical vibrations

3.3 Spectral analysis

The strength structure of "Scala" block of flats within the both variants of model ing was submitted to spectral analysis. Thus, it was established the maximum reply of the structure at horizontal and vertical action of an earthquake. In case of on horizontal earthquake excitation the values of displacement of structure and of sectional efforts in the component elements (columns aud beams) do not significantly differ in the two variants of'modeling. In case of vertical seismic excitation corresponding to a 0.6 ratio from the horizontal component part, the vertical oscillation of the beams can alter the answer ofthe structure. In this way, for the second variant of modeling with a Large number of finite elements, it has been obtained

tensile axial efforts in the central columns two times more rare than in the case of the first variant of discretisation. Although these axial efforts have not high values in comparison with the value of the compresion axial effort originated from the vertical loadings on the central columns, can decline the value ofthe efficient moment of columns. For the opposite direction of action of the vertical component part of the earthquake, the axial efforts compress the columns. For the colurnns with reduced gravitational vertical loadings, the effect of the increasing ofthe compression is favorable, while

for the central columns with important gravitational axial efforts, the increasing of the axial efforts of compression can lead to outrunning of the strengthening limit in compresion of concrete. For what concems the beams with important vertical stresses-leaning columns on beam at higher levels - from the vertical action of the earthquake, resulted maximum sectional bending effort M=57.4 KNm and shear effort T=46.7 KN, in case of the model ing with dense mesh, with 33% higher than in the case of the rare variant of model ing.

AJlSYS 5.4 JAII 5 1999 21:21:39

NODAL SOLUTION

STEP=1 SUB =20 FRI!CF10.?82

UY (AVG)

RSY3=O
PowerGraphic,"
Hl ACE'1'= 1

AVRE3=Mat DMX =.115234 SIDl =-.086701 SMX =.093014 -.086701 -.066733 -.046764 -.026796 -.006828 .013141 .033109 .053077 .073046 .093014

Figure 13 Mode shape 20 - vertical & transversal vibrations

4. Conclusions
The dynamic analysis of the strength structure of "Scala" building emphasizes the following aspects: - The analyzed structure has a meaningful capacity ofviscous damping ofthe vibrations (14%), taking into consideration that it takes part in the category of semi-flexible structure (T= l.2s). - The type of mesh can distort the structural answer in case of an gravitational earthquake component. Talking into account that in the last years on registered earthquake with important vertical component, in comparison with the horizontal component (see 17.01.19994 Northridge: ah=1.82g and av= 1.18g), it becomes a necessity the introduction in the seismic dynamic analysis also towards the action ofthe vertical component part.

5. References
[1] BATHE K.
j,

Finite Element Procedures, Prentiee HalI, New Jersey (1996), V.S.A. , Ed.PRlNTECH Bueharest (1998), Romania.

[2] IEREMIA M. - Elasticity. Plasticity.Nonlinearity.

[3] ANSYS 5.4, Swanson Analisis Systems Ine., Houston (1997), U.SA