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MATHEMATICS -1 Chapter - 1
SETS
Definition of set
A collection well defined and distinct objects such as number, points, shapes ideas etc is
called a set which is denoted by Capital letters of Alphabets i.e. A, B, C… X, Y, Z. Its
symbol is { }.
Notations of Sets
1. Tabular Method
In this method, we define a set merely by listing its elements in closed within braces
{ }.
Example: N = {1, 2, 3…}
4. Venn Diagram
In this method the set is written in figure such as rectangle, square, circle or any
other.
Example: Draw a Venn Diagram to represent.
U = {1, 2, 3, … ,10} and A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
Figure
U
A 2 4
1 3 5 6 8
7 9 10
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Kinds of Sets
Universal sets (U)
Universal set is the set, which contains all the available elements.
Equal Sets
Equal set have exactly the same number of same elements.
For example set A = {a,b,c,d} and B = {b,c,a,d} are equal since they have the same
elements. We write A = B, if A and B are equal.
Equivalent Sets
Two sets A and B are said to be equivalent, if they have same number of elements, it is
denoted by A ∼ B.
Example: A = {a,b,c} , B = {1,2,3}
Then A ∼ B, because order of A is equal to order of B
Disjoint Sets
If two sets do not have an element in common, they are said to be disjoint as A∩B =φ
Finite Sets
A set is finite if it contains a limited number of different elements.
Example: A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {a, b, c, d, e, f} etc.
Infinite Sets
A set which is not finite is called infinite set.
Example: A = {1, 3, 5 …}, B = {1, 2, 3 …}, C = {… -3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3 …}
Power sets
The all of possible subset of a set A is called the power set of A and it is denoted by the
symbol P(A).
Example: If A = {1,2,3} then,
P(A) = {∅ {1},{2},{3},{1,2},{1,3},{2,3},{1,2,3}}
Note: The number of subsets of power set can be obtained by using 2m where m is no. of
elements in set A.
Subset
If every element of a set A is also an element of a set B, then A is a subset of B and we
write A ⊆ B.
Example: If A = {1,2,3} and B = {1,2,3,4,5} then A ⊂ B
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Superset
If B is a subset of a set A, then A is called a superset of B, denoted by A ⊂ B or B ⊃ A
Example: If A = {1,2,3} and B = {1,2,3,4,5} then B ⊃ A
Proper Subset
If A is subset of B and A ≠ B then we write A ⊂ B and say that A is Proper subset of B.
Example: If A = {1,2,3} and B = {1,2,3,4,5} then A ⊂ B
Improper Subset
If A ⊆ B and B ⊆ A, then sets A and B are said to be improper subsets of one another if
A=B
Example: If A = {1,2,3} and B = {1,2,3} then A ⊆ B or B ⊆ A
Set Operation
Complement
The complement of a set A relative to a universal set U is the set if all elements in U except
those in A denoted by A’ and A’ = U – A.
A’ = {x | x ∈ U and x ∉ A}
Exhaustive Sets
If A and B be subsets of a set U such that, A U B = U
Symmetric Difference
The symmetric difference of sets A and B, denoted by A ∆ B, is the set containing those
elements which are either in A or in B but not in both A and B.
Example: If A = {1,2,3,4,6} and B = {1,3,5,7} then A ∆ B = {2,4,5,6,7}
Note: A ∆ B = A U B – A ∩ B
Intersection of Sets
The intersection of two sets A and B Is the set of element which are common to both A and
B it is denoted by A ∩ B.
A ∩ B = {x | x ∈ A and x ∈ B}
Union of Sets
The union of two sets A and B is set of elements which are in A or B or both it is denoted by
A ∪ B.
A U B = {x | x ∈ A or x ∈ B}
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Number of Elements n (A)
n (Ф) = 0
n (A U B) = n (A) + n(B) – n(A ∩ B)
The Cartesian production of any set A with other set B is the set all ordered pairs (a, b)
where a ∈ A and b ∈ B it is denoted by A x B = {(a, b) | a ∈ A, b ∈ B}.
1. A ⊆ B and B ⊆ A ⇒ A = B
2. if A ⊂ B then B ⊃ A
3. A = B and B = C ⇒ A = C
4. A ∼ B and B ∼ C ⇒ A ∼ C
5. if A = { } = φ then P(A) = {A}
6. the number of subset of A i.e. n{P(A)} is 2m where m is number of elements in A i.e.
n(A) = m.
1. Idempotent Law
AUA=A A∩A=A
2. Associative Laws
If A, B and C are any three sets then
(A U B) U C = A U (B U C), (A ∩ B) ∩ C = A ∩ (B ∩ C)
3. Distributive Laws
If A, B and C are any three sets then
A ∩ (B U C) = (A ∩ B) U (A ∩ C)
(B U C) ∩ A = (B ∩ A) U (C ∩ A)
A U (B ∩ C) = (A U B) ∩ (A U C)
4. Identity Law
AUφ=A A∩U=A
AUU=U A∩φ =φ
5. Complement Law
A U A’ = U A ∩ A’ = φ
(A’)’ = A U’ = φ , φ’ = U
6. Commutative Law
A U B = B U A, A∩B=B∩A
7. De-Morgan’s Law
If A, B and C are any three sets then
(A U B)’ = A’ ∩ B’ (A ∩ B)’ = A’ U B’
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N = {1, 2, 3, …}
i.e. the set of all natural numbers.
W = {0, 1, 2, 3…}
i.e., the set of all non-negative integers.
Or set of whole numbers.
P = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11 …}
i.e. the set of all Positive Prime numbers.
O = {±1, ±3, ±5 …}
i.e. the set of all Odd numbers.
Or
R = Q U Q’
Rational Number
Rational Number is a number which can be expressed as a terminating decimal fraction or a
recurring decimal fraction.
Irrational Number
Irrational Number is a number which can be expressed only as a non-recurring, non-
terminating decimal fraction.
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Union of the sets of rational numbers (Q) and irrational numbers (Q’) is called the set of
real numbers, denoted by R.
i.e. R = Q U Q’
or R = {x | x ∈ Q or x ∈ Q’}
The sets Q and Q’ are disjoint sets.
2. Commutative Property
x + y = y + x , ∀ x, y ∈ R (∀ is read as “for all”)
3. Associative property
x + (y + z) = (x + y) + z , ∀ x, y, z ∈ R
4. Additive Identity
There exists a number 0 ∈ R such that
x + 0 = 0 + x = x, ∀x∈R
The element 0 is called the additive identity.
5. Additive Inverse
For every x ∈ R, there exists an element x’ ∈ R such that
x + x’ = 0 = x’ + x
x’ is called Additive Inverse of x and is denoted by “-x”
1. Closer property
Products of any two real numbers is also a real number.
i.e. x, y ∈ R ⇒ x.y ∈ R
2. Commutative Property
x.y = y.x , ∀ x, y ∈ R
3. Associative property
x (y.z) = (x.y) z , ∀ x y ∈ R
4. Multiplicative Identity
There exists a number 1 ∈ R such that
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x . 1 = 1 . x = x,
The number 1 is called the Multiplicative identity.
5. Multiplicative Inverse
For each x ∈ R, x ≠ 0, there exists an element x* ∈ R such that
x . x* = x* . x = 1
x* is called Multiplicative Inverse of x. It is also written as 1/x or x-1 Thus,
x. 1/x = x/x = 1/x .x = 1 or x . x-1 = x-1.x = 1
Trichotomy Property
For any two real numbers x and y, either x < y or x = y or x > y.
1. Reflexive Property
x = x, for all x ∈ R
2. Symmetric property
x = y ⇒ y = x, for all x, y ∈ R
3. Transitive property
x = y and y = z ⇒ x = z for all x, y, z ∈ R
4. Additive property
x = y ⇒ x + z = y + z and z + x = z + y, for all x, y, z ∈ R
i.e. addition of same no. to each side of an equality does not change the relation.
5. Multiplicative Property
∀ x, y, z ∈ R
x = y ⇒ xz = yz (Right Multiplication)
and zx = zy (Left Multiplication)
i.e. Multiplication by the same no. to each side of an equality does not change the relation.