references cited, the subject of negativesequence polarization has been covered quite thoroughly.

Also, the authors have described the various applications in which negative-sequence polarized ground relays may be utilized to advantage and have compared their characteristics with relays using other forms of polarization, which makes this paper a very valuable source of information when the engineer is faced with an unusual situation. This discussion suggests such a situation and the solution of its problems. The problem was caused by pole top fires on an ungrounded 55-kv delta-connected transmission network. The faults were generally arcing single line-to-ground faults that were very difficult to locate even by extensive switching. The ensuing outages frequently covered large areas that were disproportionate to the magnitude of the fault. It was believed that a better way of isolating faults than by manual switching could be found. Previous studies had shown that the cost of grounding the system properly and installing conventional zero-sequence current polarized directional overcurrent ground relays was prohibitive. The system involved was composed of nine interconnected major stations and approximately 325 miles of transmission lines, the longest of which was approximately 40 miles and the shortest approximately 7 miles long. An investigation and inventory of the stations in the system involved, disclosed that there were two stations near one end of the system with transformers whose 55-kv windings were connected in ungrounded Y and the neutrals were accessible, and that all but one of the other

stations were equipped with two potential transformers connected in open delta. Space limitations precluded the installations of a third potential transformer so that potential polarization could not be achieved. It appeared that only negative-sequence polarizing could be accomplished economically. From calculations, it was determined that overcurrent relay co-ordination could be obtained using zero-sequence current and that for negative-sequence polarizing, at two of the stations, the negative-sequence voltage would be low enough under some conditions to give marginal operation. A review of the combinations of conditions under which operation would be questionable revealed that they were far less frequent than those where operation would be ensured. On this basis, it was decided to install negative-sequence polarized ground relays at all points where zerosequence current was not available as a polarizing source. Although wrong relay operations occasionally could be expected at the two points mentioned, correct operations on the rest of the system would greatly improve the over-all operation of the system. Since the first installation, a small grounding bank has been installed at the far end of the system from the original wye. connected banks, not for polaizing, but for additional zero-sequence current for better relay co-ordination near the end of the system. Twenty-two negative-sequence polarized overcurrent ground relays have been installed to date, and in the past 4 years, 20 operations have been logged, with no improper operations. One of these occurred at a point where marginal opera-

tion was expected. The assumption of the calculated risk of wrong operations has been fully justified and the improvement in over-all system operation has been truly

gratifying.

W. A. Elmore and J. L. Blackburn: We appreciate the interesting discussions. They contribute materially to the paper by adding practical experiences and by lending emphasis that negative sequence is another valuable tool for relay engineers. In comment on the last paragraph of Mr. Hendrickson's discussion, the susceptibility of the relay to false tripping is extremely low and we are not aware of any operation problems in this connection. Several factors are involved to assure a high security to these relays: (1) the negative-sequence directional unit is used in the sense of a fault detector in conjunction with fault measuring or discrimination units; (2) the relays are designed to have negligible response to offset transients; (3) 3-phase loss of potential or 3-phase short-circuiting of the current transformers does not provide negative-sequence quantities; and (4) lightning and switching surges generally are not significant producers of negative sequence. Unequal loss of potential or current and unequal pole closing can produce negative sequence and could cause directional unit operation. In these cases the fault measuring or discriminating units and these inherent, or built-in, time delays would provide security at least until the second contingency of a fault occurred. We are not aware of any field problems in this area with the present relays.

fo

V IU*

tage

In

I1

uctionl Ill ara lel

11

I T . * | ransmissionl

i rc u i t s
J. L. BLACKBURN
MEMBER AIEE

the subject a little mysterious, particularly from a practical standpoint. This paper will review the fundamentals and study the positive-, negative-, and zero-sequence induction that can exist between circuits. Of particular interest is the negative-se-

quence induction as negative-sequence directional relays are valuable tools in

tions are covered in detail in a companion

avoiding mutual induction problems in ground relaying. These relay applica-

with calculation examples for determining the positive-, negative-, and zero-sequence voltage induced in transmission circuits

Summary: General formulas are developed

impedance can be as high as 50 to 70% of

paralleled either on the same tower or on adjacent towers. For nontransposed lines the induced voltages are a function of all
and negative-sequence mutual impedance
three sequence currents. The positive-

avoid differences in the induced voltages in the two circuits.

the zero-sequence self-impedance of the lines. The conductor configuration should be symmetrical around a vertical axis to

paper.'

Fundaments of Mutual Induction-Positive and

Negative Sequence

is less than 10% of the self-impedance of the lines while the zero-sequence mutual

.U

tower or on adjacent towers in the same must be considered during -~~~right-of-way Paper 62-1073, recommended by the AIEE Relays fault calculations and in some cases in the Operations Department for presentation at the design of the protective relay system. AIEK Summer General Meeting, Denver, Colo, June 17-22, 106f2. Manuscript submitted March The fundamentals of mutual coupling, or 12, 1962; made available for prnting April6, electromagn.etic induction, have been L. BACKBRN i wih th WesingouseElecric stated in textbooks for many years. Corporaton, Newak, N. J.However, many enginleers appear to find

_HE MUTUAL COUPLING between *3-phase transmissionlines onthe same

Electromagnetic induction between paralleled circuits exists because the flux established by the current in one line cuts the conductors of the adjacent or pa.rallel line. Consider two 3-phase parallel lines either on the same tower or on adjacent towers, as shown in Fig. 1, with only positive- and negative-sequence currents flowing. The net flux available from positive- or negative-sequence cur-

FEBRUARY 1963

Blackburn-Voltage Induction in Parallel Transmission Circuits

921

b
a

'

Xb'

777777

7777777777777. ,77777

Fig. 1. One typical conAguration for two

3-phase parallel iion

currents if it were physically possible to space each of the three conductors of the parallel circuit equidistant from each of the three conductors of the line itself. In other words, if a, b, c are the conductors of one line and a'b'c' the conductors of the other line, then the spacing d between the two circuits must be such that daa'=dab'= dac' and dba'=dbb'=dbc' and dcal=d,a,dec^ With this, the induced positiveand negative-sequence voltages are both zero. A study of this requirement will show that it is physically impossible to arrange the conductors to meet the requirements. The nearest approach would be to have each circuit exist as a triaxial cable. Thus, with practical separations of the conductors and circuits there will be induced positive- and negative-sequence voltages related to the degree of dissymmetry between the circuits. Practically, the positive- and negative-sequence induction between the circuits is very small and the mutual impedances are less than 10% of the self-impedance of the line. Usually they do not exceed 3 to 7%. These values are for nontransposed lines. Transpositions can reduce the values by 50% or more.

time phase. Actually, there would be no induced voltage in the parallel circuit from the positive- and negative-sequence

rent in either circuit to cut the adjacent circuit will be minimized because the currents are equal in magnitude and symmetrically spaced 120 degrees apart in

reference 3. Zero-sequence calculations are based on numerous assumptions including transposed lines and it is remarkable how close the calculated fault currents agree with values even with

line. The methods of calculating these self- and mutual zero-sequence impedances is well documented for transposed circuits and is tabulated for various circuits with and without ground wires in

quently, the mutual impedance ZOM between parallel lines can be as high as 50 to 70% of the self-impedance of the

and is cut by the flux established by current flowing in the line. Conse-

,_) '-' Ox, b, c

(_

a', b', c'

EQUIVALENT DEPTH OF EARTH RETURN-AVzr2800 FT.

777777777777777777

O I-2r'1O

'
the

Fig. 2. Zero-sequence equivalent for

two parallel lines of Fig. I

untransposed lines.
Induction

General Formulas for Mutual

General formulas for determining the induced positive-, negative-, and zerosequence voltages in two parallel circuits are developed in the Appendixes as indicated in Table I. Where the lines are not transposed, the induced voltage of any given sequence is a function of all three sequence currents, as shown in equations 18, 33, and 52. Transposing both circuits (1) reduces the induction and (2) results in the induced voltage of any given sequence being a function only of the corresponding sequence current. This is shown in equations 25, 37, and 55. Thus, expressions for mutual impedance can be obtained as given in equations 26, 38, and 57. Equation 57 is of similar derivation as the GMR-GMD (geometric mean radiusgeometric mean distance) concepts in symmetrical components.2 3 All of the sequence voltages are derived for the phase A component. The phase B and C components exist and can be obtained by the fundamental relations of the method of symmetrical components. Comparing the induced voltage expressions, the transposed cases are identical with the untransposed cases when the currents of the other sequences are zero. Thus, equation 18 reduces to equation 25 with I1=I=0, equation

Fundamentals of Mutual

Induction-Zero Sequence

33 reduces to equation 37 when I2=

pedances are complex quantities and except for the transposed zero-sequence equation (equation 57), their values may have angles anywhere between 0 and 360 degrees. This is because the induced voltages result from three 120degree electrically spaced currents and their relative physical proximity to the other three conductors in the adjacent circuits. Examining the general equations 18, 33, and 52, it is observed that all of the distances in the real term are involved in the square root denominator of the imaginary term. For the positive and negative sequence voltage equations 18 and 33, the real term of I, induced component of V2' is equal to but of opposite sign to the real term of the I2 induced component of V1'. Correspondingly, the real term of I2 for V2' is equal but of opposite sign to the real term of It for V1'. The imaginary term of I1 for V2' is equal to the imaginary term of I2 for V1', and correspondingly, the imaginary term 12 for V2' equals the A1 imaginary term for VI'. The zero-sequence components of the two voltages V1' and V2' are equal except for the opposite sign of the real component. In examining zero-sequence equation 52 it is observed that II and 12 components are equal except that the real functions have opposite signs. The zerosequence current factor is the symmetrical

1I = 0, and equation 52 reduces to equation 57 when I,=12= 0. The induced voltages or mutual im-

Zero-sequence current is equal and in-TalI phase in each of the three conductors and returns via the earth and/or the ~~ ground wires. This means that the three Apeno conductors of each circuit can be replaced by an equivalent single conductor, I as shown in Fig. 2. With the return II III mathematically averaging 2,800 feet IV
earth resistivity, it can be seen that the parallel circuit iS in the magnetic field
from the conductors for 100 meter-ohms v

blI
Induced Voltage

Linles
.....Untransposed

Equation Nos.

.
.
.

Negative sequence Positive sequence

Negative sequence

.Negative sequence .. . . Untransposed Transposed ........ Positive sequence . .......

......... 1-18
1926
.......39-47

vi

viZr

zero sequence

euneTasoe.35

.....Untransposed .............48-52

.....Untransposed

...27-33 .....Transposed ............ ........34-38

wvith ground .

922

Blackburn- Voltage Induction in Parallel Transmission Circuits

FEBRUARY 1963

component formula for the mutual impedance as explained earlier in connection with equation 57 for transposed lines.

TYPIcAL EXAMPLES USING THE FORMULAS Two examples of the calculations of the induced voltages on parallel lines are given in Appendixes VIII and IX. The

duced voltage is found to be 51% of ZO. If these lines are not transposed most of the positive- and negative-sequence induced voltage is caused by the zerosequence current. With the assumptions of Io only and I,=12=lo the mutual impedances are 9. 1% and 7.73% of X1 respectively. These lines are unusually

spacings would reduce these values. Grouping the lines a-b-c-a'-b'-c' instead conductors are a', b', c'. To determine circuitline fiers wistforelatdble onpasinglbetower with relatively close spacings be-' the preferred a-b-c-c'-b'-a' changes the the induced voltage in Line 1, phases a, of tween the two circuits. The positive- and negative-sequence mutual reactance is induced voltages but not the percentages, b, c in Line 1 are changed to a', b', c' respectively and the phases used in Line -j 0 0168 ohm per mile, assuming that assuming Io only and 1 = 12 =Io. 2, corresponding to a, b, c, and the forboth lines are transposed. This is only EFFECT OF GROUND WIRES mulas used as developed. 2.34% of the self-reactance of either line. If the two sets of conductors are symThe presence of ground wires tends to By contrast, the zero-sequence mutual impedance with the lines transposed is 0.286 reduce the induced voltages. This is metrical around a vertical axis, then the +j 1.78 ohms per mile which is 63.8% of studied in connection with the induced induced voltages in the two lines will be the zero-sequence self-impedance, with negative-sequence voltage in Appendix V. equal. This is shown in part B of ApThe I1, 12, and Io expressions of equation pendix X. For either induction in Line the physical spacings as given. If the lines are not transposed, the posi- 47 are the same as the corresponding 1 or in Line 2, the spacings to the currenttive, negative-, and zero-sequence in- ones of equation 18, Appendix I, except inducing conductors in the adjacent line duced voltages are complex. In order to that equation 47 has additional factors for are the same. Where the conductors are not symcompare these, it was first assumed that the ground wire return currents. These ground wire currents, Ix and ly, are metrical around the vertical axis, as in the zero-sequence current predominates, This was accomplished by assuming 10 assumed to flow in a ditection opposite to Part A of Appendix X, the voltages induced in Line 2 from Line 1 currents are only with I2= 1 = 0. The second assump- Ia, I and I.. In the example of Appendix VIII, two different from the voltages induced in Line tion was to let I1=12= Io. With lo only, the induced positive- and negative- ground wires X and Y from left to right, 1 from Line 2 currents. A different voltsequence voltages are almost 1/2, and 24 feet apart and 13 above the middle age exists to cause circulation of currents with 1,=12=1o, the voltages are approxi- conductors b and b' were added, and the between the lines. For the nontransmately double that of the transposed case. induced negative-sequence voltage cal- posed horziontal lines of the Appendix X Increasing the spacings between these culated per -equation 47. Values for Ix example, the positive-sequence voltage and I are very difficult to calculate for difference is a function of I, and J0, and the two circuits reduces the mutual voltage. For example, if the spacing is doubled the untransposed circuits, but a good negative-sequence voltage difference of Z2m =j 0.0054 ohm per mile for transposed approximation can be obtained by assum- I2 and lo. The I, and I2 current factors lines and V2'= (-0.0047-j 0.00261) ing the circuits transposed, in whicb case are very small so that the effect essentially 1I-j 0.00542+(-0.00564+j 0.00326)Ie Ix and Il are a fraction of theIa current is a function of Io which exists during flowing. In the example 61.5% of the ground faults. The zero-sequence voltfor nontransposed lines. It is interesting to note that if the right- current will flow in the two ground wires age difference is a function of only I, and hand set of conductors are a', b', c' from assuming the ground wires are the same 12, so that a zero-sequence circulating top to bottom, instead of c', b', a', the type of conductors as the phase conduc- current can exist on phase faults, such as positive- and negative-sequence induced tors. If the right-hand, or Y, wire is an ab or ca fault, where I, and 12 are voltages are different but their total omitted, then 43% of the current returns not 180 degrees apart. mutual impedance values with either 1o in the X ground wire. These were deterGenerally, this unbalance effect has only or I1=12=Io are the same or 1.25% mined from reference 3. Table II not caused trouble but a case is known and 4.4% of X, respectively. The trans- summarizes several calculations based on where failure to trip occurred for an internal phase fault on a line using pilot posed values increase slightly from 2.34% equation 47, assuming I1121I0. wire relays having a very sensitive zeroto 2.5% of XI. The zero-sequence value INDUCED VOLTAGE UNBALANCES N THE sequence setting. The circulating zeroremained unchanged. The a, b, c-c' PARALLELED CIRCUITS sequence current provided a blocking b', a' top-to-bottom arrangement of the The formulas in the Appendixes give indication to the relays overcoming the conductors should be used since there are other reasons why a'b', c' top-to-bottom the induced voltages in the a', b', c' con- positive sequence. The solution is to conductor spacing is not desirable. These will be developed later in connection with Appendix X. Table II
The second example in Appendix LX
___________________________________

close together

and, again,

increased

ductors resulting from currents flowing in the a, b, c conductors. The formulas also can be used to calculate the induced voltages in the a, b, c set resulting from currents flowing in a'b'c' by interchanging the conductor labels a and a', b and b', c and c'. Calculations for a typical example are given in Appendix X. For calculating the induced voltage in Line 2, Line 1 conductors are a, b, c and Line 2

shows calculations of the induced voltages

towers. With the lines transposed, the voltages are reduced. The positive- and negative-sequence mutual impedanlces are
1.09%o of X1 and the zero-sequence in-

with flat horizontal spacings, on separate

Ground Wire C:urrent

Vt' (c', b', a'

Top to Bottom)

Per Cenat of Xl

V,' (a', b', c'

Top to Bottom)

Per Cent
of

Xl

induced positive- and negative-sequence

IX-IU =1/2IO 0053-1 0.0008. 75%. 0033+10.0032 . .....0. ....-0. ....0. 64% Iz=0.431o ..-0. l-0.0147-J 0.0111. 56%.... -0.0023+j0.0183 .....2. . ....2.56%0 IV/ - 0. 1851I0
Ix =IVi

1Il-iv-o. O.0-o.0234j0.0213 ..... 4.4%

... 0.0a068+j0.0309 . ....4 .4%

1/210 does not aPPear PraCtiCal bUt iS included fOr comparative purposes.

FEBRUARY 1963

Blackburn- Voltage Induction in Parallel Transmission Circuits

923

It should be noted that in the example of Appendix IX the voltages induced in the left line from currents in the right line will be different from those induced in the right line from the left line currents in all cases because the separations of the indivudal conductors in the two circuits are not the same. This would be true for parallel lines of different configurations.

abc-c'b'a'.

desensitize the relay or, preferably, to space symmetrically the two sets of conductors around the vertical axis. This is why it was previously stated that the preferred arrangement of the conductors in Appendix VIII is abc and c'b'a' from top to bottom and in Appendix IX,

Vb'=IaZab'+IbZbb'+IbZcb'

(2)

Correspondingly,

And the mutual voltage induced in conductor c', resulting from current flowing in conductors a, b, c, is

a -10.2794 (Za,'+a'Zbb'+aZb,') (Log Log dbb'+a Log db,')

dba'+a2

(16)

Vc"=IaZac'+IbZbc'+IcZCC

in conductors a', b', c' from currents Ia, ba,h in conductors a, b, c is v,'=!( V'+a'Vb'+aVC') 3 1
=

(3) The negative-sequence voltage induced

(Zca'+a"Zcb'+aZcc')=

(Logdca'+alLogd,'+aLogdecc) (17)

0.2794

Substituting equations 15, 16, and 17 in equation 8, usng a- -0.5+j0.866 and as- - 0.5-i 0.868, and reducing and combining results in

VP'= 0.0931I, [OW

Log dacdbbdca'

[Ia(Zaa'+aZab'+aZact)+

dab'dba'dec'

From symmetrical components,

Ib(Zba,+aZbb'+aZbc)+ Ic(Zca'+a2Zcb'+aZcc')l

(4)

0d0931 [0 868Log acdba'dcb'

L
j Log

I + + Log -/Lgdab'dac'dba'dbb'dca'dcc'

Ia=I1+I2+10

Conclusions
The fundamentals of electromagnetic induction have been reviewed and the general formulas for the calculations of the positive-, negative-, and zero-sequence induced voltages in parallel transmission lines have been developed and applied to typical examples for transposed and

Substituting equations 5, 6, and 7 in equation 4 and reducing, gives 1/dab'dac'dbb'dbc'dcb drc '

Ib=a'I1+ah2+IO Ic = al +a'12+Io

(5) (6)
(7)

dabdca'dbc'dc'dcb']+
daa'dbadca'
,,,
1 (18)

dab'dbc'dca' daadbb'dec I

0.0931IoL0.866 Log datd cdccj Log

ages are complex and they are a function of all three sequence currents. The positive- and negative-sequence mutual impedances are less than 10% of the selfimpedance of the line and thus are negligible; however, the zero-sequence factor can be as high as 50 to 70% of the zero-sequence self-impedance and must be considered in fault studies and relay applicathe two linesthe are about a to symmetrical lms ar symmtrsc1 abut a

nontransposed lines. These induced volt-

V2'=-Ii[(Zaa'+a2Zab'+aZa2')+ 3 a(Zba'+a2Zbb'+aZbe')+

where V,' is in volts/mile at 60 cycles.

a(Zca'+a'Zeb'+aZcc')l + 1 3 12[(Zaw'+taZab'+aZac')+ a(Zaa'+a2Zbb'+aZbc')+ a,,(Za'+aZ,b'+aZec')+ a(ZCG+aZCb+GZCC)J +

(ZI,'+a'Zbb'+GZbc')+

Appendix 11. Negative-Sequence

Induced Voltage For Two Transposed Parallel Lines
I

as shown in the

Assume that the two lines are transposed

3I0t(Z441+a'Z.t+aZa')+

following configurations:
Co
O

abo
(8)

(Zca`+a'Zcb'+aZcc')J

When the conductor configurations of

vertical axis, the voltages induced in the two parallel lines are equal. Nonsymmetry produces different voltages which can cause relaying problems. It is hoped that this study has contributed to a better understanding of voltage induction in transmission circuits.

Carson's formula' for mutual impedance With these transpositions, the mutual two paral3el a between with in conductors voltages induced a,in b, c' commo earh reurn, conductors t 60cycls, "resulting from currents Ia, lj,, c concommon eth return, at 0 cycles, i ductors a, b, c are as follows and similar Zaa=00954+j 0.2794 Log , ohms/mile to those of equations 1, 2, and 3: daa' 1

tions.Wihteetasoiin,temul

1st Section

cO

0,'

Oc

2nd Section

bor'

Oa

bIa

O't Ob I 3rd Section

Zab'= 0.0954+j 0.2794 Log

(9)

da

DI ohms/mile

V'3-(IaZaa'+IbZa'+IcZca')+ 1
3
1

UaZ-'+IbZcb+IcZab')+
3 (IaZcc'+IbZac'+IcZbc')

Appendix 1. Negative-Sequence Induced Voltage For Two Untransposed Parallel Lines

Zac'=0.0954+j0.2794Log De- ohms/mile

da,'
Expanding results in

(19)

(11)3
~

1 v'= (IaZab'+IbZbb'+IcZcb')+
3
1

The conductors of one line are a, b, c, and of the other line a', b', c'. The disZaa'=0.0954+j 0.2794 Log D,tance d between the various conductors is j.74Lgda l) expressed by d,,' dab', dac' etc.; the j3.74Lgd, impedances by Zaa', Zac'. etc. a'Z,b'-0.09M4a'+j0.2794a' Log D,For any conductor arrangements, thej .74 Lgdb(1) .74 o a'(3 mutual voltage induced in conductor a' resulting from current flowing in conaZac' = 0.0954a+j 0.2794a Log Dcductors a, b, and c is j 0.2794a Log d,c' (14)

1- (IaZbc'+IbZcc'+IcZac')+
tactIZa+co)(0 1)-(hZa+tZa+Za)(0

1 Vc-(aZc+ZcIZc+ , IZc+bb'IZc) 1

- (IaZba'+IbZca'+IcZaa')+

Correspondingly, the mutual voltage induced in conductor 5', resulting from current flowing on conductors a, b, c, is

(Zaa'+ a'Zab'+aZac') =-j 0.2794 (Log d,,'+a' Log dab'+a Log d,') (15)

(IaZca'+IbZ,a/+IcZbb') (21)
FEBRUARY 1963

The induced negative-sequence voltage

924

Blackburn-Voltage Induction in Parallel Transmission Circuits

in conductors a', b', c' from currents Ia, Ib, Ic in conductors a, b, c is

VI' 3 [Ia(Zaa'+aZab'+a2Zac')+

I1 - ( Va'+a2 V&'+a Vc') V=

3

bZa'ab'aZc' IV(ZbI+aZbbaZbC)
equation 28, and reducing gives 1 VI1 - I [(Zaa'+aZab'+ a2Zac')+

Ie(Zca'+aZe&'+a2Zcc')1

(28)

in conductors a', b', c' resulting from currents Ia, Ib, I, is 1 (34) l' -( Va'+a Vb'+aIVc')

V2'=1 9 [Ia(Zaa'+Zub'+Zcc')+
Ii(Zba'+Zcb'+Zac')+ Ic(ZCa'+Zab'+Zbbc') +
1 - [a'Ia(Zab'+Zbc'+Zca')+ 9 a'Ib(Zaa +Zbb +Zcc')+
a

Substituting equations 5, 6, and 7 in

VI' -a(Zaa"+Zbb'+Zcc)+ 9
=

Ib(Za'+Zcb'+Zac')+ Ic(Zcea'+Zab'+Zbc')I +

a'(Zba'+aZbb'+a2Zbc')+

a(Za'+aZcb'+aZcc ')] +
+

+Ic(Zc+'+Zac'+Zba') + a'(Z,a'+aZcb'+aZcc')JI+

[Ia(a)(Zab'+Zbc'+Zca')+ aIb(Zbb +Zcc +Zaa')+ 12aIc(Zcb'+Zac '+ZDa')] +

9

1 9

[a1a(Zac'+Zsa'+Zcb')+
aIc(Zaa'+Zbb'+Zcc')
1

a1b(Zbc'+Zca+Zasb)+

(22) 7in Substtutin equaions5, 6,and 7 in3 Substituting equations 5, 6, and reducing, equation 22 and combining and reducing, the positive- and zero-sequence current factors all cancel out since 1+a+a2 =0. Therefore,

3O1(Zaa'+aZab'+a2Zac')+

[a2Ia(Zac'+Zba'+Zcb')+ a21(Zbsc'+Zca'+Zab')+ a2Ic(Zc'+Z5aa'+ZbM')1 (35)

(Zta'+aZbb'+a2Zbc')+ (Z'+aZ'+a2Zc')1 (29)

V2

1 - I2[(Zaa'+Z'+Zcc')+ 3

Applying Carson's formulas' in a manner similar to that shown in equations 9 through 17, new values for the impedance combinations are obtained as follows:

By substituting equations 5, 6, and 7 in equation 35, and combining and reducing, the negative- and zero-sequence current factors all cancel out since 1+a+a$ -O.

Thus,

1 VI -- IIE(Zaa'+Zbb'+Zee')+ 3

a(+Zc51+Za 'Zc')
V2'=- Id(Zaa'+a'Zab'+aZac')+
3

(3)

(Zaa'+ aZab'+a'1Zac') = -O.2794

It will be noted that equation 23 is the same as the 12 component of equation 8. Another form of equation 23 is

(Log daa1+a Logdab'++al Log dac') (30)

a(Zab`+ZbC'+Zea')+
combining
one

(Zba'+aZ4b'+alZbc') -j 0.2794 (Log dba1+a Log dwb'+a' Log d4') (31)

same manner as shown in connection with

By applying Carson's formulas in the

a'(Z '+Zsa'+Z')]

(36)

equations 9, 10, and 11 and reducing and

(Z4ca'+aZc+adZd)= (Log d4a+a Log dcb'+a" Log d,,')

-jO0.2794

(32)

W=0.09311, 0.866Log
j

obtains 8 '1 =0d,,'d

a1+(Zea'+a2Zcbt)+aZcc'j (24 (24) a(Zc01+a9Zcs'+aZ~c')] Substituting equations 15. 16, and 17 in equation 24, combining and reducing
(
gives

0.2794 F
3

aIjLab8d6 Log Log j Vdsdaa'dba,'dscdca'dc -

'dcb ' dac'da dab'db86dca'

~~~~~~~~~~Lgda514'db5'd ~~~ VIO =0.0931l0.866 Log daN'dba'db

a
i Lo

Substituting equations 30, 31, and 32 in equation 29 and reducing and combiniing, remembering that a--0.5+j O.86W and a= 0.5 j0.866, gives

Lo09dbdc

daadbb'dcb Vdab'dac'dbadbc'dca'dcb'J
r

volts/mile at 60 cycles (37)

_______

Finally,
1

daa'dbb'dcc'

ZIM

31VI0da68dLog,,,0.0931 8
'bdac'da'

Finally,
Z

0.2794 23' =

=-

Ldab
'

dac'daa'dcb' _

dadbc5'd5a'
1

0.0931120.866 dab'dbadcc' daa'dbc'dcb

0.0931I[o0.866 Log dab'ddCb

j Log (38) /dab'dac'dba'dbc'dca'dcb'l Log (38 jL o dac'd,b'dca' where ZiM is the positive-sequence mutual 0.2794 , impedance in ohms/phase/mile at 60 + Vdab 'dac'dba 'dbbdcadcc cycles.

d25

Logjd

\1dab'dacdba'dbc'dcaLdcbog dac'doc'dcc'
(26)

dbd'

positive-sequence
33

Note that equation 37 is the same as the current term of equation

V'dab'dac'dba'dbc'dca'dcb'

where Z2M units are in ohms per phase/ mile at 60 cycles.

Appendix Ill. Positive-Sequence Induced Voltage For Two

Untransposed Parallel Lines
1,-(V'a V1'=V5'Vs'+2V~')(27)
in conductors a', b', c' from currents ID, and Ic in conductors a, b, c is

(3da3dac)dbb'dbcdcbdrc' where the unit is volts/mile at 60 cycles.

III. La Jaa dca'pendix p j Log V3

of the untransposed line equation, Ap-

The positive-sequence voltage induced Ia,

AppendixV Positive-Sequence Induced Voltage for Two

Transposed Parallel Lines
Assume that the lines are transposed as outlined in Appendix II. The voltages b', c' resulting a',conductors in conductors duced a, b, flowing in from current c are given in equations 19, 20, and 21 respectively. The induced positive-sequence voltage

Sequence Induced Voltage for Two Untransposed Parallel

LInes with Ground Wires
The distances

Appendix V. Negative-

in2V')2

conductors are 4,v', dab~', d4ss, etc., so that derivations apply to varying configurations.

shown:

Consider the circuit generally spaced as

betwveen various
t c

z(gl)
a0

Substituting equations 1, 2, and 3 in equation 27 results in

bo05'
c0
a

FEBRUARY 1963

Blackburn-Voltage Induction in Parallel Transmission Circuits

925

flowing in phase conductors a, b, c and returning in ground wires x and y, are

b', c' respectively, resulting from current

The mutual voltages in conductor a',

0.093110

gd

dac'd&c'dcc'
'

j 0.2794 Log daa'dab'dac'dba'dbb'dbc'X dca'dc'dcc (51) Equation 51 further reduces to

IzZxaI'Zva' (39)
Vb' =IaZab'+IbZbO'+IcZcb'-

Va'=IaZaa' IbZ 0a'+IcZcaI- F\dab'daA'dba'dbc'dcb'dcc

dxc

j Log

daa'dba 'dcs

0.09311 Vo, =0.866 Log db-dbb,dbc

1

dca'dcb'dcc'

I:z;ZZb '-IVZVb' (40)

j0L[gdLoagd5a'da
j Log

ve' IaZac'+IbZbc'+IcZIc'g r,z1

=

dza'

0.0931Iy

i Log

in conductors a', b', c' from currents Ia, Ib, Ic in conductors a, b, c and -I. and -II in the ground wires x and y is

The induced

negative-sequence voltage

Zyl(41)

dya' Fdyc,' y\idLo dyb0 'dg c

volts/mile at 60 cycles (47)

-i0912086Lgdea'dbb'dbc' dodaadab'dac' #\dbadabdc'dca'dc'daCc

Io

0.093112 0.866 Log

dd'd'b'dc'J

v2=1(vn +asvb/+avc/) 3
1
3

Appendix VI. Zero-Sequence

Induced Voltage for Two Untransposed Parallel Lines
The zero-sequence voltage induced in conductors a', b', c' from currents Ia Ic in conductors a, b, c is

0.2862+j 0.8382

Log
Appendix

da'
volts/mile at 60 cycles (52)

[Ia(Zaa'+aZab'+aZac')+
Ib(Zba+a'hZabb+aZbct)+

Ix(ZZa'+a2Zxb'+aZxc')-

Ic(Zca'+a2ZctO'+aZcc')-

Il/(ZYa'+a2Zyb'+aZyc')] (42)

Vo'=3( Va'+ Vb'+ Ve')

(48)

Indix Induced

Vii.

Volt

Zero-Sequence

Transposed Parallel Lines

Voltage for Two

Foro

Two

The first three terms of equation 42 are Substituting equations 1, 2, and 3, gives, Assume that the lines are transposed as the same as equation 4 and thus reduce outlined in Appendix II. The voltages to equation 18. The last two terms with 1induced in conductors a', b', c' resulting 703 [Ia(Zaa'+Zab'+Zac')+ Ix and Iy can be reduced applying Carson's from current flowing in conductors a, b, c formula similar to that in equations 9-11. fare given in equations 19, 20, and 21

(Zza'+a'Zzb'+aZzc') -j 0.2794
=

lb(Zba+Zbb'+Zbc')+

(Log dza'+a' Log dxb'+a Log dxc') (43)

(Log da'+a2 Log dyb +a Log dy,') (44)

(Zya'a2Zvs'+aZyc') = -j 0.2794
Further substitution of a-0.5+j 0.866 and a= -0.5-i 0.866 in equation 43 and 44 gives

. . . Substituting equations 5, 6, and 7 in equation 49 and reducing results in

Ic(Zca'+Zcb'+Zcc')J .

(49)

~~respectively. The induced

a, b,
c S

zero-sequence voltage in conductors a', b', c' resulting from currents I I, Ic i

V =( Va'+ VD'+ Vc') 3

Vs' II[(Zaa0'+Zab'+Zac')+

1 3

(53)

a2(Zba'+Zbb'+Zbc')+
1

a(Zca'+Zcb'+Zcc')]+
3 2aaa+ab+ac)+

Vo"'

Ia(ZaG'+Z55'+Zcc')+
Ib(Zba

(Zza'+a2Zx'+aZzc') -j 0.2794 (Log dZa'-0.5 Log dZb1-j 0.866

=

Ic(Zca'+Z00'+Z&c')]+

+ZcbD+Zac')+

Log dzb'-0.5 Log dze'+j 0.866 Log dzc')

a(Zaa'+Zbb'+Zbc')+

a2(Zca'+Zcb'+Zcc')] +
(Zba +Zbb +zbc )+ Z+ c)]

1[a(Zab'+Zbc'+Zca')+

0.2794(+0.866 Log
j

-dra

1Io[(Zaa' +Zab1+Zac')+
(45)

\Ldzbgdzzc)
d\
b

((aZca, Z+b'

(50)

Ic(Zcb1+Zac'+Zba')1 + - [1a(Zac +Zba +Zeb )+ ) 15(Zbc'+Zca'+Za&5)+

(ZYa'+a2Zy'+aZyc') = 0.2794 da (0866 Lo dyc' Log

dyc

06J(46)
(46

By substituting Carson's for mutual impedance, as given formula2 in equations 10, 11, etc., and reducing and collecting 9, terms, equation 50 becomes

equation 18 and substituting equations 45 and 46 to obtain the following

Equation 42 then reduces by applying F dac'5tdca'd 091xL.6Log d -dt

Log

=I [-jO.2794 Log daa'dab'dac'+ Vo'=3

j 0.2794/2 Log dba'd5b5d5c'd,'dcb'dcc'0.866 (0.2794) Log dba6'4b 4c'+ 0.866(0.2794) Log dca'dc0'dcc'I+

Thus,

(54) By substituting equations 5, 6, and 7 in equation 54, and combining and reducing, the positive- and negative-sequence current factors all cancel out since

Ic(Zaa'+Zab'+Zcc')1

1+a+as=0.

t 1
V0 3 0Za+b+ZcZa+
Applying Carson's

V21

Z&c'+ Zca't+Zac'+Z54'+Zc511 (55)

in the

dab'dac'dba'dbb'deczdcc
daatdbctdobt

~~-12[ -j 0.2794 j 0.2794/2 Log

dba'dbb'dbC'dca'dtdcrdc'+

Log

d001d01,'d001+

formulas' same with 3manner equations as 9, shown 10, andin11,connection the impedance
expression of equation 55 becomes

0.0931I2F0.866 Lgdac'4ba'dcbt

.6(.29)Lg'btbto

jLog /a

dAaa'db5'deCC' +
c tde dctc dbt

Laotc

0.866(0.2794) LOg dea'dc51dcc'1+

-

1IO=Io[9 X0.0954+Fj 9X0.0954 Log D.,-

VOM

3005+0274Lg1 j 0.2794 Log daa '+0.0954 +

1095+.24Lo

926

Blackburn--Voltage Induction in Parallel Transmission Circuits

FEBRUARY 1963

j 0.2794 Log D, -j 0.2794 Log dbb'+ 0.0954+j 0.2794 Log D. i 0.2794 Log d,A'] and so forth for the remaining 6 terms] (56)

Log

Zo

3 (9)(.0954)+j (0.2794) Log D

91

~~~~~~~~~~~~.03

1 24X24X24 V/22.5 X 18 X22.5 X 22.5 X 18 X22.5 I2 volts/mile (25) -00931[024 1]

(-0.0078+j 0.0045)1o (18) =(-0.0078+j 0.0045)Ii+(0.0078+ Vo' j 0.0045)I2+(0.286+j 1.78)Io (52)

For comparisons, assume Io only,I I 12 =0. Then, VI'=0.009Io /30 degrees, 1.25% of XI

jLog 22.52 X18J12

tsmile

0.2794/3 Log (daa'dab'dac'4db'dbb'X

d~c'da'dc,'de')"'.286+3 08382 dbC'dcatdcb'dcc') 002862+j..8382
Log

-;/daa'dab'dac'dba'dbl'dbc'dca'dcb'dec'
ohms/mile at 60 cycles (57)

________________De

Z,M= -ji 0.0168 ohms/mile or

0.0168

~~X 072

V2' O.OO9Io /150 degrees, 1. 25% of XI

V.'= 1.80 Io /80.9 degrees, 63.8
For
% of

Z.

100=2.34% of the positive-sequence reactance

Similarly, the induced positive-sequence voltage and mutual impedance can be calculated from equations 37 and 38, and the zero-sequence mutual impedance from equation 57. A summary of these values is as follows:

This equation is derived similarily as the GMR-GMD concepts in symmetrical components, see references 2 and 3.

V1' (0.0234-j 0.0213)II -0.0318II /-42.3 degrees, 4.4% of Xi

I, = I2 = Io:

V2 =(-0.0234-j 0.0213)12

=0.0318I2 /222.3 degrees,

=

4.4% of XI

f Z2M = -j 0.0168 ohms/mile 64.3% of (26) /80.9 degrees, Zo 1.811. the Positive-, Negative-, and Zero- Zom 0.286+j 1.78 1.80 /80.9 degrees If the right-hand set of conductors are Sequence Induced Voltages in ZOM=0.286+i1.78-1.80 /80.9 degreeS a', b', C' from top to bottom instead of ohms/mile (57) a' as previously studied, the results Two Parallel Lines on the Same c', b', _ different and are aS fOlloWS: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~are
=

Appendix

VINI.

Calculations d

ZiM= -i 0.0168 ohms/mile

=

(38)

VO'(0.286+j 1.789)Io

Tower

The configuration and spacings are shown in the sketch. For these lines
dac' = dCa'18 feet

As indicated above ZiM and Z2M are 2.34% of the positive- and negativesequence reactance (XI =X2) of the line
compared with ZOm which is 63.8% of zero-sequence impedance ZO.

the

Nontransposed lines: V j0 8I+ 0 4 j0 04 V'=3 O18Ii+(-0.0146+3O0.084)12+ (0.0078+j 0.0045)IO (33)

dab'= dba'= dbc'= deb'= 22.5 feet daa'=dbb'd,cc=24 feet Ra 0.259, Xa = 0.435, Xd for 3 conductors

B. For Nontransposed Lines

The induced negative-sequence voltage in either line resulting from current in the other line is from equation 18. 8V2W=0.09311IF0.866 Log 18X24X8 22.5 X22.5 X24

V2'=(0.0146+j O.0084)Il+j 0.018h2+

0.285

Comparison for Io only, l=Ii= =0

VO'=(-0.0078+j 0.0045)Ii+(0.0078+ j 0.0045)I2+(0.286+j 1.78)1I (52)

v'oo9I/3

(-0.0078+j 0.0045)Io

(18)

0.4 18'
8'

Go..8~C'

Log

/22.5 X 18 X22.5 X24 X 18 X24

24 X22.5X22.5

VI'=0.009Io /30 degrees, 1.25% of XI

V2' =0.009Io /150 degrees, 1.25% of XI

8'

I04'8
.

0.09311210.866L%I 18X225X225 g22.5X22.5X18

Bypeiu acltosh osatf Log

0' =1.801.g /80.9 degrees, 63.8% of Zom For I,=lI=Io:

VI'

By previous calculationss, the constants of the line, assuming that it is transposed, are

24X24X24 /22.5X18X22.5X22.5X18X22.5
F
18X22.5X24 g 22.5X24 X22.5 ] 24 X22.5X 18 volts/mile (18)

(-0.0068+j 0.0309)Ii =0.0316Ih

=0.0316I2 0.0309)2 /77.4

/102.6 degrees, 4.4% of Xi

Z, = Z2 = 0.259+j 0.720 = 0.765 /70.2 degree ohms/mile, each line

+0.0931o 0.866

V2' = (0.0068+j

Vo'=(0.286+j
Appendix

degrees, 4.4% of XI 1.789)Io = 1.811I

Zo=0.545+j2.76=2.82 /78.8 degree

ohms/mile, each line

V/22.5X18X24X22.5X22.5X24
and zero-sequence voltages are calculated from equations 33 and 52. All induced voltages in volts/mile are summarized.
V,' = -j 0168II+(0.0156-j O.009)I2+

/80.9 degrees, 64.3% of ZSM

j2.26=2.3 /79.6 degree ohms/mile

Zom_6 =6.8

Zorn=0.286+j 1.78=1.80 /80.9 degree ohms/mile, mutual Paralleled Zo of both circuits =0.415+
oo~ ~
Xomn6 -=41
X
t-38 -=.8 X,

The corresponding induced positive-

the

Zero-Sequence Induced Voltages T o Sp. In TWO Parallel n on Separate

Towers

Positive-, Negative

IX.

Calculations of

and

Lines

V,1 '( -0.0156-j3 0.009)I1-3 0.01681,+

C 'b b cc 0-13 '-0=-13'--0

0008i004)o(3 (007+ 004)I (33

The configuration and spacings are shown in Fig. 3. For the lines inl Fig. 3

A. For Transposed Lines

The induced negative-sequence voltage in either line resulting from current in the other line is from equation 25, or the mutual impedance from equation 26 is a 35 t -.---0.

-22 '-0-22 -.O

a'

V2'=0 0931F0 866 Lg18X22.5X22.5

Lo 2.5X22.5X18

Fig. 3. ConFiguration and spacings for positive-, negative-, end zero-sequence induced voltage in two parallel lines on separate towers

FEBRUARTY 1963

Blackburn- Voltage Induction in Parallel Transmission Circuits

.927

daa'- 105 dba'=92 dca'=79 dab'- 83 dbb'-70 dcb'=57 dac'- 61 dbc'-48 dec'=35

J Lo L

105X70X35

V83X61X92X48X79X57J 0.0931Io[0.866 Log 61 X48X35

1+

Vo'=(0.286+j 1.29)Io=1.321o
/77.5 degrees, 48.5% of Z,

For line a.b.c

(all distances in feet)

Z1 -0.306+j 0.784 =0.84 /68.7 degrees ohms/mile Zo-0.592+j 2.675=2.72 /77.5 degrees

ohms/mile

volts/mile (18) Similarly, using equations 33 and 52, the induced positive- and zero-sequence voltages can be calculated. All three voltages are summarized:

j Log fe a83X61X70X48X57X35

105L3X79X57
1

Appendix X. Comparison of the Induced for Two Voltages eConI urations

Consider two nontransposed line configurations for a flat horizontal parallel line with the same general spacings as illustrated:

Z.,,,=0.286+j 1.36=1.39 /78.8degrees

ohms/mile

V ='-(-0.00057+j 0.0085)Ii+ (-0.0082+j 0.0018)It+

A. Unsymmetrical Around the Verfical

Ai
(33)

x-=51% -=51% -=3.41Xl

XI
Zo

Zi

3.24

V2'=(0.0082+j 0.0018)I1+

(0.041-j

0.0575)Io

Line l b c

a'

b'

A. For Transposed Lines

Transpositions per the sequence outlined in Appendix II. The induced negativesequence voltage in the a'b'c' line resulting from current in the abc line is, from equation 25,

'-0.093112
iLog-

0.866 Log 61X92X57 83 X48X79

(-0.041-i 0.0575)1o (18) Vo'=(-0.0236-j 0.0356)Ih+ (0.0236-j 0.0356)I2+ 0 (0.286+j 1.36)Io (52) For comparisons: lo only I1 =12=0 VI'=0.0711o /-54. 5 degrees, 9.1 % of XI
V2 '=0.07110 /234.5 degrees, 9.1% of XI VO'= 1.391o /78.2 degrees, 51% of ZO For 11=I2=1o

(0.00057+j 0.0085)I2+

da4'=61

0 13' 0 13' 0

dbaj'=48 dca'-35
d"' =61

35'~

c'

0 13' 0 13 0

dab' = 74
dac' = 87

d,b,' =48
dcct= 61

dbeI 74

Voltage induced in Line 2 from currents in

Line 1 (equations 33, 18, 52).

VI'=(-0.00157-j 0.00593)I,+

V/83X61 X92X48X79X57J

105X70X35

(0.00057+ j 0.0085)I2 volts/mile Z,,=0.00057+j 0.0085 ohm/mile or

=

volts/mile (25) =0.09312[0.866X0.0071X j 0.0911

-0.0082+ 0.03 11 )Ii+ V2't=(-0.00555-j (0.00157-j

0.00593)I2+
O

(0.00555-j 0.00311)I2+ (-0.02082+j 0.0423)Io

V1' =(0.0322-j 0.0472)Ii 0.0571I1 / - 55.7 degrees, 7.3% of Xi

=

(0.02082+j 0.0423)Io (-0.0262-j 0.0392)11 +

(0.0262-j 0.0392)I2+

V,'=(-0.0322-] 0.0472)12=0.0571I2
/235.7 degrees,

0.0085+

074100=1.09% of positive0.784

7.3% of Xi
at

(0.286+j 1.41)1,

Vo'=(0.286+j 1.29)Io=1.321o
/77.5 degrees, 48.5% of Zo

sequence reactance Substitution in equations 38, and 57 gives the positive- and zero-sequence mutual impedances. A summary of these values for the three sequences is as follows: Zjm - -0.00057+j .0085=0.0085 /93.8 degrees ohms/mile (38)

If the right-hand set of conductors are a', b', c' from left to right instead of c' b', a' as previously studied, the results are different. For the nontransposed lines V1'-(-0.0025-j 0.00795)I1+ (0.00705-j 0.00474)I2+

Line 1 c' 0 13' 0 13' 0 35'.

b'

Line 2 a b c 0 13' 0 13' 0

daa'"61

d,,'= 48

4a'=74
dbb'=61

dca'=87
dc '-61

'35 dbc'=48 da,=

de'=74

Zim =0.00057+] .0085 =0.0085 /86.2 degrees ohms/mile (26)

ZoM=0.286+j

/78.8 degrees ohms/mile (57)

1.36 = 1.39

V,'=(-0.0071-] 0.00474)1+ (0.0025-j 0.00795)I2+ (.0293+j 0.0643)Io (18)

VO'

'=0 +'* 8-.0293-+.0643'I, ' f33) ' iVoltage Line 2induced

in Line 1 from currents

V1'=(0.00157-j 0.00593)hi+
(0.00555-jO.00311)I,+
=

Zim and ZIM are 1.09% of the positiveand negative-sequence reactances (X1-X2) of the line compared with ZOM which is 63.8% of the zero-sequence impedance (ZO).

(-0.0236]j 0.0356)Ii+
(0.0236-j 0.0356)I2+

(0.0262-j 0.0392)I+

V2' (-0.00555-j 0.00311)I +

(52) (

(0.286+j 1.36)Io

B. For Nontransposed Lines

from equation 18 is

Comparisons: for Io only I,=I2 = 0

En a'b'c' resulting from current in abc,

F.t0.031IrO.66 og61 X<70X79_ _ 83X92X35
]Log

The induced negative-sequence voltage

VV'= 0.0711o/114. 5 degrees,

For h =12=10

V,'=0.0711I /65.5 degrees, 9.1% of X1

V,'= 1.39!, /78.2 degrees, 51% of XO

9.1% ofX1

0262-j O.0392)Io Vo'= (0.0208+j 0.0493)II + (-0.0208+e 0.0423)r+ (0.286+j 1.41)1.

There will be circulating currents between the two lines, which is proportional to the difference between the two induced voltages given previously, thus subtracting the induced voltage in line 2 from the induced voltage in line 1.

(-0.00157-] 0.00593)I+ (0.0 26

V83X61 X92X70X79X35J+
X92 X57 og61 83X48X79

~~105X48X57

-+

V1'u( 0.0246+] 0.0516)I1-0O.OS71I,

/115.5 degrees, 7.3%of X1

/64. 5 degrees, 7.3% of X1

.O31I[O 66

VKs

(0.0246+] 0.0516)12 = 0.057112

V1' difference = -0.00314IX +

(-0.047+] 0.0815)1,

928

Blackburn-Voltage Induction in Parallel Transmission Circuits

FEBRUARY 1963

VW' difference= +0.00314I2+

(0.047+j 0.0815)Io

Vo' difference=(-0.047 -j 0.0815)I,+ (0.047-j 0.0815),

with I -Is, the zero-sequence voltage difference reduces to V.' difference -

Line 1 Line 2 a' b' c' c b a 13' 013' 0 35' 0 13' 0 13' 0 O
7 d dab'=74 dbb'=61 dcb'=48 = dac' 61 dbc' = 48 dc0'= 35 Voltage induced in either Line 1 from curent'm in 2, 2,or m Line Lne2 fom current urrnt current in Line or in 2 from

VO'=( -0.0262-j 0.0392)Il+ (0.0262-jO.0392)I,+(0.286+j 1.41)Io

There is no difference between the induced voltages in the two lines.

daa'=87 dba'=74

dccz'=61

=jO.1631i.

References
1. NBOATIVR-StQuBcNcB DiRBcTrIONAL

B. Symmetrical Around the Vertical

Line I
a

"a~ ~ ~ ~ Lxin ~ ~ ~~~1= 0.00623I+(-0.0052+i 0.0 ILine2nV,'=j

Line 2
.063~(-.09+

Line 1, from equations 33, 18, 52, is

RELAYING, W. A. Elmore, J. L. Blackbur GtowND AIEX Transadioxs, see pages 913-21 of this issue.
2. SYXMBTRIcAL Wagner, R. D.

1 .06) +(0.0262 -j 0.0392)1o

F. (book), C. CompoNENqTa Book Evans. McGraw-Hill Company, Inc., New York, N. Y., 1933.
S. SPBED ZBRO SEQUINCE IMPEDANCE CALCULATlom Font TRANSMuSSsON LINEsS, J. L. Blackburn Eectrical World, vol. 163, March 1960, pp. 60-61.

c' b c b' a' 0 13' 0 13' 0 35' 0 13' 0 13' 0

V2 =(0.00592+j 0.00161)I +

j 0.00623I,+( -0.0262-i 0.0392)I.

rotection

or

wircuits

P * * ~ * " I witn aeries

e .

can cause incorrect operation of direc-

tional and distance relay elements and

wa7pa cl to rs
ASSOCIATE MEMBER AIEE

in some instances can even cause incorrect operation of the differential type of line

relaying such

as

JOHN BERDY

This section will briefly review this subject and in addition discuss the effects of the series capacitor protective gaps.

phase comparison.

Summary: An analysis of the protective problems introduced by series capacitors leads to the conclusion that conventional line protective schemes will, in most instances, have limited application on seriescompensated lines. A line relaying scheme is presented which has almost universal application on compensated lines. This scheme, designed specifically for lines with series capacitors, will meet the speed, selectivity, and sensitivity requirements of present-day systems.

pensation can provide improved stability voltage regulation, a de=imits, improved p o a onomic s, sied load divsion, oor ra more economic
a

EFFECT OF SERIES CAPACITORS

utilization of the

tem (higher loadings).

extra-high-voltage sys-

Of equal importance to system design

THE APPLICATION of series capaci-

I tors to high-voltage transmission lines has once again been receiving considerable attention during the past few years. For the most part, the renewed interest in this subject has been in the area of extra-highvoltage transmission. With a few exceptions, most of the extra-high-voltage systems being planned for construction in the United States and in Canada are being designed to use some degree of series com-

pensation.

The benefits of series capacitor compensation from a system design and operating point of view are well known to the system planning engineer. Series cornPaper 62-1093, recommended by the AIEE Relays Committee ad approved by the AIEE Technical Operations Department for presentation at the\ AIRE Summer General Meeting, Denver, Colo.,
June 17-22, 1962. Manusrpt submitted Dccember 11, 1961; made avallable for printing,

and operation is the protective relaying of the series-compensated system, for, in most instances, the protection of circuiuts with series capacitors is not as simple and straightforward as the protection of other circuit configurations. Depending on its location and on the degree of compensation, the series capacitor may introduce various relay problems which could result in increased fault-clearing times and/ or a loss of selectivity. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss the protective problems associated with lines having series capacitors and to discuss the applicability of standard protective schemes to such lines. In addition, this paper will present a relaying scheme which was specifically designed for the protection of lines with series capacitors and which meets the speed, selectivity, and sensitivity requirements of present-day systems.
Effect of Series Capacitors Protective ReLays\

tion of directional-type protective relays by affecting the phase position of the voltages and currents as seenbytherelays. When a series capacitor is located between We eiscpctri oae ewe a relay terminal and a fault, the relay currents or voltages may be reversed from the positions they usually assume for a fault on a system whose reactances are inductive. For instance, consider the equivalent system shown in Fig. 1. For discussion purposes, assume that the system voltages are m phase prior to the fault and during the initial stages of the fault and that the system angle is 60 degrees, inductive. Fig. 1 shows the vector diagramof the system voltages and currents on this inductive system for a 3-phase fault (F) near terminal A. The vector diagram also shows the voltage VA which would appear at the terminals of a relay

Asre aaio a fetteoea A series capacitor may affect the opera-

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.IF The adverse effects of series capacitors on protective relay operation have been

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Inductive
929

FEBRUARY 1963

Berdy~Protection of Circuits with Series Capacitors