Works Cited Primary Sources Interview "Interview with Dr. Sergei Khrushchev." Telephone interview. 5 Apr. 2013.

We feel that this interview had one of the most profound impacts on our project out of all of our sources not only because we were speaking to the son of Nikita Khrushchev, but because his son gave us a very different perspective on the Soviet Union's side of Sputnik I. With Dr. Khrushchev's help, we finally saw that Sputnik I had impacted the entire world. In our interview, Dr. Khrushchev compared the launch of Sputnik I to the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus. In a way, he was right; Sputnik I did open up a new frontier very much like Christopher Columbus and we have Dr. Khrushchev to thank for helping us reach this conclusion.

"Interview with Dr. Lawrence Roberts." Telephone interview. 12 May 2013. We were just as excited to interview Dr. Roberts as we were with Dr. Khrushchev. Dr. Roberts led the team at the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) that created ARPANET, the predecessor of the modern Internet. Again, this interview had one of the most profound impacts on our project, as Dr. Roberts explained to us in great detail the beginning years of ARPA and how the idea of a computer network like ARPANET came about. Interviewing Dr. Roberts gave us an experts perspective on Sputniks technological impact, allowing us to see just how much the successful launch of Sputnik I altered the United States approach toward the researching and development of new technologies. We have Sputnik I to thank for ushering in the modern era of computing and data transmission.

Books Khrushchev, Serge. Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State UP, 1999. Print. Dr. Khrushchev's book painted a very interesting picture for us of his father, Nikita Khrushchev, the leader of the Soviet Union at the time of Sputnik's launch. The book also provided much insight into the Soviet perspective of the Sputnik Crisis and Space Race, a perspective that we realized we were originally lacking.

Newspapers "1957: Sputnik Satellite Blasts into Space." BBC News. BBC, 10 Apr. 1957. Web. 20 Dec. 2013. <http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/4/newsid_2685000/2685115.stm>. This website put the Sputnik launch into a world context. We were able to see the launch from a source that was neither American nor Russian. This allowed us to get a better idea of how the rest of the world saw Sputnik in contrast to the American and Soviet perspectives.

Jorden, William J. "NY Times Sputnik Article." New York Times 5 Oct. 1957, Special ed.: n. pag. NY Times Sputnik Article. New York Times. Web. 5 Jan. 2013. <http://jackiewhiting.net/collab/ColdWar/Fates/josephfatesputart.htm>. A large part of the American reaction to Sputnik lies in the media's reaction. The New York Times Special was written on October 5th, 1957, immediately after Sputnik's launch. The primary source gave us a genuine reaction to the launch and gave us a good idea the general public's attitude and emotions towards the satellite orbiting above their heads.

"Oh, What a Flopnik." Daily Herald [Chicago] n.d.: n. pag. Oh What a Flopnik. Bizarpedia. Web. 19 Jan. 2013. <http://www.uydutvhaber.net/papua/3flopnikheadline.jpg>. Though, unfortunately, we could not find the actual text of this newspaper article, the headlines "Oh what a Flopnik" and "America's Sputnik dies bleeping on the ground" ironically highlights the failed American launch of Vanguard TV3, a blow to not only the American ego but to our reputation.

Political Cartoons and Sketches Cartoon. Webquest: The Cold War. State University of New York, n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2012. <http://www2.potsdam.edu/bishoprm195/webquest/bridge-the-gulch.jpg>. The political cartoon illustrates the tension between the United States, represented by the eagle, and the Soviet Union, represented by the bear, at the time of the launch of Sputnik.

Explorer-1 Satellite. N.d. Explorer-I and Jupiter-C. NASA. Web. 21 Nov. 2012. <http://history.nasa.gov/sputnik/expsketch.gif>. The sketch is of Explorer I, the satellite that was launched by the Army Ballistic Missile Agency, signaling America's official entry into the Space Race.

Marcus, Edwin. "Edwin Marcus Sputnik Cartoon." Cartoon. Library of Congress. N.p., 4 Oct. 2007. Web. 14 Apr. 2013. <http://blogs.loc.gov/loc/files/2007/10/sputnik-jpg.jpg>. We found this American political cartoon to be an accurate depiction of America's relaxed and sleepy stance on education and technological development pre-Sputnik I. Marcus shows a very surprised Uncle Sam awakened by the beeping of Sputnik I passing through his bedroom, underneath which is the caption "Awake at Last?".

Pjatkin, D. "To Fly Higher Than All, Farther Than All, Faster Than All." Cartoon. Designer Daily. N.p., 4 Aug. 2009. Web. 14 Apr. 2013. <http://www.designer-daily.com/wpcontent/uploads/2009/08/to-fly-higher.jpg>. This Soviet propaganda poster, meant to demonstrate Soviet Union's superiority over the United States as well as incite hope, depicts numerous bombers streaming into the sky with a serious, confident Russian man in the closest plane. The caption reads, "To fly higher than all, farther than all, faster than all."

Puglisi, V. Do-it Yourself Shelter. N.d. Drawing. Cold War Americans Not as Fainthearted as You Might Think. AntiWar, 11 July 2011. Web. 19 Dec. 2012. <http://www.antiwar.com/blog/wpcontent/uploads/2011/07/diy-shelter-300x257.jpg>. This is yet another primary source that illustrates the fear and paranoia surrounding the time period of the Cold War through the drawing of a bomb shelter. Though the panic that followed the launch of Sputnik may appear to be naive and silly, one would have to understand it in historical context.

"Same Year Different Weather." Cartoon. Designer Daily. N.p., 4 Aug. 2007. Web. 14 Apr. 2013. <http://www.designer-daily.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/same-year.jpg>. This Russian political cartoon depicts two men, an evil-looking one on the left holding a newspaper in the rain while the young, energetic man on the right holds a pickax in front of a shining sun. The man on the left represents capitalism and the United States while the man on the right represents communism and the Soviet Union. The translation of the Russian text reads same year, different weather, claiming that while it is the same time, the two

different countries are in different conditions. The political cartoon highlights the Soviet attempt to elevate communism over capitalism while inciting hope in Russian workers.

Soviet Launch Vehicles. N.d. Designing the Perfect Cosmonaut. WordPress, 2 Feb. 2011. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. Though Sputnik signified a Soviet victory in the arena of space and satellites, it also signified the Soviet failure in the Intercontinental Ballistic Missile development area. The sketch displays the missiles used leading up to the infamous Soyuz spacecraft still in use today.

"The Iron Curtain." Cartoon. International Baccalaureate History Topics. WordPress Entries, n.d. Web. 16 Dec. 2012. <http://www.ibhistorytopics.com/wpcontent/uploads/2010/11/Soviet_takeover.gif>. Without understanding the state of the world and the previous actions of the Soviet Union before the launch of Sputnik I, the following hysteria in America would have seemed silly and naive. However, this political cartoon illustrates the "Iron Curtain" or the so-called "descending darkness of Communism" with its perpetrator, Stalin, reaching across Europe, giving America and its allies great reason to fear the Soviet Union.

Videos "John F. Kennedy's Address to Congress - May 25, 1961." YouTube. YouTube, 01 July 2010. Web. 6 Jan. 2013. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TUXuV7XbZvU>. President Kennedy, unlike Eisenhower, made the Space Race Americas priority, as seen in his joint address to Congress on May 25, 1961. Kennedy wanted American scientists to put a man on the moon before this decade is out. Though JFK was assassinated before he could

see his goal through, NASA landed astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin Buzz Aldrin, Jr. on the moon in 1969, fulfilling Kennedys challenge.

"Sputnik Beeps Overhead, Americans in Awe." YouTube. YouTube, 02 Feb. 2008. Web. 5 Jan. 2013. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CHaJDuq6tBM>. This video is a montage of different television broadcasts and reports from 1957. We used clips of the video on our Home page and Sputnik Crisis page. We felt that this video in particular displayed Americans fear about Sputnik I in a way that our writing and use of newspaper clippings could not. Both clips set the mood for the inevitable American reaction to the satellite and the nations sense of urgency in having to launch one of their own.

"The Story Of The Sputnik Moment." YouTube. YouTube, 24 June 2009. Web. 1 Jan. 2013. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhJnt3xW2Fc>. This lengthy montage of various newsreels from 1956 through 1959 proved to be quite valuable to our project. This documentary helped us understand how the American education system changed because of Sputnik I, and how Americans truly saw the harmless satellite as a threat to national security. A clip of the video depicting the launch of Sputnik was used on our Paranoia and the Race into Space page.

"Vanguard (Flopnik)." YouTube. YouTube, 24 Dec. 2006. Web. 2 Jan. 2013. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JK6a6Hkp94o>. This newsreel of the horrific failure of Vanguard TV3 made us understand how truly ashamed Americans must have felt at the time, following the successful launches of two Soviet satellites while we had not launched any. The failure of Vanguard TV3 was also a

wake-up call for President Eisenhower to allow Wernher von Braun and the Army Ballistic Missile Agency to develop their satellite, Explorer-I, and put America back on track.

Audio File "Sputnik-1 Telemetry Signal (audio)." YouTube. YouTube, 03 Oct. 2007. Web. 16 Jan. 2013. When we first stumbled across this search while browsing YouTube, we were struck by how eerie the sound was and how powerful the beeps seemed. We put this on the Home page of our website because we hoped that after understanding our website's message, you would be able to understand the power of Sputnik and its radio signal as well.

Government Document United States. Congress. National Defense Education Act. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Jan. 2013. <http://wwwedu.oulu.fi/tohtorikoulutus/jarjestettava_opetus/Troehler/NDEA_1958.pdf>. As a result of Sputnik, American society realized that we were beginning to fall behind other nations in terms of education, engineers, and scientists. The NDEA was a brilliant primary source which showed us one of the first reforms the government made a as a result of Sputnik.

Photographs Chacharias, Pat. Air Raid Drill. N.d. Photograph. When Bomb Shelters Were All the Rage. The Detroit News. Web. 19 Dec. 2012. <http://info.detnews.com/dn/history/shelters/images/11.jpg>. This iconic picture depicts children in a school hiding under their desks during an air raid drill. This image shows how seriously the American public believed the Soviet threat in the sense that it even penetrated into the school system.

Civil Defense Shelter. N.d. Photograph. Fallout Shelters Plans & Nuclear Civil Defense. KI4U, 15 Feb. 2012. Web. 19 Nov. 2012. <http://www.radshelters4u.com/fema_shelter.jpg>. Unlike many of the other images we have of bomb shelters constructed by the American public, this image captures the government involvement in the construction of these shelters as well. This image as well as other ones related to the Cold War helped us understand that Americans from all walks of life felt that the threat of Soviet nuclear attack was very real.

Fallout Shelter. N.d. Photograph. Atomic-Annihilation. Web. 19 Dec. 2012. <http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_lnS7XzA0gc/TJl8WiTiA1I/AAAAAAAAAqc/FkmQcW3N5ns/s400/XJZZ8AC.jpg>. This image is another example of the countless bomb shelters that many Americans were building as a reaction to the paranoia and fear instigated by the ensuing Cold War. The fear and suspicion of the American public towards the Soviet Union is very important in understanding the public's reaction to the launch of Sputnik.

Friday, January 31, 1958. N.d. Photograph. Science Progress. Center for American Progress, 11 Oct. 2007. Web. 20 Nov. 2012. <http://www.scienceprogress.org/wpcontent/uploads/2007/09/explorer1.jpg>. This is a photograph of the Jupiter C rocket carrying Explorer I, the United States' answer to the Soviet Union's challenge to a space race.

N.d. Photograph. The Cold War Museum. The Cold War Museum. Web. 17 Dec. 2012. <http://www.coldwar.org/museum/photo_gallery.asp>.

The image is a photograph of the Jupiter C rocket, mainly designed by Wernher von Braun at the Army Ballistic Missile Agency.

Novosti. N.d. Photograph. Space Race. The Guardian. Web. 19 Dec. 2012. <http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/gallery/2007/oct/04/internationalnews.spaceexploration#/?pi cture=330885507&index=0>. The image gallery displays the rocket that launched Sputnik. As it climbed higher and higher in the air, it rose alongside massive reform in the countless years to come.

Plan Child's Part in Civil Defense. N.d. Photograph. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Index of /thisweek/photolisting_files. Web. <http://www.ghmchs.org/thisweek/photo-listing_files/>. The photograph illustrates children participating in bomb drills practicing how to Duck and Cover. This picture was one of the images we featured on our Cold War montage which sets the mood for the launch of Sputnik.

Rocket Team Members. 1946. Photograph. Fort Bliss. DR. WERNHER VON BRAUN AT FORT BLISS. Web. 18 Jan. 2013. <http://heroicrelics.org/info/rocket-team/team-at-fort-blissid.html#wernher-von-braun>. When Wernher von Braun and the Rocket Team secretly arrived in the U.S., they were kept at the Armys Fort Bliss in Texas as prisoners of peace until the Eisenhower administration decided what to do with them.

Sergei Korolev. N.d. Photograph. New Mexico Museum of Space History. International Space Hall of Fame. New Mexico Museum of Space History. Web. 19 Jan. 2013. <http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/images/korolev.jpg>. The photograph displays Sergei Korolev, Chief Designer of the Russian space program and the creator of Sputnik. Korolev was critical to the launch of Sputnik as well as all the events following the launch because without his persistence and persuasion of Soviet officials, Sputnik would never have been launched.

The International Geophysical Year, 1957-1958. N.d. Photograph. The National Academies. National Academy of Sciences, 2005. Web. 15 Jan. 2013. <http://www.nas.edu/history/igy/>. This drawing is the insignia for the International Geophysical Year, a series of international scientific meetings that were used to bring scientists from around the world together to share their discoveries about the Earth. It was during the 1957-1958 IGY that both the U.S. and the Soviet Union vowed to send a satellite into space. It was also during this time period that Korolev became paranoid of an impending U.S. satellite launch, causing him to push forward the launch date of Sputnik I.

Secondary Sources Books Brzezinski, Matthew. Red Moon Rising: Sputnik and the Hidden Rivalries That Ignited the Space Age. New York: Times, 2007. Print. This book was simply invaluable to our project. Through Brzezinski's book, we were able to witness the launch of Sputnik as well as the events before and after from the perspectives of

both the American and the Russian sides. It definitely helped us understand what was going on in the world during the 1950s up until the launch of Sputnik I, as well as showed us that there is a story to be told from the Soviet perspective.

Dickson, Paul. Sputnik: The Shock of the Century. N.p.: Bloomsbury USA, 2009. Print. This book gave us a very good overview of the launch of Sputnik I and also allowed us to realize that we wanted to focus more on the effects of Sputnik than the actual events proceeding up to the launch. It provided us with knowledge that we had had trouble finding on the Internet, such as insight into Sergei Korolev and the Soviets' surprise at the American Sputnik crisis.

Newspapers and Magazine Articles Cerf, Vinton. "A New Scientific Resolve: Reflecting Forward on Sputnik's 50th Anniversary."Science Progress. Center for American Progress, 4 Oct. 2007. Web. 18 Apr. 2013. <http://scienceprogress.org/2007/10/a-new-scientific-resolve/>. While most of our sources focused more on the humiliation of America due to Sputnik I, Vinton Cerf's article was a refreshing read that focused more on how Americans managed to pull themselves together. This article gave us a more positive look on the circumstances surrounding Sputnik I, and made us appreciate Americans' unfaltering hope at a time where all hope seemed lost.

Edwards, Owen. "Explorer I Satellite." Editorial. Smithsonian Magazine Jan. 2008: n. pag. Smithsonian.

Sputnik I was critical in the launching of the American entry ticket into the Space Race, Explorer I. This article from Smithsonian describes the events leading up to Explorer's launch and Sputnik's role.

Edwards, Owen. "Wernher von Braun's V-2 Rocket." Smithsonian Magazine. Smithsonian.com, JulyAug. 2011. This article showed us the extent of Wernher von Braun's involvement in the development of the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile, Germany's V-2 missile. The article also puts into perspective the V-2 missile's impact on the arms race portion of the Cold War as developing an accurate intercontinental ballistic missile became the Soviet Union's top priority.

Glass, Andrew. "Bernard Baruch Coins Term 'Cold War,' April 16, 1947." Politico. While researching for our project, we realized that we did not know who actually coined the term "cold war" to describe the situation between the United States and the Soviet Union. Fortunately, we found this source and we now know that the term "cold war" was coined in 1947 by Bernard Baruch.

Powell, Alvin. "How Sputnik Changed U.S. Education." Harvard Gazette. Harvard University, n.d. This article from The Harvard Gazette was the precursor to almost our whole conclusion. It was not the scattered information that was critical, but the belief that it may be time for another Sputnik-like event to wake up the United States once more. We believe that Powell may be right.

"The Legacy of Sputnik." Editorial. New York Times 4 Oct. 2007, 50th Anniversary ed.: n. pag. The Legacy of Sputnik. New York Times. Web. 14 Dec. 2013. <http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/04/opinion/04iht-edsputnik.1.7751940.html?_r=0>. Looking back 50 years, the Times editorial was written on the 50th year anniversary of the launch of Sputnik. The article wistfully remembers the spur of science and technology as a result of the iconic launch and helped us realize that our nation might require another Sputnik.

Speech Studeman, William O., Admiral. "Early Satellites in US Intelligence." ADCI Speech. Signing of the Executive Order Declassifying Early Satellite Imagery. 16 Jan. 2013. Speech. <https://www.cia.gov/news-information/speeches-testimony/1995/dci_speech_22495.html>. This speech gave insight into the connection between Sputnik and the CORONA project and other top-secret U.S. satellites. It helped us understand that the effects of Sputnik extended into countless areas.

Digital File Flattau, Pamela Ebert, Jerome Bracken, Richard Van Atta, Ayeh Bendeh-Ahmadi, Rodolfo De La Cruz, and Kay Sullivan. The National Defense Education Act of 1958: Selected Outcomes. Science and Technology Policy Institute Archives. IDA, 2 May 2007. Web. 6 Jan. 2013. <https://www.ida.org/upload/stpi/pdfs/ida-d-3306.pdf>. When we first began to see the relation between the launch of Sputnik and educational reform in the United States, we were still unsure of whether we were going to mention that

aspect of Sputnik's launch. However, after further research and the discovery of this project, we realized that the repercussions in the educational field had a much more profound effect on America's society.

Websites "50th Anniversary of the Space Age." 50th Anniversary of the Space Age. NASA, 24 Oct. 2007. Web. 10 Jan. 2013. <http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/SpaceAge/>. NASA's website commemorating Sputnik I was quite invaluable to our project. We learned the reasons behind the Eisenhower administration's "blas" reaction to Sputnik, as well as why a civilian space agency was created. This website put the consequences of the interservice rivalry between the Navy, Army, and Air Force into perspective more so than any other source.

Clift, A. Denis. Intelligence in the Internet Era. N.p.: n.p., n.d. CIA Archives. Central Intelligence Agency. Web. 12 Jan. 2013. <https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kentcsi/vol47no3/pdf/v47i3a06p.pdf>. This article from the CIA allowed us to see the link between Sputnik I and the development of the Internet. Sputnik I caused the creation of the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), which developed ARPANET, a computer database network that preceded the modern Internet. It can be said that Sputnik I definitely spurred the creation of the Internet.

Hermann, Burkely, Anthony Vershov, and Paul Weisko. "Legacy of the Space Race." How the Space Race Fueled Innovation. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Jan. 2013. <http://spaceraceinnovations.weebly.com/legacy-of-the-space-race.html>.

This website provided us with insight as to some of the technologies that arose out of the Space Race and Space Age.

"History." DARPA RSS. DARPA, n.d. Web. 16 Jan. 2013. <http://www.darpa.mil/About/History/History.aspx>. DARPA's history page on their website validated the notion that this agency was created as a direct response to the launch of Sputnik I.

"Information Age." Information Age. Princeton University, 2013. Web. 14 Apr. 2013. <http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Information_Age.html>. This article, published by Princeton University, made us realize that the Information Age was not a result of the Space Age, but that it is the Space Age. Rather than look at the two as separate eras, we began to see the Information Age as merely an extension of the Space Age and the technologies that came out of it.

"NASA Technologies Benefit Our Lives." NASA Technologies Benefit Our Lives. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2013. <http://spinoff.nasa.gov/Spinoff2008/tech_benefits.html>. After our interview with Dr. Khrushchev, we realized that the impact of Sputnik I expanded past not just the United States but also the rest of the world. We found the information we needed on this website, an article that showed us how truly profound the impact of the creation of NASA was on the world. Inventions as simple as stronger tires and LED lights have come from NASA.

"Sputnik." Sputnik. Harry S. Truman Library and Museum, n.d. Web. 8 Jan. 2013. <http://www.trumanlibrary.org/museum/sputnik1.htm>. More important than the small amount of text at the beginning of the website, the transcription of a New York Times article written almost immediately after Sputnik's launch was what made this website a gem. Not only did we find the transcription helpful, but also interesting. By reading the newspaper article it was almost as if we were peering through a rift in time, allowing us to witness, if only for a brief moment, the mid-1950s.

"The Dawn of the Space Age." Central Intelligence Agency Featured Story Archive. United States, 3 Oct. 2007. Web. 16 Jan. 2013. <https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2007featured-story-archive/the-dawn-of-the-space-age.html>. This article from the CIA put Americans' fears into perspective for us. For a period of time, we did not truly understand why Americans were scared of a simple satellite like Sputnik. However, this article made it clear that Americans were more frightened of the rocket that launched Sputnik, for that rocket could very well be a perfect intercontinental ballistic missile, and that there were reasons to be terrified.

"The Press Reacts." 1957 (2004): n. pag. 1957. The Space Chronology, 2004. Web. 12 Jan. 2013. <http://data-freeway.com/plesetsk/b1957.htm>. There are often sides of a story untold and we found that not many sources mentioned the Russian side of the launch of Sputnik. This website provided several newspapers which gave us insight into Russia before and after the launch of Sputnik. It also had information surrounding the immediate reaction on the American side of the satellite's launch.

PowerPoints Launius, Roger. Sphere of Influence: Reflections on Sputnik Winter. Rep. National Air and Space Museum Smithsonian Institution, n.d. Web. 1 Jan. 2013. <http://www.aacu.org/meetings/annualmeeting/AM12/documents/ledleySphereofInfluence_000. pdf>. We have found that there are certain sources that are very specific and others that are more generic and help us understand the entire concept. This PowerPoint was one of the latter, giving us a very comprehensive view of the time period before Sputnik's launch but also introducing us to other events following the launch.

Photographs and Digital Images An Amazing Journey. Digital image. Orbiting Earth: 50 Years Later. The Columbus Dispatch, n.d. Web. 19 Jan. 2013. <http://www.dispatch.com/content/downloads/2012/02/johnglenntimeline.jpg>. This was one of the most powerful sources that we used for our project. The infographic not only highlights all the critical events following the launch of Sputnik, but it completely defined our NHD project. We realized that the effect of the turning point was not in the years following but in the decades to come.

Broadcast Satellite Communications. Digital image. Visual Dictionary Online. Merriam-Webster, 2013. Web. 17 Apr. 2013. <http://visual.merriamwebster.com/images/communications/communications/broadcast-satellite-communication.jpg>. The launch of Sputnik I instigated the Space Age, of which satellites have played in an important role. Today, satellites are not only used by space agencies, but by all sorts of

companies who want to make use of a satellite communication system. This image shows how satellites transmit television signals from a local station to your home.

Broadcast Services. Digital image. Eutelsat Communications. Eutelsat Communications, 2013. Web. 13 Apr. 2013. <http://gac.eutelsat.fr/products/img/broadcast-services.gif>. One use for satellite communications is for the transmission of television signals from the studio to your television set, as illustrated by the image.

CE&RoHS Wireless Smoke Detector with Adjustable Sensitivity (IDO503CM). N.d. Photograph. Made-inchina.com. Focus Technology Co., Ltd. Web. 2 Apr. 2013. <http://image.made-inchina.com/4f0j00JeOTaPNtCibD/CE-RoHS-Wireless-Smoke-Detector-with-Adjustable-SensitivityIDO503CM-.jpg>. In the 1970s, the first ionized smoke detector was developed by scientists at NASA in order to detect smoke and toxic gases in Skylab, the U.S.s first space station. The detector utilized a very minuscule amount of Americium-241, a concept still in use today. The photograph is of a modern-day smoke-detector.

Cochlear Implant Device. N.d. Photograph. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 10 Dec. 2012. Web. 2 Apr. 2013. <http://www.fda.gov/ucm/groups/fdagov-public/documents/image/ucm133334.jpg>. A device that has restored hearing in thousands of people, the cochlear implant device was developed by an electronics instrumentation engineer at NASA who, after developing a

hearing disability, decided to use his resources and knowledge to solve his problem. The result was a revolutionary hearing aid.

Craftsman 17191 19.2-volt C3 Cordless Drill/Driver. N.d. Photograph. Sears. Sears Brand. Web. 1 Apr. 2013. <http://c.shld.net/rpx/i/s/i/spin/image/spin_prod_24222100>. In space, cords could often be dangerous and a nuisance; as a result, NASA engineers designed cordless power tools for the Apollo astronauts to use.

CT Scan Machine. N.d. Photograph. What Is CT? Advanced Diagnostic Group, 2007. Web. 13 Mar. 2013. <http://www.advanceddiagnosticgroup.com/STAGING/images/CT_scan_machine.jpg>. The photograph displays a CT Scan Machine, otherwise known as computed tomography, which is a form of medical imaging mainly used to diagnose certain illnesses. NASA developed computed tomography for the Apollo lunar landing in 1969 in order for the astronauts to enhance photographs of the moon.

Dunlop Graspic DS-3 - 185/60R14 82Q BW - Winter Tire. N.d. Photograph. Sears. Sears Brand. Web. 1 Apr. 2013. <http://s.shld.net/is/image/Sears/09558763000>. Because of the amount of heat re-entering the Earth's atmosphere would apply to the underside of spacecrafts, NASA had to design tougher and more heat resistant rubber. Working in partnership with Goodyear, the engineers attempts were successful, and their final concept was eventually applied to car tires like the one pictured.

GPS System. Digital image. GPS Field Management. Field Technologies, 2013. Web. 16 Apr. 2013. <http://www.fieldtechnologies.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/gps-system.jpg>. The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was created alongside NASA in 1958. Engineers at ARPA not only developed ARPANET, a predecessor of the Internet, but they also developed TRANSIT, an early form of GPS, alongside the Navy. The image depicts the network of GPS satellites that are circling the globe.

Infrared Ear Thermometer. N.d. Photograph. Made-In-China.com. Focus Technology Co. Web. 1 Apr. 2013. <http://image.made-in-china.com/2f0j00qesaRwvBLHck/Infrared-EarThermometer-ET-100B-.jpg>. NASA developed the infrared ear thermometer for monitoring mechanical equipment, circuits, and the temperature of equipment.

Insulin Pumps. Digital image. NHS: Improving Quality. National Health Service, 2013. Web. 13 Apr. 2013. <http://www.diabetes.nhs.uk/images/uploads/132.jpg>. NASA invented implantable and external insulin pumps using technology originally developed for the Mars Viking spacecraft. Insulin pumps allow for a more precise control of blood sugar level without needing daily injections, allowing millions of insulin-dependent diabetics to live relatively normal lives.

Internet Collage. Digital image. Internet Marketing. How to Go Virtual, 2013. Web. 11 Apr. 2013. <http://howtogovirtual.com/wp-content/uploads/collage2.jpg>. To merely describe the Internet through words would do it an injustice. We wanted to get across just how important the Internet is, and to do so, we had to show just how much we

rely on it. This collage of websites that many of us use everyday, such as Google, Youtube, and Facebook, is one of the ways we depicted how strong of an influence the Internet, and therefore the Space Age, has on our lives.

Invisible Braces. N.d. Photograph. Investopedia. Investopedia US, A Division of ValueClick, Inc., 28 Sept. 2012. Web. 1 Apr. 2013. <http://i.investopedia.com/inv/articles/slideshow/nasa items/braces.jpg>. NASA developed the translucent material known scientifically as polycrystalline alumina to protect infrared antennae. Today, dental companies use the material for invisible braces.

L.E.D. Lights. N.d. Photograph. Reefbuilders. Reef Builders, 9 Oct. 2013. Web. 1 Apr. 2013. <http://img.ehowcdn.com/article-new/ehow/images/a07/0v/mg/modern-uses-led-lighting-1.1800x800.jpg>. Light emitting diodes, or LEDs, have had a profound impact on the world. Originally developed by NASA to grow plants in space, LEDs have proven to be the economical alternative to incandescent light bulbs here on Earth. Also, many electronic devices, such as smartphones, televisions, and tablets, use LEDs to power their screens. Recently, a modified version of the LED light have been used in the medical field to heal minor injuries such as bruises.

Memory Foam. N.d. Photograph. Investopedia. Investopedia US, A Division of ValueClick, Inc., 28 Sept. 2012. Web. 1 Apr. 2013. <http://i.investopedia.com/inv/articles/slideshow/nasa items/mattress.jpg>.

NASA developed memory foam in order to lessen impact during landings. Today, memory foam is not only used in mattresses and pillows, but as protection for racecar drivers and to reduce friction between prosthetic limbs.

Mountain House Food. N.d. Photograph. SHTFplan.com. 10 Dec. 2010. Web. 1 Apr. 13. <http://www.shtfplan.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/mountain-house-food-medium.jpg>. The food pictured is Mountain House Food, an example of freeze-dried food derived from the process of freeze-drying which was created in order to make transporting and preserving food much easier for astronauts.

NASA Insignia. Digital image. NASA. NASA, 14 Aug. 2012. Web. 10 Apr. 2013. <http://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/images/content/674972main_NASA_insignia_CMYK_1 298x1075.jpg>. In response to the launch of Sputnik I and II, Congress created the legislation known as the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958. The passage of this legislation created the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which officially opened on October 1, 1958. NASA updated their logo in 1992 to the current one depicted in the image. The space agencys old logo is now NASAs official seal.

Original NASA Logo. Digital image. Solar System Exploration. NASA, 22 Apr. 2013. Web. 22 Apr. 2013. <http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/gallery/Original_Logo.jpg>. The image shows the original logo of NASA, which was adopted in 1958.

Ribbed Swimsuits. N.d. Photograph. Investopedia. Investopedia US, A Division of ValueClick,

Inc., 28 Sept. 2012. Web. 1 Apr. 2013. <http://i.investopedia.com/inv/articles/slideshow/nasa items/swimmer.jpg>. NASA invented very tiny ribs that were put on the underside of space craft in order to reduce aerodynamic drag. The concept was later applied to swimsuits, as shown in the photograph.

Scratch-Resistant Lenses. N.d. Photograph. Investopedia. Investopedia US, A Division of ValueClick, Inc., 28 Sept. 2012. Web. 1 Apr. 2013. <http://i.investopedia.com/inv/articles/slideshow/nasa items/glasses.jpg>. NASA developed a process called direct ion deposition, which deposits a thin layer of diamond-like carbon onto glass, making it ten times more scratch resistant that conventional lenses, as well as more water resistant.

Water Filter Pitcher. N.d. Photograph. Environmental Water Systems. Environmental Water Systems, 7 Nov. 2012. Web. 1 Apr. 2013. <http://www.ewswater.com/wpcontent/uploads/2012/11/water-filter-pitcher.jpg>. In order to sustain astronauts in space, NASA scientists developed a very complicated process of purifying water designed to purify a mixture of respiration, sweat, and urine. This system has been modified for use in households all over the world, as well as to provide water in even the most challenging terrain or poorest areas of the world.

What Happens in 60 Seconds on The Internet. Digital image. Gizmodo. Gizmodo, 20 June 2011. Web. 13 Apr. 2013. <http://cache.gizmodo.com/assets/images/4/2011/06/sixtyseconds.jpg>.

We were quite astounded about the information presented in this infographic. The fact that so many things happen every minute of every day on the Internet shows just how dependent we are on it and how much it has impactedand continues to impactour lives.

What Is a Ventricular Assist Device? Digital image. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services National Institutes of Health, 31 Mar. 2012. Web. 4 Apr. 2013. <http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/images/vad_heartmateii.jpg>. Using their expertise in designing turbo pumps for rocket engines, engineers from NASAs Glenn Research Center helped the Cleveland Clinic Foundation develop the ventricular assist device, which keeps the blood of heart failure patients pumping. The ventricular assist device is a temporary solution for patients waiting for a heart transplant, and with future modifications, the device could be used as a transplant alternative.