UNIT 2

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JAVA BASED COMPONENT TECHNOLOGIES

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THREADS
A thread in computer science is short for a thread of execution. Threads are a way for a program to fork (or split) itself into two or more simultaneously (or pseudosimultaneously) running tasks. Threads and processes differ from one operating system to another but, in general, a thread is contained inside a process and different threads in the same process share some resources while different processes do not. On a single processor, Multithreading generally occurs by time-division multiplexing ("time slicing") in very much the same way as the parallel execution of multiple tasks (computer multitasking): the processor switches between different threads. This context switching can happen so fast as to give the illusion of simultaneity to an end user. On a multiprocessor or multi-core system, threading can be achieved via multiprocessing, wherein different threads and processes can run literally simultaneously on different processors or cores. Many modern operating systems directly support both time-sliced and multiprocessor threading with a process scheduler. The operating system kernel allows programmers to manipulate threads via the system call interface. Some implementations are called a kernel thread, whereas a lightweight process (LWP) is a specific type of kernel thread that shares the same state and information. Absent that, programs can still implement threading by using timers, signals, or other methods to interrupt their own execution and hence perform a sort of ad hoc timeslicing. These are sometimes called user-space threads.

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Java Beans
JavaBeans are reusable software components for Java that can be manipulated visually in a builder tool.Practically, they are classes written in the Java programming language conforming to a particular convention. They are used to encapsulate many objects into a single object (the bean), so that they can be passed around as a single bean object instead of as multiple individual objects.

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EVENTS AND CONNECTIONS

In computer programming, event-driven programming or eventbased programming is a programming paradigm in which the flow of the program is determined by sensor outputs or user actions (mouse clicks, key presses) or messages from other programs. Event-driven programming can also be defined as an application architecture technique in which the application has a main loop which is clearly divided down to two sections: the first is event selection (or event detection), and the second is event handling. In embedded systems the same may be achieved using interrupts instead of a constantly running main loop; in that case the former portion of the architecture resides completely in hardware. Event-driven programs can be written in any language, although the task is easier in languages that provide high-level abstractions to support it. Some integrated development environments provide code generation assistants that automate the most repetitive tasks required for event handling

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EVENTS AND CONNECTIONS

Connection event notifications allow a Message Queue client to listen for closure and reconnection events and to take appropriate action based on the notification type and the connection state. For example, when a failover occurs and the client is reconnected to another broker, an application might want to clean up its transaction state and proceed with a new transaction. If the Message Queue provider detects a serious problem with a connection, it calls the connection object's registered exception listener. It does this by calling the listener's onException method, and passing it a JMSException argument describing the problem. In the same way, the Message Queue provider offers an event notification API that allows the client runtime to inform the application about connection state changes. The notification API is defined by the following elements: The com.sun.messaging.jms.notification package, which defines the event listener and the notification event objects . The com.sun.messaging.jms.Connection interface, which defines extensions to the javax.jms.Connection interface.

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INTROSPECTION
In computing, type introspection is a capability of some object-oriented programming languages to determine the type of an object at runtime. This is a notable capability of the Objective-C language, and is a common feature in any language that allows object classes to be manipulated as first-class objects by the programmer. Type introspection can be used to implement polymorphism.
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JAR FILES
A JAR file (or Java ARchive) is used for aggregating many files into one. It is generally used to distribute Java classes and associated metadata. WAR (Web Application aRchive) files are also Java archives which store XML files, Java classes, JavaServer Pages and other objects for Web Applications. RAR (Resource Adapter aRchive) files, not to be confused with the RAR file format, are also Java archives which store XML files, Java classes and other objects for J2EE Connector Architecture (JCA) applications. EAR (Enterprise ARchive) files are composite Java archives which combine XML files, Java classes and other objects including JAR, WAR and RAR Java archive files for Enterprise Applications.

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JAR FILES
jar cf archive_name.jar files Let's look at each part of that command line. jar The command to run the jar utility. CF Create a new archive with the file name specified. These two options are from this list of common options: - c create new archive - t list table of contents for archive - x extract named (or all) files from archive - u update existing archive - v generate verbose output on standard output - f specify archive file name - m include manifest information from specified manifest file - 0 store only; use no ZIP compression - M do not create a manifest file for the entries - i generate index information for the specified jar files - C change to the specified directory and include the following file

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REFLECTION
reflection is the process by which a computer program can observe and modify its own structure and behavior. The programming paradigm driven by reflection is called reflective programming. At the lowest level, machine code can be treated reflectively because the distinction between instruction and data becomes just a matter of how the information is treated by the computer. Normally, 'instructions' are 'executed' and 'data' is 'processed', however, the program can also treat instructions as data and therefore make reflective modifications. Reflection is most common in high-level virtual machine programming languages like Smalltalk, and less common in lower-level programming languages like C.
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OBJECT SERIALIZATION
serialization is the process of saving an object onto a storage medium (such as a file, or a memory buffer) or to transmit it across a network connection link in binary form. The series of bytes or the format can be used to re-create an object that is identical in its internal state to the original object (actually, a clone). This process of serializing an object is also called deflating or marshalling an object. The opposite operation, extracting a data structure from a series of bytes, is deserialization (which is also called inflating or unmarshalling).
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ENTERPRISE JAVA BEANS

serialization is the process of saving an object onto a storage medium (such as a file, or a memory buffer) or to transmit it across a network connection link in binary form. The series of bytes or the format can be used to re-create an object that is identical in its internal state to the original object (actually, a clone). This process of serializing an object is also called deflating or marshalling an object. The opposite operation, extracting a data structure from a series of bytes, is deserialization (which is also called inflating or unmarshalling).
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ENTERPRISE JAVA BEANS

The EJB specification intends to provide a standard way to implement the back-end 'business' code typically found in enterprise applications (as opposed to 'front-end' user-interface code). Such code was frequently found to reproduce the same types of problems, and it was found that solutions to these problems are often repeatedly reimplemented by programmers. Enterprise Java Beans were intended to handle such common concerns as persistence, transactional integrity, and security in a standard way, leaving programmers free to concentrate on the particular problem at hand. Accordingly, the EJB specification details how an application server provides: Persistence Transaction processing Concurrency control Events using Java Message Service Java Naming and directory services (JNDI) Security ( Java Cryptography Extension (JCE) and JAAS ) Deployment of software components in an application server Remote procedure calls using RMI-IIOP. Exposing business methods as Web Services.

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DISTRIBUTED OBJECT MODEL

Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM) is a proprietary Microsoft technology for communication among software components distributed across networked computers. DCOM, which originally was called "Network OLE", extends Microsoft's COM, and provides the communication substrate under Microsoft's COM+ application server infrastructure. It has been deprecated in favor of Microsoft .NET. The addition of the "D" to COM was due to extensive use of DCE/RPC more specifically Microsoft's enhanced version, known as MSRPC. In terms of the extensions it added to COM, DCOM had to solve the problems of Marshalling serializing and deserializing the arguments and return values of method calls "over the wire". Distributed garbage collection ensuring that references held by clients of interfaces are released when, for example, the client process crashed, or the network connection was lost. One of the key factors in solving these problems is the use of DCE/RPC as the underlying RPC mechanism behind DCOM. DCE/RPC has strictly defined rules regarding marshalling and who is responsible for freeing memory. DCOM was a major competitor to CORBA. Proponents of both of these technologies saw them as one day becoming the model for code and service-reuse over the Internet. However, the difficulties involved in getting either of these technologies to work over Internet firewalls, and on unknown and insecure machines, meant that normal HTTP requests in combination with web browsers won out over both of them. Microsoft, at one point, attempted and failed to head this off by adding an extra http transport to DCE/RPC called ncacn_http(Network Computing Architecture, Connection-based, over HTTP). This was later resurrected to support an Exchange 2003 connection over HTTP.

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RMI AND RMI-IIOP

The Java Remote Method Invocation API, or Java RMI, is a Java application programming interface for performing the object equivalent of remote procedure calls. There are two common implementations of the API. The original implementation depends on Java Virtual Machine (JVM) class representation mechanisms and it thus only supports making calls from one JVM to another. The protocol underlying this Java-only implementation is known as Java Remote Method Protocol (JRMP). In order to support code running in a non-JVM context, a CORBA version was later developed. Usage of the term RMI may denote solely the programming interface or may signify both the API and JRMP, whereas the term RMI-IIOP, read RMI over IIOP, denotes the RMI interface delegating most of the functionality to the supporting CORBA implementation. The original RMI API was generalized somewhat to support different implementations, such as an HTTP transport. Additionally, work was done to CORBA, adding a pass by value capability, to support the RMI interface. Still, the RMI-IIOP and JRMP implementations are not fully identical in their interfaces. The package name is java.rmi Note that with Java versions up to 5.0 it was necessary to compile RMI stubs in a separate compilation step using rmic. Version 5.0 of Java and beyond no longer require this step.

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RMI AND RMI-IIOP

Java Remote Method Invocation ("Java RMI") technology run over Internet Inter-Orb Protocol ("RMI-IIOP") delivers Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) distributed computing capabilities to the Java 2 platform. Java RMI over IIOP was developed by Sun and IBM. The joint work by Sun and IBM to implement Object Management Group (OMG) standards demonstrates the spirit of collaboration that continually moves the Java platform forward. Java RMI over IIOP combines the best features of Java RMI technology with the best features of CORBA technology. RMI-IIOP (read RMI over IIOP) denotes the Java RMI interface over the CORBA system. This standard was created to simplify the development of CORBA applications, while preserving all major benefits. RMI-IIOP is largely based on the Object by Value concept that serves as a container or direct replacement for CORBA structures, unions, sequences, arrays and strings. The IDL is not used. Instead, the data structure definitions "supposed" automatically, collecting the necessary data via reflection mechanisms. When CORBA needs supplementary generated classes for each non trivial data structure being transferred, RMI-IIOP only uses the generated code for remote objects. Less generated code results in the smaller footprint. Both CORBA and RMI-IIOP use the same GIOP communication standard. If required, it is possible to generate the IDL definitions for the involved RMI-IIOP data structures and use these definitions to arrange the interoperability between the RMI-IIOP and plain CORBA applications. The recent versions of RMI-IIOP derive their servants from the standard Servant (CORBA) class. Hence it is possible to connect them to the CORBA ORB manually, involving, if necessary, the Portable Object Adapter, Portable Interceptors, CORBA naming service and all other standard CORBA features.

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