Lateral Response Analysis of Suspension Bridge Under Wind Loads

COMMUNICATIONS IN NUMERICAL METHODS IN ENGINEERING
Commun. Numer. Meth. Engng 2006; 22:861874

Published online 9 February 2006 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/cnm.854
A simplied method for lateral response analysis of
suspension bridges under wind loads
Jin Cheng
; ;
and Ru-Cheng Xiao
Department of Bridge Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai 200092; China

SUMMARY
A simplied method for analysing lateral response of suspension bridges under wind loads is pro-
posed in this paper. The geometric non-linearity in the deection theory and the three components
of displacement-dependent wind loads are taken into account in the method. The analytical formulas
for calculating the torsional, vertical, and lateral responses of suspension bridges under wind loads are
derived. An iterative procedure, which has a high convergence rate for solving the problem, is devel-
oped. The proposed method is sucient and simple to use. Wind-induced lateral response analysis of
a long-span suspension bridge demonstrates the proposed methods eciency and accuracy. Copyright
? 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
KEY WORDS: suspension bridges; series; lateral response; wind loads
1. INTRODUCTION
With the increasing central span length of suspension bridges, in addition to the typical utter
and bueting issues [1, 2], it becomes especially important to accurately estimate wind-induced
lateral response and take this into account in the design of suspension bridges, because bridge
girders become more exible as spans become longer. On the other hand, long-span suspension
bridges are usually wind sensitive, and large lateral deection occurs under wind loads. For
accurate lateral response, it is necessary that the analysis technique incorporate the non-linear
eects arising from bridge structure and the three components of wind loads. This problem
can be solved by the non-linear nite element method (NFEM). However, the use of NFEM
is usually computationally too intensive with the increase in structural size, and for long-span
suspension bridges, input preparation is time consuming.
To reduce the computation eect, researchers have proposed simplied methods for calcu-
lation of lateral response of suspension bridges under wind loads. Two simplied methods,
Correspondence to: Jin Cheng, Department of Bridge Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai 200092; China.
E-mail: chengjin@tsinghua.org.cn
Research Associate Professor.
Professor.
Received 1 June 2005
Revised 5 December 2005
Copyright
?
2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Accepted 14 December 2005
862 J. CHENG AND R.-C. XIAO
uniform distribution method and elastic distribution method, were rst introduced by Moissei
and Lienhard [3]. In the uniform distribution method, the load transferred to the cables from
the stiening truss (restitution force) is assumed to be uniform [4]. In the elastic distribution
method, the distribution of restitution between the cable and the truss is taken into account.
However, this method is a trial-and-error process and requires a considerable amount of work
for accuracy [4]. Gursoy [4] applied a similar method to study the eect of lateral wind loads
on the response of side spans of suspension bridges. However, all these simplied methods
neglect the non-linear eects arising from bridge structure and the three components of wind
loads. Thus, they are inadequate in capturing the true lateral behaviour of suspension bridges
under wind loads.
The purpose of this paper is to propose a new, simplied method for the accurate prediction
of the lateral response of suspension bridges under wind loads. The proposed method takes
into account the geometric non-linearity in the deection theory and the three components of
wind load. The proposed method is simple to use and is suitable for engineering application.
The simplicity and accuracy of the proposed method is demonstrated through the wind-induced
lateral response analysis of a long-span suspension bridge with an 888 m central span length.
The results due to the proposed method are compared with those produced by the uniform
distribution method and NFEM.
2. DESCRIPTION OF THREE COMPONENTS OF WIND LOADS
The three components of wind load are drag force, lift force, and pitch moment. Consider a
section of bridge deck in a smooth ow, as shown in Figure 1. Assuming that under the
Figure 1. Motion of bridge deck and three components of wind loads in dierent axes.
Copyright ? 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Commun. Numer. Meth. Engng 2006; 22:861874
LATERAL RESPONSE ANALYSIS OF SUSPENSION BRIDGES 863
eect of the mean wind velocity V with the angle of incidence
0
, the torsional displacement
of deck is . Then the eective wind angle of attack is =
0
+. The components of wind
forces per unit span acting on the deformed deck can be written in wind axes as
drag force: F
y
() =
1
2
V
2
C
y
()D (1a)
lift force: F
z
() =
1
2
V
2
C
z
()B (1b)
pitch moment: M() =
1
2
V
2
C
M
()B
2
(1c)
where C
y
(), C
z
(), and C
M
() are the coecients of drag force, lift force, and pitch moment
in local bridge axes, respectively; B is bridge width; D is vertical projected area.
The wind forces in (1) are a function of the torsional displacement of the structure. They
vary as the girder displaces. Therefore, the three components of wind load are displacement
dependent. Theoretical coecient curves of three components of wind loads from the experi-
mental points are generally non-linear. In this paper, the non-linear curves are approximately
represented by linear curves between two experimental points.
3. ASSUMPTIONS
The following assumptions are made in this paper:
(1) Hanger is densely distributed along the bridge length direction.
(2) The stretching of hangers under wind loads is ignored.
(3) Conguration of cable is a quadratic parabola; the stress of a stiened girder due to
dead load is ignored.
(4) Under the action of drag force of displacement-dependent wind loads, the load trans-
ferred to the stiened girder from the cables is assumed to be an isosceles triangle
distribution (see Figure 2).
Figure 2. Lateral wind load distribution on stiened girder.
4. FORMULATION
The formulation of the proposed method involves the derivation of structural responses under
wind loads. The derivation of formula is based on the deection theory. This is mainly
because: (1) this theory can, to a certain extent, account for the geometric non-linearity of
structure (the stiening eect of the tension force in the cable); (2) this theory is simple and
accurate. This conclusion has been demonstrated by the fact that the majority of the existing
long-span suspension bridges were correctly designed using the deection theory before the
computer era [5]. A detailed review of the deection theory can be found in Reference [6].
4.1. Derivation of torsional displacements of stiened girder under pitch moment M()
The dierential equation for the twisted stiened girder of suspension bridges subjected to
distribution torque moment without considering warping eect can be written as [7]
_
GI
d
+
H B
2
c
4
_
d
2
dx
2
+
8f
l
2
B
c
H
p1
M() =0 (2)
where H is the horizontal component of the cable tension owing to dead and wind loads
(two cables); H
p1
is increment in the horizontal component of the cable tension owing to the
pitching moment of displacement-dependent wind loads (per cable); B
c
is width between the
centre lines of the cables; f is sag of the cable; l is length of the main span and GI
d
is
torsional stiness of the deck cross-section.
According to the consistency condition of the cables, H
p1
can be expressed as [6]
H
p1
=
A
c
E
c
L
p
4f
l
2
B
c
_
l
0
(x) dx
L
p
=l
_
1 +
8
3
_
f
l
_
2
_ (3)
where A
c
is the cross-section area of the cables and E
c
is modulus of elasticity of the cables.
A solution of Equation (2) may be expressed in terms of a series function that satises all
the boundary conditions of the torsional stiened girder
(x) =

r=1
b
r
f
r
(x) in which f
r
(x) = sin
rx
l
(4)
where b
r
is the unknown coecients to be determined.
The coecient curves of pitch moment of the wind loads are approximately represented by
linear curves between two experimental points. C
M
() may be expressed as
C
M
() =e
1
+ e
2
(5)
where e
1
, e
2
are the coecients.
Substituting (4) and (5) into (1c), M() can be rewritten as
M() =

r=1
_
2e
1
V
2
B
2
r
+
1
2
e
2
V
2
B
2
b
r
_
sin
_
rx
l
_
(6)
Substituting (3), (4), and (6) into (2), Equation (2) can be rewritten as
__
GI
d
+
HB
2
c
4
_
_
r
l
_
2
+
128f
2
B
2
c
A
C
E
C
(rl)
2
L
p
l

1
2
e
2
V
2
B
2
_
b
r
+
m=r
128f
2
B
2
c
A
C
E
c
m
2
l
3
L
p
r
b
m
=
2V
2
e
1
B
2
r
(7)
where r, m are the odd and even integer values, respectively.
4.2. Derivation of vertical displacements of stiened girder under lift force F
z
()
The vertical equilibrium equation for suspension bridges can be expressed as [8, 9]
EI
d
4
d
4
x
H
d
2
d
2
x
=F
z
() H
p
d
2
y
d
2
x
d
2
y
d
2
x
=
8f
l
2
(8)
where is the vertical displacements of stiened girder; H
p
is increment in horizontal com-
ponent of the cable tension owing to the lift force of displacement-dependent wind loads (two
cables), EI is vertical stiness of the deck cross-section and y is vertical co-ordinate of the
cable (the top of the tower being the reference point).
According to the consistency condition of cables, H
p
can be expressed as [6]
H
p
=
A
c
E
c
L
P
8f
l
2
_
l
0
dx (9)
A solution of Equation (8) may be expressed in terms of a series function that satises all
the boundary conditions of the deformed stiened girder
(x) =

r=1
a
r
f
r
(x) (10)
where a
r
is the unknown coecients to be determined.
Coecient curves of lift force of wind loads are approximately represented by linear curves
between two experimental points. C
z
C
z
() =c
1
+ c
2
(11)
where c
1
, c
2
=coecients.
Substituting (4) and (11) into (1b), F
z
() can be rewritten as
F
z
() =

r=1
_
2c
1
V
2
B
r
+
1
2
c
2
V
2
Bb
r
_
sin
_
rx
l
_
(12)
Substituting (9), (10), and (12) into (8), Equation (8) can be rewritten as
a
r
=
2V
2
c
1
B
r
+
1
2
V
2
c
2
Bb
r
+
32fH
p
rl
2
EI
_
r
l
_
4
+ H
_
r
l
_
2
(13)
4.3. Derivation of lateral displacements of stiened girder and main cable under drag
force F
y
()
Because the torsional displacement at each node of stiened girder is dierent under any
given wind velocity, the drag force acting at each node of stiened girder is also dierent. For
convenience, the drag force, F
y
(), acting on the stiened girder is approximately represented
by equivalent drag force,

F
y
()

F
y
() may be calculated as
F
y
() =
_
l
0
F
y
()
l
(14)
Coecient curves of the drag force of wind loads are approximately represented by linear
curves between the two experimental points. C
y
C
y
() =d
1
+ d
2
(15)
where d
1
, d
2
are the coecients.
Substituting (1a), (4), and (15) into (14),

F
y
() can be obtained by
F
y
() =
1
2
V
2
D
_
d
1
+ d
2
r=1;3;5:::
2b
r
r
_
(16)
According to the isosceles triangle distribution assumption, the maximum value of the load
transferred to stiened girder from cable, x
y
, can be calculated as [10]
x
y
=
5F
y
()l
4
384EI
y
F
yc
()l
2
8H
h
t
p
+
l
4
120EI
y
+
l
2
12H
F
yc
() =
1
2
V
2
C
yc
D
c
(17)
where F
yc
() is the drag force of the displacement-dependent wind loads acting on the cables,
D
c
is diameter of the main cable, C
yc
is drag coecient of the main cable, EI
y
is lateral
stiness of the deck cross-section, h
t
is length of the hanger at the midpoint of the central
span and p is lift force of displacement-dependent wind loads and dead load.
The lateral displacement of stiened girder, u(x), is computed from the method of equiva-
lently simplied beam under drag force and the load transferred to stiened girder from cable,
and is given by
u(x) =
_
F
y
()lx
3
12

F
y
()x
4
24

F
y
()l
3
x
24
_
EI
y
+
_
x
y
lx
3
24

x
y
x
5
60l

5x
y
l
3
x
192
_
EI
y
_
0 6x 6
l
2
_
(18)
u(x) =
_
F
y
()lx
3
12

F
y
()x
4
24

F
y
()l
3
x
24
_
EI
y
+
x
y
_
x
5
20

1
4
lx
4
_
3l
+
3x
y
lx
3
24

x
y
l
2
x
2
24

x
y
l
3
x
64

x
y
l
4
960
EI
y
_
l
2
6x 6l
_
(19)
where x is the distance measured from the end of the main span.
The geometrical continuity between the deected stiened girder and the cable can be
expressed as [4]
u(x) w(x)
h(x)
=
2x
y
x
l
p
_
0 6x 6
l
2
_
(20)
u(x) w(x)
h(x)
=
2x
y
(l x)
l
p
_
l
2
6x 6l
_
(21)
Substituting (18) and (19) into (20) and (21), the lateral displacement of the main
cable, w(x), can be obtained.
5. METHOD OF SOLUTION
An iterative method is employed for the solution of structural lateral response under wind
loads. The solution procedure can be summarized as follows:
(1) Calculate the initial horizontal component of the cable tension owing to dead loads of
cables, hangers and stiened girder from
H
0
=
ql
2
8f
(22)
where q is the dead load of the two cables, hangers and stiened girder.
(2) Give an initial wind velocity, V = 40 m=s.
(3) Initialize the iteration counter i = 1.
(4) If i = 1, the coecient b
(i)
r
= 0, H
(i)
p
= 0, and H
(i)
= H
0
in Equation (13).
(5) Determine the coecient a
(i)
r
by substituting b
(i)
r
, H
(i)
p
and H
(i)
into Equation (13).
(6) Calculate the vertical displacement of stiened girder, (x), from (10).
(7) Set i = i + 1.
(8) Substitute (x) into (9), and determine the new value of H
(i)
p
.
(9) Let H
(i)
= H
0
+ H
(i)
p
.
(10) Substitute H
(i)
into (7), and determine the coecient b
(i)
r
.
(11) Check the convergence value using
=
H
(i)
H
(i1)
H
(i1)
(23)
If
max
, and go to Step 5. If 6
max
, continue.
(12) Determine the values of

F
y
() and x
y
by substituting b
(i)
r
and H
(i)
into Equations (16)
and (17).
(13) Calculate the lateral displacement of stiened girder, u(x) and the lateral displacement
of the main cable, w(x), from (18), (19), (20) and (21), respectively.
(14) Check if the prescribed wind velocity, V
t
is attained
If VV
t
, update the wind velocity V using
V =V + V (24)
where V is the incremental wind velocity (in this paper, V = 1 m=s), and go to
Step 2; otherwise, STOP (end of calculation).
It has been found that only a few iterations are needed and a small number of series
terms are sucient for achieving the solutions of the problem. A ow chart for the solution
procedure is given in Figure 3.
6. EXAMPLE
An example of a long-span suspension bridge with a main span of 888m (Hu Men Bridge in
China) shown in Figure 4 was analysed using the proposed method. The deck cross-section
is an aerodynamically shaped closed box steel girder 35.6 m wide and 3.012 m high. The
distance between the two cables is 33 m; the hanger spacing is 12.0 m; and the height of
two towers is 150 m. The section material and geometrical features of the main member are
indicated in Table I. The static aerodynamic coecients for the bridge are shown in Figure 5.
The three components of the displacement-dependent wind loads were only considered for the
bridge deck while only the initial drag force was considered for the cables. The drag force
acting on the towers was not considered. For more details of the bridge, the reader is referred
to [1113]. In the analysis, the following parameters are used: (1) the angle of incidence
0
=0; (2) D
c
=0:6 mC
yc
= 0:7; and (3) from Figure 5, it can be seen that the coecient
Yes
Yes
Calculate H
0
(Eq.22)
Set V
i=1,nstep (nstep: total numbers of iteration)
Determine
(i)
a
r
(Eq.13)

Calculate
(i)
H
p
(Eq.9)
Determine
(i)
b
r
(Eq.7)
Set i =i+1
Convergence? (Step 11)
Stop
V
=
V
+
V

No
No
Calculate u(x), w(x) (Eqs.18,19,20 and 21)
V < V
t
? (Step 14)
i=1,
(i)
b
r
= 0,
(i)
H
p
H
(i)
=H
0
= 0,
Figure 3. Flow chart for solution procedure.
curves of the lift force and the pitch moment of wind loads are almost linear. Therefore, linear
curve tting is used. The coecients (e
1
; e
2
; c
1
; c
2
) are given by e
1
=0:00877, e
2
=0:01838,
c
1
= 0:02462, and c
2
=0:0789. However, because the coecient curve of the drag force of
wind loads is non-linear, dierent linear curve ttings are used. The coecients (d
1
; d
2
) are
Figure 4. General conguration of Hu Men Bridge.
Table I. Section geometrical and material feature of the main member.
Substructures J
d
(m
4
) I
2
(m
4
) I
3
(m
4
) m (t=m) E (MPa)
Steel box girder 5.1 124.39 1.98 18.33 210000.0 0.3
Cable 2.397 200000.0
Hanger 0.172 160000.0
m = mass per unit length; E = modulus of elasticity; J
d
= St: Venant constant; I
2
=Out-of-plane
moments of inertia; I
3
= In-plane moments of inertia; =Poisson ratio.
-6 -4 -2 0 4
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
C
z
C
y
C
m
Angle of Attack (deg)
S
t
a
t
i
c

A
e
r
o
d
y
n
a
m
i
c

C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
s
2 6
Figure 5. Static aerodynamic coecients as function of angle of attack.
given by
when 0 6 61 (degree); d
1
=0:81993; d
2
=0:02075
when 1 62 (degree); d
1
=0:83759; d
2
=0:00309
1
=0:87531; d
2
= 0:01577
1
=0:9354; d
2
= 0:0358
1
=1:0202; d
2
= 0:057
r = 1; 3; 5; 7; 9.
Table II. Comparison of characteristics of dierent methods.
Characteristics of Method II
dierent methods Method I (Proposed method) Method III
Wind loads Only drag forces of
wind loads acting on
stiened girder and
cables
Three components of
stiened girder and drag
force acting on cables
Three components of
stiened girder and
drag forces acting on
towers and cables
Consideration of geo-
metric non-linearity of
structure
No Yes Yes
(Only consideration of
the stiening eect of
the tension force in the
cable)
Consideration of eect
of changes in the cable
tensions due to dier-
ent wind velocities
No Yes Yes
Eciency of calcula-
tion
High High Low
Rate of convergence Good Rather poor
Accuracy of results Rather poor Good Accurate
Three methods are used to analyse the lateral response of the bridge under displacement-
dependent wind loads. Method I is the uniform distribution method [3]. Method II is the
proposed method. Method III is the NFEM [14, 15]. The capabilities of the three methods are
compared in Table II.
Figures 6 and 7, respectively, illustrate the lateral displacements of the stiened girder and
the main cable at the midpoint of centre span for dierent methods. Figure 8 shows the re-
lationship between drag force and wind velocity. Figure 9 shows the curve of the tensions
in the cables versus the wind velocity. From these gures and Table II, it can be seen that:
(1) the drag forces of wind loads obtained from the proposed method (Method II) and the
NFEM (Method III) are almost identical, as shown in Figure 8. It may be further observed
from Figure 8 that the proposed method provides more accurate results than the uniform
distribution method; (2) the tensions in cables decrease as the wind velocity increases. The
eects of changes in the tensions in cables due to dierent wind velocities are not considered
in the uniform distribution method (Method I). This problem can be solved by the proposed
method (Method II). The proposed method does oer a signicant improvement over the uni-
form distribution method (Method I); (3) compared to the results obtained from the NFEM
(Method III), the proposed method (Method II) yields good correlations in lateral displace-
ments of suspension bridges. The uniform distribution method (Method I) gives rather poor
results; (4) only the results obtained from the proposed method and the NFEM (Method III)
show the non-linear characteristics of lateral displacement response of suspension bridges
40 60 80 100 120
0
1
2
3
4
5
L
a
t
e
r
a
l

d
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t
(
m
)
Wind velocity(m/s)
Method I
Method II
Method III
Figure 6. Comparison of lateral displacement of the stiened girder at midpoint
of centre span for dierent methods.
40 60 80 100 120
0
1
2
3
4
5
L
a
t
e
r
a
l

d
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t
(
m
)
Wind velocity(m/s)
Method III
Method II
Method I
Figure 7. Comparison of lateral displacement of the main cable at midpoint
of centre span for dierent methods.
under displacement-dependent wind loads, and (5) the proposed method requires minimal
data preparation eort. Also, the personal computer running time is absolutely negligible
when compared with the NFEM (Method III).
40 60 80 100 120
0
5
10
15
20
25
D
r
a
g

f
o
r
c
e

(
K
N
/
m
)
Wind velocity(m/s)
Method I
Method II(proposed method)
Method III
Figure 8. Drag forcewind velocity relationship.
40 60 80 100 120
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
Method III(leeward)
C
a
b
l
e

t
e
n
s
i
o
n
(
K
N
)
Wind velocity(m/s)
Method I
Method II
Method III(windward)
Figure 9. Cable tensionwind velocity relationship.
7. CONCLUDING REMARKS
A new, simplied method is proposed for the lateral response analysis of suspension bridges
under wind loads. In the proposed method, deection theory is used to account for the stien-
ing eect of the tension force in the cable, thereby partly taking the geometric non-linearity of
structure into consideration. On the other hand, the use of dierent linear curve tting makes
it possible to consider additional displacement-dependent wind loads (drag force, lift force,
and pitch moment). These are two main advancements over the existing simplied meth-
ods (e.g. the uniform distribution method). By introducing the series method, the problem
of lateral response of suspension bridges under wind loads is greatly simplied, thus saving
a signicant amount of computation time. This is an advancement over the non-linear nite
element method. The proposed method is particularly useful for the preliminary design stage
of suspension bridges where numerous analysis iterations need to be carried out. The accuracy,
simplicity, and reliability of the proposed method are veried through a comparative study
on the wind-induced lateral response analysis of a long-span suspension bridge with a centre
span length of 888 m.
The proposed method is simple, accurate, economical and reliable. However, the practical
application of the proposed method is limited to the lateral response analysis of single-span
suspension bridges under wind loads. It should be noted out that the proposed method could
also be extended to include the lateral response prediction of multi-span suspension bridges
under wind loads.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to thank the referees for their suggestions that helped to improve the presentation of
our work.
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Lateral Response Analysis of Suspension Bridge Under Wind Loads

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COMMUNICATIONS IN NUMERICAL METHODS IN ENGINEERING

Commun. Numer. Meth. Engng 2006; 22:861874

Department of Bridge Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai 200092; China

Research Associate Professor.

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