741" Advanced Mechanics of Solids

[, ' 1r]1

,r=

.--Lz ' ,a_ ' - -A^s , A,x*Lu- tt , = LY+A,u, ,r, = Lz+L,u,rx = Ls, A;7-, y -- AJ-,
A,x

R,

fly=

Av
A.s

Substituting for As' from Eq. (2.28) and for Lu,, Lur, Lu"from Eq. (2.7a)-(2.7c)

n'' =

I l(. 0u,\n- * du, * dr* I 7; ", ai "' ) s*L[.t.7fJ

t/

nt =

yr,

ldu, gpol

, il'=

I lau- du- .(,.dr.\ l u;)") 1,,spala|'-*dr

*u!, ,,f ,, *(r*u2\n \ dv ) ' dz ''-]

e'2et

/' z
Fig.2.S

The value of e"n is obtained using Eq. (2.20).

"*l'*

Consider now an infinitesimr (Fig. 2.5). When the body ur becomes an oblique parallele
Eqs (2.30) the projections

Identifying PQ of Fig.2.5 w.

ig]il0; CUBICAL DILATATION

Consider a point A with coordinates (x, y, z) and a neighbouring point B with coordinates (x + Lt,y + Ly, z+ Lz). After deformat!.on, the points A and B move to

of

alongx axis:

A' andB' with coordinates

Lz+ ur+ Lur) where a,, u, and u, are the components of diplacement of point A, and from Eqs
(2.7a)-(2.7c)

A':(x+ux,y+ur,z*ur) B' ; (x+ Ax + u,* Lu,,y + Ay + ur+ Lur, z+

alongy

u*ir,

along z axis:

: !.

d!, n*+d!, ny+(* oz oy dx du" 0u, 0u. A,u,= -] Ax + -;-r Ly + --z- Lz 'dxdy'dz . du, duduLU_ =--=-! A-r + -=l Ar' + -=! A: "dxdy'dz
Lu,=
The displaced segement A'B' wlll have the.following components along the x, y
and z axes:

Hence, one can successivel. = }l,P.S ( Ax = Ay = 0) an< x, y and z axes as

Az

P(

.(du / xaxts:
y

ll+_ [/,
dY" 0x du, 0x

axis: axis:

z
y axis: Ly
z axis: Az

+ Lu,= %'

dx *

*( ,*41^ ay) n, *

'l

0!^,
dz

(2.30)

t Lu,= * + 4, nu *( t* 4-) * ' 4. -/'\'' dx*'0Y dz)*

The volume of the right paral Az. The volume of the defonr formula from analytic geometl

V'=V+A,V=

Analysis of

Strain 75

Az + Arr-

r- 1a.., Au. from Eq. (2.1a)-(2.1c)

^-.:7 1.." V
z

0u.. I -1..+-=:n. dz 'l

lt I

dz "l -fl| |

ou,

(2.29)

Fig,2,5

Deformation of right parallelepiped

l du- \ 1+---ln. dz ) " )

I

Consider now an infinitesimal rectangular parallelepiped with sides M, Ly and Az (Fig. 2.5). When the body undergoes deformation, the right paralleiepiped PQRS becomes an oblique parallelepiped P'Q'R'8. Identifying P Q of F ig. 2.5 urilh AB of Eqs (2.30), one has Ay = At = 0. Then, from Eqs (2"30) the projections of P'Q'wil1 be
along x

brmation, the Points A and B move to

; r and a neighbouring Point B with

a*;s:

It

/:\ .
d!.'
ox

#)*
6*

alongy

u*ir,

;r-.i* L,z*ur,+Lur)
iplacement of Point A, and from Eqs
along z axis:

4i2 Lr
6x

Hence, one can successively identify AB with PQ (Ly - Az = 0), PR (A{ = Lz = O),P,S ( Ar = Al = 0) and get the components of P'Q', P'R' andP'9 along the x, y and z axes as

af'
following comPonents along the x,
du., : lr' * -=-lAz dz. r
Y

Pg

PR'
Cu"

P,S

?:.*)* y axis: lt *
z

xaxis:

0y
rt

L,
.'
\
I

dtt, p
6u -

cut
a1

$'

CZ

^-M

axls:

------L

du-

Cr

llt

6u,

dv ^, \

(t*4)*
cr)

- At,+ -dz .l

3u

nz

(2.30)

. du\ - 1+-=-i-l& ',. dz )

The volume of the right parallelepiped before deformation is equal to V = Ax Ly Az. The volume of the deformed parallelepiped is obtained from the well-known formula from analytic geometry as

V'=V+LV:D.A.xLyLz

76

Advanced Mechanics of Solids

where D is the following determinant:

lgiifr;tii CIIANGE

olu ['. %) dy I d*)

D:
}ttr.

a!,
0:

TWO Ltr

% dx [,.L) i ay)
0x

Let PQ be a line eler element with directi,

Y' D:
[' ',-4-)

(2.3r)

VL

Y' dy

d:l

If we assume that the strains are small quantities such that their squares and products can be negelected, the above determinant becomes
0u - 0u, OuD=I+ ='+ 0y = + D. dr
ac -lrc -r'cx\rLt,vtc-___ rc

olP
zy' Fig.2.6

II l/ iA, 1 l)-

Change it

(2.32)

two line

Hence, the new volume according to the linear strain theory

will

be

V'=V+ LV= (1+ e,,+.rr+ err) LxLy Lz

The volumetric strain is defineci
as

(2.33)

g69,

B'=

(l+r
- +(

A=

+ I' =t*rt"*t.

(2.34)
as

+l

Therefore, according to the iinear theory, the volumetric strain, also known cubical dilatation, is equal to the sum of three linear strains. Example

In particular, if the t before strain, then a cos 0'=

(I+ ton

2.5

The

folloving state of strain exists at a point P

r,,|=|-;;; ;;; -;"I

In the direction PQ having direction
determine oo.

o.o: -0.04

l o -oo2 o l
cosines

Now (90' by a, then

0')

re

n,-Q.9, n,=0 and n.

0.8,

or
PR.

cos

0'= 9'=

since rr is small. Th

Solution

From Eq. (2.20)

If

we represent

epe=0.02 (0.36) + 0.06 (0) + 0 (0.64)

= 0.007

0.0,1(0)

0.02 (0) + 0 (0.48)

T*0, at

P:

cos 0' =
The

Example2.T
i,s

Example

2.6

[n Exarmple 2.5. whar

the

t-ttbical tlilatation at

point p?

u = k(x2

Solution

From Eq. (2.34)

At a point P(2, 2, 3 ing direction cosine

PQ'. n*r=
n,.

A=t"r*tr*t.
=0.02+0.06+0=0.08

Determine the angl<