Indonesian of Agriculture 1(1), 2008: 51-57 Soil quality Journal of the land under coffee-based farming system ...

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SOIL QUALITY OF THE LAND UNDER COFFEE-BASED FARMING SYSTEM (CASE STUDY AT SUMBERJAYA, WEST LAMPUNG)1)

Ai Dariah, F. Agus, and Maswar

Indonesian Soil Research Institute, Jalan Ir. H. Juanda No. 98, Bogor 16123

ABSTRACT
Forest conversion to coffee-based farming system has raised concern among many stakeholders since it may create serious impact on the deterioration of forest functions, declining soil productivity in particular and land degradation in general. Study on the impact of forest conversion on changes of soil quality, and the role of coffee for soil quality recovery has been conducted at Bodong and Laksana Subvillage of Sumberjaya Village, West Lampung. In Laksana, the observed land use consisted of young (< 3 years) coffee plantation, mature (> 10 years) coffee plantation, mixed farming (multistrata), calliandra and forest, while in Bodong are young and mature coffee plantations and forest. The soil quality parameters used in this study were soil organic matter status and soil physical properties. Changes of soil quality as affected by forest conversion to coffee farming depended on soil resistance (resilience to structural break down). Soils with low resistance were easier to be degraded than those with high resistance. The mixed (multistarata) system showed better impact on soil quality than monoculture system. [ Keywords : Soil quality, forest conversion, coffee]

INTRODUCTION Coffee plantation is farming system which able to be developed into agroforestry. The system is expected to be able reducing the negative impact of forest conversion on farmland. Besides production function, agroforestry has service function as well, especially concerning with erosion control, soil management, and soil quality improvement. In relation with erosion control, some research results showed that there were increasing numbers of erosion with forest conversion into coffee plantation (Gintings 1982, Widianto et al. 2002). However, other several results showed that at some locations erosion level at coffee-

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Article in bahasa Indonesia has been published in Jurnal Tanah dan Iklim No. 23, 2005, p. 48-57.

based faming system was still with tolerable soil loss (Gintings 1982; Castro in Arsyad 2000; Pujianto et al. 2001; ICRAF 2002; Dariah et al. 2003, 2004). Role of coffee plants in maintaining and improving soil quality has not been much investigated. Result of soil quality valuation at coffe-based farmland, especially located at forest areas, could give indication of perennial crop roles (case study on coffee plantation) in recovery process of forest function because one of factors in maintaining forest function is maintaining soil quality. Generally soil quality is defined as soil capacity to function in an ecosystem related with its capability to support plants and animals, erosion prevention, and reducing negative effect on water and air resources (Karlen et al. 1997). Soil quality can be perceived from two sides: (1) as inherent soil quality, it is determined by five soil formation factors; or (2) as dynamic soil quality, effect of land use and management by human (Seybold et al. 1999). Soil quality cannot be measured because of its complex property, however, it can be estimated from soil properties which can be measured and considered as indicators of soil quality (Acton and Padbury in Islam and Weil 2000). Minimum data sets which potentially used to determine soil quality are soil physical, chemical, and biological indicators (Doran and Parkin 1994; Larson and Pierce 1994). Although there are many soil properties which potentially considered as soil quality indicators, selection of soil properties used for soil quality indicators is highly depending on evaluation purposes. Karlen et al. (1997) stated that to implement soil quality estimation, identification of indicators sensitive to agricultural production practices should be conducted. Duration of land management might influence the selection of parameters used. Ideally, the indicator changes can be detected in short-term period (1-5 years). The objectives of the research were (1) to study the impact of forest conversion on coffee-based farming system observed from soil quality changes, and (2) to find out the role of coffee plants in recovering negative impact of forest land clearing.

52 MATERIALS AND METHODS The research was carried out from April 2002 to January 2003 at protected forest area of Register 45 in Sumberjaya District, West Lampung. The research was conducted at two locations, namely Laksana (Oxic Dystrudepts) representing as highly resistant soil and Bodong (Typic Paleudults) as low resistant soil. Estimation of resistance level was based on the erosion. Information on soil susceptibility level was obtained from previous research results (Widianto et al. 2004; Dariah et al. 2003, 2004), where results of erosion estimation for 3 months at plot scale showed that (at relatively similar land slope, rainfall, and coffee plant age) erosion level occurred at Bodong was much greater (reached 37 t/ha) than that at Laksana (0.02 t/ ha). Land slope at both locations was approximately 60% and altitude of 820-830 m asl. Land use types at Laksana were young coffee plantation (< 3 years), mature coffee plantation (> 10 years), mixed plantation, calliandra and forest, whereas land use types at Bodong consisted of young coffee, mature coffee, and forest. History of land uses of each research plot was presented at Table 1. Soil sample at Laksana (Oxic Dystrudepts) was taken at depths of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm from soil surface. The soil samples taken were composite soil samples for analysis of soil organic matter status and undisturbed soil samples for soil physical properties analysis. Soil sampling technique was conducted by using stratified random sampling. Layering was done based on land use type and soil sampling depth with three replications. At Typic Paleudults of Bodong, soil samples were taken only at one layer, namely 0-10 cm, because soil quality ratio at two soils with different resistance level was done only at depth

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Table 2. Soil analysis methods for each parameter. Parameter Total-N Total organic-C Bulk density Porosity Pore distribution/pF C-microbial biomass Soil respiration Unit % % g/cc % % g/g mg/kg Analysis methods CNS Analyzer CNS Analyzer Gravimetry Gravimetry Pressure plate Extraction fumigation Verstraete

of 0-10 cm where management factor was highly influenced. Comparison of soil quality at more than 10 cm depth was not carried out because soil inherent factor might be more dominantly influenced. Variables used to measure soil quality were soil organic matter status (including organic-C, C-microbial biomass, and soil respiration), total-N, and soil physical properties (consisting of bulk density, total pores, and pore distribution). Analysis methods used for each parameter are presented at Table 2.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Soil Quality at Several Land Use Types Organic-C and soil total-N status Analysis results of organic-C and total-N at Oxic Dystrudepts of Laksana (high resistance) at some land use types, namely forest, calliandra, mixed plantation

Table 1. History of land uses at protected forest area of Register 45, Sumberjaya, West Lampung. Land use Forest Young coffee plantation (< 3 yeasr) History of land use Include in forest area of Register 45b Tangki Tebak. It was determined as protected forest areas since March 19th 1935. The condition was undisturbed, soil surface covered with litter. Forest was cleared with slash and burn system in 1978/79, planted with annual crops (upland rice, secondary crops, maize) for 3-4 years. 1985/1986 planted with robusta coffee, 1987/1988 rehabilitated with calliandra, 1998/1999 calliandra was cut and replanted with robusta coffee. During the research, the coffee plant age was about 3 years. Forest was cleared with slash and burn system around 1978/79, planted with annual crops (upland rice, secondary crops, maize) for 3-4 years. 1985/1986 planted with robusta coffee, in 1994 forest area was closed, coffee plantation was not cultivated, 1997/1889 the coffee plantation was recultivated. Coffee plant currently existed was old coffee plants. Same with mature coffee plantation, but besides coffee plants, the forest was planted with other perennial crops, namely cempedak, jackfruit, clove. The percentage of coffee plant reached 70%. Same with mature coffee plantation, 1988/1989 coffee plantation was rehabilitated with calliandra, at present the land was still covered with calliandra. The local communities named it as shrubs.

Mature coffee plantation (> 10 years)

Mixed plantation Calliandra

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53 coffee plantation, it declined to 2.8-4.4%. Land management was highly influenced in maintaining soil organic-C content. Coffee plantation with multistrata system could maintain soil organic-C content at >4%, whereas under monoculture system, soil organic-C content only sustained at level < 3%. Research by Hairiah and Suprayogo (2002) at Bodong found that soil organic matter contents under coffee and forest land varied depending on land slopes. At all land use types, soil organic matter contents tended to decrease with increasing land slopes. The dominance of slope land in influencing organic matter content at Bodong was highly correlated with erosion process occurred at that location. Results of erosion measurement at plot scale showed that soil at Bodong was relatively susceptible to erosion. Further Hairiah and Suprayogo (2002) reported that the average of soil organic-C content under coffee plantation with multistrata system was higher than that of monoculture system with or without shading crops. Soil quality recovery by planting calliandra was faster than that by coffee plants. This occurred because calliandra plants could cover land perfectly and contribute more organic matter to soil. Besides, under coffee-based farming system, the disturbance to the land was still occurred during cultivation, that are intensive weeding, even farmers sometimes throw out the weed out of the land. The method was extremely dangerous because top soil which relatively fertile could be eroded away. Decomposition of organic matter under coffee plantation could occur intensively because the land was relatively more open, especially at low coffee plant covering level. Those several factors were

(multitrata) and monoculture systems were presented at Figure 1. Land use type highly significantly influenced soil organic-C content. The highest soil organic-C content was obtained at forest land followed by calliandra and the lowest was in land planted with young coffee. However, soil organic-C content at 0-10 cm depth at young coffee plantation was still high (>3%). Because fertilizer application at coffee plantation was not intensively done, total-N content might be considered as indicator for soil fertility. Nitrogen content for each land use was highly significantly different. Forest land showed the highest total-N content followed by calliandra soil. At mature coffee plantation, the recovery of total-N has occurred. Gliricidia planted as shade crop was one of supporting factors for recovery of soil N content at coffee plantation. Although at Laksana there was no forest conversion directly to coffee plantation, the occurrence of organic matter status decrease at coffee plantation, especially at initial planting, can be seen with comparing soil organic-C content at calliandra land to soil organic-C content at young coffee plantation. Organic-C content decreased by 34% after calliandra land conversion to young coffee plantation. After mature, coffee plants had potential to support soil quality recovery. This was indicated by lower average of soil organic-C content than forest or calliandra land (Figure 1 and Table 3). Decrease in soil organic-C content as the impact of forest land conversion to coffee plantation has also found by Afandi et al. (2002). The average of soil organic-C content at forest land reached 5.5%, and after used for

7 0-10 cm 6 5 10-20 cm

0.6
0-10 cm

0.5 0.4

10-20 cm

Soil organic-C (%)

Total-N (%)

4 3 2 1

0.3 0.2 0.1 0

0
Forest Calliandra Young Mature coffee coffee plantation plantation Mixed farming

Forest

Calliandra

Young Mature Mixed coffee coffee farming plantation plantation

Figure 1. Soil organic-C and total-N contents of Oxic Dystrudepts of Laksana, Sumberjaya, West Lampung, under different land use types.

54 able to decrease soil quality under coffee plantation although erosion level at that coffee land at Laksana area was low. Soil microorganisms were important factors in soil ecosystem because they influenced plant nutrient cycle and availability and soil aggregate stability (Paul and Clark 1989). Therefore, in estimating soil quality, measurement of active fraction of soil organic matter, such as soil Cmicrobial biomass (Cmic) should be done. Landuse type significantly influenced Cmic. Forest land had highest Cmic content, followed by calliandra and the lowest at young coffee plantation. Management pattern of coffee plantation significantly influenced Cmic which was showed by Cmic difference between under monoculture system (mature coffee) and multistrata system (mixed plantation) (Table 3). These results also indicated that Cmic can give quicker responses to change occurrence than total-C (Table 3). Several previous studies, Anderson and Domsch (1989), Henrot and Robertson (1994), and Karlen et al. (1999) , Mendes et al. (1999), also revealed that Cmic was parameter/ indicator of soil quality which was more sensitive than soil chemical properties (such as total organic-C) and soil physical properties. Therefore, this parameter was highly recommended as indicator for the occurrence of soil quality changes. That pertinent with the estimation of effect of land use or land conversion, cropping pattern or soil management, especially related with implementation of soil conservation and soil rehabilitation program. Besides relatively more sensitive, Cmic also highly correlated with other soil properties, i.e. soil physicochemical properties. Researchers of Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University, USA reported that Cmic highly correlated with other soil biology, such as total microorganism and microorganism activities. Therefore, the soil microbiology can be used in estimating the changes of soil organic matter and soil properties (Franzluebbers et al. 1995).

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Cmic /Corg ratio can be used as one of organic substrate availability indicators for microorganism metabolism. Indirectly, relatively higher ratio indicated the higher fresh substrate availability. C mic /C org ratio on forest land, calliandra, and coffee plant were presented in Table 3. Cmic/ Corg ratios at forest land and calliandra were higher than that on coffee plantation. Management pattern of coffee plantation also influenced fresh substrate availability. This was indicated by Cmic /Corg ratio value on coffee plantation with multistrata system (mixed plantation) which was higher than that with monoculture system. Coffee plantation with relatively younger plant age had lowest substrat availability. Beside quantity, microorganism activity in soil was important indicator of soil quality as well. Microorganisms had relatively higher activities on better soil environment. Result of soil respiration measurement showed that microorganism activities on forest land were significantly higher than those on coffee plantation, either managed in monoculture or mixed system. Besides, soil respiration improved with increasing coffee plant age (Table 3).

Soil physical properties Soil physical properties on forest land significantly differed from those on coffee plantation. However, soil physical properties on coffee plantation at Oxic Dystrudepts of Laksana were categorized good indicated by low bulk density (< 0.9 g/cm3) and high soil porosity (total porosity > 65%). With that condition, water infiltration and soil aeration was well performed, as shown by high aeration pore data (quick drainage pore) (>15%) (Table 4). Although coffee plant was not as good as callindra, it had ability to recover soil physical properties (with increasing coffee plant age), as shown by several physical property parameters (namely quick drainage pore and available water pore) which were not significantly different with forest land. Mature coffee plantation tended to have

Table 3. Soil microbial carbon biomass (Cmic), organic-C contents, and respiration under different land use types in Laksana, Sumberjaya, West Lampung. Cmic (g/g) 813.45a 740.26a 504.58b 323.40c 238.70c C-organic (%) 4.77a 4.42a 3.30b 3.34b 2.92b Cmic/Corg Respiration (mg CO 2/kg/day) 13.57a 12.16ab 10.72bc 10.24dc 8.95d

Land use

Forest Calliandra Mixed plantation Young coffee plantation Mature coffee plantation

1.7 1.7 1.5 1.0 0.8

Numbers followed by same letter in the same columns are not significantly different by BNT at 0.05. Soil depth: 0-20 cm.

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Table 4. Soil physical properties of Oxic Dystrudepts of Laksana, Sumberjaya, West Lampung under different land use types. Land use Forest Calliandra Mixed plantation Mature coffee plantation Young coffee plantation BD (g/cm 3) 0.68d 0.71cd 0.75bc 0.78ab 0.81a TP (%) 74.2a 72.9ab 71.6bc 70.6dc 68.9d QDP (%) 21.1a 15.3ab 18.7ab 15.4ab 14.0b SDP (%) 5.3b 6.1a 4.8b 4.9b 4.9b AW P (%) 23.5ab 26.5a 22.1bc 27.1a 18.9c

Numbers followed by same letter in the same columns are not significantly different by BNT at 0.05. BD = bulk density, TP = total pore, QPD = quick drainage pore, SDP = slow drainage pore, AWP = available water pore. Soil depth: 0-20 cm.

Table 5. Soil organic-C and total-N content of Oxic Dystrudepts and Typic Paleudults of Sumberjaya, West Lampung, under different land use types. Oxic Dystrudepts Land use Organic-C (%) 6.2 3.7 4.3 0.60 0.69 Total-N (%) 0.59 0.36 0.42 0.61 0.71 Typic Paleudults Organic-C (%) 6.8 2.2 2.4 0.32 0.35 Total-N (%) 0.54 0.22 0.22 0.41 0.41

Forest (A) Young coffee plantation (B) Mature coffee plantation (C) B/A C/A Soil depth: 0-10 cm.

better soil physical properties (bulk density, total pore, and pore distribution) than young coffee plantation.

Soil Quality Changes: Its Relation with Soil Resistance Level One of parameters that can be used as soil resistance indicator is soil susceptibility level to erosion. Soil with relatively high erosion susceptibility level (Typic Paleudults of Bodong) has low resistance level than that with lower erosion susceptibility (like Oxic Dystrudepts of Laksana). Because of different resistance level at both soils, impact of forest conversion on coffee-based farming system at both soil types was different. This was supported by measurement results of some soil quality parameters as follows.

Organic matter and soil total nitrogen Analysis result of organic-C and total-N at forest land and coffee-based faming at two different soil types was

presented at Table 5. The change level of organic-C content as impact of different soil uses of Typic Paleudults was higher than that of Oxic Dystrudepts. At forest land use type, soil organic-C content (0-10 cm depth) of Paleudults and Dystrudepts was more than 6%, but at coffee-based farming, soil organic-C content of Paleudults drastically decreased. This was shown by soil organic-C content at young coffee plantation at Paleudults which was < 2.5%, whereas at Oxic Dystrudepts >3%. After coffee plant was mature, soil organic-C content at Dystrudepts increased up to > 4%, while at Paleudults < 2.5%. Forest conversion to coffee plantation decreased soil total-N content, but the total-N decrease at Dystrudepts was not as much as at Paleudults. After coffee plant grew mature, soil N content at Dystrudepts of Laksana was increasing, while at Paleudults of Bodong there was no recovery. The difference in soil resistance level shown by soil susceptibility level to erosion was a causal factor of decrease in organic matter and soil nitrogen contents at Paleudults. This impacted to soil quality recovery which became relatively slower.

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Table 6. Bulk density and soil porosity of Dystrudepts and Paleudults of Sumberjaya, West Lampung under different land use types. Oxic Dystrudepts Land use BD (g/cm) Forest (A) Young coffee plantation (B) Mature coffee plantation (C) B/A C/A 0.68 0.82 0.78 1.21 1.15 TP (%) 74.27 68.07 70.55 0.92 0.95 AW P (%) 24.80 18.80 29.30 0.75 1.18 BD (g cm) 0.67 1.06 1.01 1.58 1.51 Typic Paleudults TP (%) 74.83 59.88 61.82 0.80 0.83 AW P (%) 23.13 11.97 11.47 0.52 0.49

BD = bulk density, TP = total pore, AWP = available water pore. Soil depth: 0-10 cm.

Soil physical properties As soil organic-C and total-N content, land conversion has an impact on soil physical properties. Rate of land use conversion effect on soil physical properties differed with different resistance level. At forest land use, soil physical properties of Dystrudepts and Paleudults (0-10 cm depth) can be categorized as same class, that is soil bulk density 0.66-0.68 g/cm3, total pore 74-75%, with same pore distribution, that are high aeration pore (quick drainage pore) of >15% and high available water pore of >20% (Figure 2). After land use conversioan to coffee-based farming system, the decrease of soil physical properties of Typic Paleudults of Bodong was relatively higher than that of Oxic Dystrudepts of Laksana.This was indicated by bulk density ratio on forest land and young coffee plantation at Bodong which was relatively higher than that at Laksana. Besides, soil porosity changed more drastically at Paleudults of Bodong than that at Dystrudepts of Laksana. Intensive erosion at Bodong not only caused loss of top soil, but also caused deterioration of soil physical properties, either through destruction process of soil aggregate by rainfall and runoff or pore clogging by soil particles. After coffee plant was grown and developing, soil physical properties of Dystrudepts of Laksana was recovering, indicated by improvement of some soil physical properties indicators, those were decreasing bulk density and increasing soil porosity. After coffee plant was mature, bulk density of Dystrudepts reached < 0.8 g/cm3, whereas at Paleudults of Bodong it was < 1 g/ cm3. Besides, total pore space at Dystrudepts was almost same with forest

9.0 7.5 6.0

Pore (% volume)

Typic Paleudult Oxic Dystrudepts

4.5 3.0 1.5 0

TP QDP SDP AWP

Figure 2. Soil physical properties of Paleudults and Dystrudepts of Sumberjaya, West Lampung, under forest land use; TP = total pore, QDP = quick drainage pore, SDP = slow drainage pore, AWP = available water pore.

land (> 70%), while at Paleudults was < 65%. Available water pore at Dystrudepts was increasing as well with increasing of coffee plant age (Table 6). Generally, conversion of forest land having relatively low resistance level has worse effect on soil quality. This was caused by the decrease of soil quality at initial planting time and lower recovery process. On the other hand, on soil with high resistance level, decrease of soil quality at initial planting time was relatively lower and the recovery of soil quality after coffee plant was matured was relatively quicker as well.

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Gintings, A.Ng. 1982. Aliran permukaan dan erosi dari tanah yang tertutup tanaman kopi dan hutan alam di Sumberjaya, Lampung Utara. Report No. 339. Balai Penelitian Hutan, Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kehutanan, Bogor. Hairiah, K. and D. Suprayogo. 2002. Litter layer contributed by coffee-based multistrata system. Background for ACIAR Project Planning Meeting. Sumberjaya, 12-16 October 2002. ACIARICRAF. Henrot, J. and G.P. Robertson. 1994. Vegetation removed in two soils of the humid tropics: Effect on microbial biomass. Soil Biol. Biochem. 26: 111-116. ICRAF. 2002. Facilitating the development of conservation farming and agroforestry. Background for ACIAR Project Planning Meeting. Sumberjaya 12-16 October 2002. ACIAR-ICRAF. Islam, K.R. and R.R. Weil. 2000. Soil quality indicator properties in Mid-Atlantic soils as influenced by conservation management. J. Soil Water Cons. 55(1): 69-78. Karlen, D.L, M.J. Mausbach, J.W. Doran, R.G. Cline, R.F. Harris, and G.E. Schuman. 1997. Soil quality: a concept, definition, and framework for evaluation (a guest editorial). Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 61: 4-10. Karlen, D.L., M.J. Rosek, J.C. Gardner, D.L. Allan, M.J. Alms, D.F. Bezdicek, M. Flock, D.R. Huggins, B.S. Miller, and M.L. Staben. 1999. Conservation reserve program effect on soil quality indicators. J. Soil Water Cons. 54(1): 439-444. Larson, W.E. and F.J. Pierce. 1994. The dynamic of soil quality as a measure of sustainable management. Defining Soil Quality for a Sustainable Environment. SSSA Special Publication 35: 38-51. Mendes, I.C., A.K. Bandick, R.P. Dick, and P.J. Bottomley. 1999. Microbial biomass and activities in soil aggregates affected by winter cover crops. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 63: 873-881. Paul, E.A. and F.E. Clark. 1989. Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry. Academic Press, Inc., London. Pujianto, A. Wibawa, dan Winaryo. 2001. Pengaruh teras dan tanaman penguat teras terhadap erosi dan produktivitas kopi arabika. Pelita Perkebunan 17(1): 18-29. Seybold, C.A., J.E. Hemick, and J.J. Brejda. 1999. Soil resilience: A fundamental component of soil quality. Soil Sci. 164 (4): 224233. Widianto, H. Noveras, D. Suprayogo, P. Purnomosidhi, dan M. van Noordwijk. 2002. Konversi lahan hutan menjadi lahan pertanian: Apakah fungsi hidrologi hutan dapat digantikan agroforestry berbasis kopi?. Seminar HITI, Mataram, 27-28 Mei 2002.

CONCLUSION Soil quality changes level as the impact of forest land use conversion to coffee-based farming was highly depend on soil resistance level. On soil having relatively low resistance level, soil quality was more drastically decreasing than higher resistance soil. Decrease of soil quality generally occurred at initial stage of coffee planting. On high resistance soil, soil quality was improving with coffee plant development, although soil quality level was not equally similar with forest soil. Coffee with multistrata system (mixed system) had better effect on soil quality than coffee with monoculture system.

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