MATERI

: BAHASA INGGRIS

TANGGAL : 25 FEBRUARI - 3 DAN 11 MARET 2012

Understanding the English verb tense system: Introduction of the tenses

Simple present tense

The simple present tense is used when you want to refer to:

a. A fact or a general truth.

Something that is universally regarded as a fact or a truth takes the simple present tense. Eg- Humans are mammals.

b. A habitual action which is performed on a present everyday basis.

Something that is done repetitively from the past until now. Eg: He brushes his teeth every day. c. A present state or condition.(use verbs with no continuous form (stative)- eg like, love, hate, dislike, smell)

The current state or condition of something/someone. Eg- She feels tired. d. The 'presentness' in artistic or creative works or live.

Eg- In 'Because I could not stop for death', Emily Dickinson manages to portray Death as kindly and nice. "Gonzales swerves to the right, he attempts now to steal the ball from Ferdinand, and yes! Gonzales gets the ball.." ** To know what is the present tense form for any verb: click 'Know Your Verb Tenses'

Simple past tense

The simple past tense is used when you want to refer to:

a. A completed action in the past

Something that is done in the past. Eg- Gary went to the cinema last night.

b. A completed condition in the past.

The state or condition of something/someone in the past. Eg- The weather was lousy yesterday. She had fever few days ago. c. The action of someone/something that is no longer living.

NOTE: normally, adjectives such as 'deceased, dead, departed, late eg- His late grandfather liked camping very much. ** To know what is the past tense form for any verb: click 'Know Your Verb Tenses'

Simple future tense

The simple future tense is used when you want to refer to:

a. an event which has a possibility of happening in the

future. Normally, you use 'will' to indicate a future possibility. eg- Mary will complain to the manager tomorrow.

b. an event in the future which is connected to the circumstances in the present.

Normally, you use 'BE+going+to' to indicate the future intention. eg- Mary is dissatisfied and she is going to complain to the manager tomorrow.

** To know what is the future tense form for any verb: click 'Know Your Verb Tenses'

Present continuous tense

The present continuous tense is used when you want to refer to: a. an event which began in the near past and is still in progress at the present moment of speaking (now) eg- His tabby is sleeping on his Persian rug. meaning: At the present moment of speaking, the action of sleeping is still ongoing.

b. a longer period of time (in months or years) where the action is general and non-specific. This does not mean that the action is being performed at the present moment of speaking NOTE: Adverbials such as ( this semester, this month, this period) tells you how long the action is. NOTE: Do not use verbs such as destroy, paint, build which specifically tell you what someone is doing. Use verbs such as take, become or try which are more general in the meaning. eg- She is trying to find more sponsors for her project this year. meaning: For the whole year, the action of trying to find more sponsors is ongoing. c. future time- The present continuous can be used when the future action or event is definite or already planned. i) (His sister has a prom date with a good looking senior student). She is meeting him 3

tonight. meaning: The meeting is already prearranged. Use the present continuous to indicate future. ii) ( Margaret made party plans at Jill's house). She is buying the food tomorrow. meaning: The party is already prearranged. Use the present continuous to indicate future. ** To know what is the present continuous tense form for any verb: click 'Know Your Verb Tenses'

Past continuous tense

The past continuous tense is used when you want to refer to:

a. an action at a specific point of time in the past.

When an action is described at a specific point of time, that action is usually in progress.

eg- Kilian was studying for her exams at 8pm last night. meaning: Which is the specific point in the past? 8pm last night What is the event? Kilian studiedIs the action ongoing at the specific point in the past? YES Use the past continuous to indicate that Kilian's action of studying is still ongoing at that specific time. ** To know what is the past continuous tense form for any verb: click 'Know Your Verb Tenses'

Future continuous tense

The future continuous tense is used when you want to refer to:

a. an action at a specific point in the future

When an action is described at a specific point of time, that action is usually in progress

NOTE: Normally, you use 'will be' to indicate a future ongoing possibility. Normally, you use 'BE+going+to+be' to indicate the future ongoing intention which is influencedby the present moment. eg- He will be performing his monologue at 9pm tomorrow night. meaning: There is a possibility that he is performing his monologue at 9pm tomorrow night.

Which is the specific point in the future? 9pm tomorrow night. What is the event? he performs his monologue Is the action still going on at certain point in the future? YES Use the future continuous 'will be' to indicate that his act of performing his monologue is still ongoing at that specific time. eg- Joe is practising his monologue and he is going to be performing it at 9pm tomorrow night. meaning:There is an indication of a higher possibility that he is performing his monologue becausein the present moment, it shows that he is practicing his speech Which is the specific point in the future? 9pm tomorrow night What is the event? First clause: Joe is practising his monologue (and) Second clause: 'He is performing it at 9pm tomorrow night' happens in the future after the action of practising Is the action ongoing at the specific point in the past? YES Use the future continuous ' is going to be' to indicate that his act of performing his monologue is still ongoing at that specific time. ** To know what is the future continuous tense form for any verb: click 'Know Your Verb Tenses'

Present perfect tense

The present perfect tense is used when you want to refer to:

a. an event which happened/ never happened before now

(present time) at a point in the past, but is being viewed from the present eg- Mary has been to the Caribbeans. meaning: The subject 'Mary' has visited the Caribbeans at one point in the past ( it is not important when ) but the fact that Mary was there. Mary has never tasted escargot before. meaning: Since the beginning until now (present time), the subject 'Mary' has never known how an escorgot tastes like. b. a repetition of an event before now (present time).

eg- I have played badminton for decades. meaning: First clause: The person speaking plays the

badminton repeatedly from a time in the past until now (present time). c. an event which began in an indefinite time in the past which continues until now (present time).

- use have/has+past participle + for - use have/has+past participle + since example: * Ranjit and Adam have been friends since they were young. meaning: The subjects 'Ranjit' and 'Adam' are friends from childhood until now (present time). ** To know what is the past participle for any verb: click 'Know Your Verb Tenses'

Past perfect tense

The past perfect tense is used when you want to refer to:

a. an event which was completed before another action or

time took place in the past. eg- I had come home before 10pm last night. meaning: Event A: I came home. Event B: The time was 10pm Think! Which event is more past? Event A or B? Answer: Event A. Since event B denotes past, event A should be in the past perfect. ** To know what is the past participle for any verb: click 'Know Your Verb Tenses'

Future perfect tense

The future perfect tense is used when you want to refer to:

a. an event which will be completed before another action

or time in the future.. NOTE: The future perfect tense can be expressed using adverbials such as ' by the time...(future event)' or 'by this time tomorrow' eg- She will have completed her assignment by this time tomorrow morning. By three o'clock tomorrow, the voters will have cast all their votes and will have nominated their representative.

** To know what is the past participle for any verb: click 'Know Your Verb Tenses'

Present perfect continuous tense

The present perfect continuous is used when you want to refer to:

a. The duration of an event which started in the past and is

still continuing in the present NOTE: Sometimes, certain expressions can help to decide whether a present perfect tense should be used. For example: Sentences with these forms of adverbials (' for ..(how long)..' , 'since...(when)..' , 'all ..(time).' )usually takes the present perfect continuous. eg- The lady has been working there for a long time. meaning What started in the past? The lady started her work in the past. Has the event ended? NO (means it is still ongoing) Think! : Is she still working there now? If yes, use the present perfect continuous to give the meaning that the lady started her work in the past and until now (present moment) she is still working there. eg- The junior girl guides have been trying to set up camp all day. meaning: What started in the past? The junior girl guides tried to set up camp Has the event ended? NO (means it is still ongoing) Think! : Are they still trying to set up camp now? If yes, use the present perfect continuous to give the meaning that the junior girl guides started trying to set up camp in the past and until now, they are still trying.

** To know what is the past participle for any verb: click 'Know Your Verb Tenses'

Past perfect continuous tense

The past perfect continuous is used when you want to refer to:

a. The duration of an event which started and was still

continuing at one point in the past NOTE: Sometimes adverbials such as ' for the past (how long)' ' can be used to indicate a past perfect continuous. i) The tribes had been fighting a futile war for the past 10 years. meaning: Which event started in the past? The tribes fought a futile war Has the event ended? YES Is there a time gap (period ) between the start and end of the event? YES How long was the gap? 10 years. Think! : If there is a time gap (period) between the start and the end of an event in the past , and you want to describe the whole period of the action, use the past perfect continuous.

** To know what is the past participle for any verb: click 'Know Your Verb Tenses'

Future perfect continuous tense

The future perfect continuous tense is used when you want to refer to:

a. an event which will be completed before another action

or time in the future.. NOTE: The future perfect continuous tense can be expressed using adverbials such as' by the time...(future event)' or ' by (future time) and ' for ..(duration)'. eg- By next year, she will have been researching on her thesis for two years.

** To know what is the past participle for any verb: click

'Know Your Verb Tenses'

Verb tense agreement between main clause and the subordinating clause in a complex sentence.
There is a time relation between the tense in the main clause and the tense in the subordinate clause. This section aims to guide you on the correct tense agreement in complex sentences. Complex sentences are formed when you connect a main clause and a subordinating clause with a subordinating conjunction. For example: Complex sentence: When she was a baby, she loved to crawl around. Main clause (Independent): She loved to crawl around. Subordinating clause (Dependent): When she was a baby ... Subordinating conjunction: when When the tense in the main clause is in present tense, use (in the subordinate clause) :

a. the present tense to show a same time action b. c.

d.

eg- He is pretty excited about the show because he adores the band. The past tense to show a past action eg- He is satisfied because he managed to complete his work. the present perfect tense to show an action that extends from the past to present eg- The office is in order now because the bosses have elected a very efficient manager. the future tense to show an action that is to come eg- She is studying hard now because there will be an exam soon.

When the tense in the main clause is in past tense, use (in the subordinate clause) :

a. the past tense to show another completed action related b. c.

in time to the main action eg- He said that he was sorry. the past perfect to show a previous action eg- He knew that he had made a grievous error in his judgement. the present tense to show a univeral truth or fact eg- Darwin believed that humans evolve from apes.

When the tense in the main clause is in present perfect tense, use (in the subordinate clause) :

a. The present perfect tense to show another action related

in time to the main action eg- Although the residents have complained to the authorities, they have not made any actions yet. The past tense to show a past action eg- Although that species was discovered a long time ago, no one has ever documented it.

b.

When the tense in the main clause is in past perfect tense, use (in the subordinate clause) :

a. the past tense for any purpose.

eg- The aging matriarch had drawn up a will in case her illness became more serious.

When the tense in the main clause is in future tense, use (in the subordinate clause) :

a. a present tense to show an action of the same time b. c.

eg- I will study harder even though i have so many other chores to do a past tense to show a past action eg- Even though she did badly in her last assessment, she will not give up just like that. a present perfect tense to show an action that will happen before the main action eg- There will still be other minor adjustments to do even though they have completed the main task.

When the tense in the main clause is in future perfect tense, use (in the subordinate clause) :

a. use the present tense or present perfect tense

By the time he contacts her, she will have sprouted leaves in her hair! The candidates will have undergone 10 interviews by the time they have succeeded in the preliminary stage.

Exceptions: Verb tense agreement with time clauses in complex sentences

When the tense in the main clause is in present examples of tense, use (in the time clause) : time subordinators: a. simple present tense to show a same when time relation with the main action before eg- Frogs sing when it rains.

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after while as by the time until till since as soon as as long as ere whilst whenever

b. present perfect tense to show a previous action before the main action eg- The weather is cool when it has rained. When the tense in the main clause is in past tense, use (in the time clause) : a. simple past tense to show the same time relation of past eg- The flowers blossomed after the wicked witch died. b. past perfect tense to show an action which precedes the main action eg- The fairies danced after they had defeated the wicked witch When the tense in the main clause is in future tense, use (in the time clause) : a. the present tense to show an action of the same time eg- I will wait here until she arrives. b. the present perfect to show an action that will happen before the main action eg- Until he has taken the test as ordered, I will not help him in any way.

Exceptions: Verb tense agreement in conditionals and subjunctives

When the tense in the main clause is in present examples of tense, use (in the condition clause) : condition subordinators: if a. the present tense to express real conditional as if eg- If it rains, the roads become muddy. whether as though When the main clause has the modals 'can/will/shall/may/must/ought to', use (in the condition clause) :

a. the clause with

b.

'will/shall/can/may/must/ought' to express real conditional eg: If it can only rain now, the fields will be wet enough for the little frogs. the present tense to express real conditional. eg- If it rains now, the frogs can come

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out and play. In a present subjunctive clause, whether the tense in the main clause is past or present, use (in the subjunct clause)

a. base form of the verb b.

eg- He is locked in the cell lest he become violent again. 'be' of the verb-to-BE eg- He is locked in the cell lest he be violent again

In a past subjunctive clause indicating unreal conditions, use (in the subjunct clause)

a. past tense of the verb b. c.

eg: He would have shown it to me if i came earlier. 'were' of the verb-to-BE eg: If I were a bird, I would fly to the furthest corner of this world. the modals 'would/could/should/might' eg- If I could do it, I would have done it earlier

1. Form: to have (present tense)+ the past participle of the main verb. Positive Subject to have past participle She has finished. Negative Subject to have + not past participle She hasn't finished. Interrogative positive to have subject past participle Has she finished...? Interrogative negative to have + not subject past participle Hasn't she finished...? Example: to leave (irregular verb), present perfect form Affirmative I have left Negative I haven't left Interrogative Have I left? 12

You have left You haven't left Have you left? He, she, it has left He, she, it hasn't left Has he,she,it left? We have left We haven't left Have we left? You have left You haven't left Have you left? They have left They haven't left Have they left? 2. Use: The present perfect is used for a complete action: We are thinking of the result when describing: EXAMPLES: 1. An action or situation that started in the past and continues in the present. I have lived in Canada since 1984. (and I still do) 2. An action performed during a period that has not yet finished. She has been to the doctor twice this week. (and the week isn't over yet) 3. A repeated action in an unspecified period between the past and now. We have visited London several times. 4. An action that was completed in the very recent past (expressed by 'just') I have just finished my work. 5. An action when the result is very important but the time is not. He has seen Harry Potter.

Present perfect OR past simple? Very Important: When we want to give or ask details about when, where, who, we use the simple past. Example: He saw Harry Potter last week. Use the present perfect when the time is not important. Use the simple past when the time or place is important.

PRESENT PERFECT + for, since 13

When talking about the length of time (duration), we use the present perfect with for + a period of time. When talking about a starting point, we use the present perfect with since + a point in time. For + a period of time: for six years, for a week, for a month, for hours, for two hours. I have worked here for five years. She has lived here for twenty years. They have been married for six months. Since + a point in time: since this morning, since last week, since yesterday, since I was 12, since Friday, since 6 o'clock. I have lived here since 1998. They have been married since June. We have been at this school since last year. F PRESENT PERFECT + adverbs (ever, never, already, yet, still) 'Ever' and 'never' are always placed before the past participle. 'Ever' = sometime before now, is used: a. in questions Have you ever been to Canada? Has she ever met someone famous? b. in negative questions Haven't they ever been to Canada? Haven't you ever eaten Thai food? c. and in negative statements using the pattern nothing.......ever, nobody.......ever e.g. Nobody has ever said that to me before. Nothing like that has ever happened to me. d. 'Ever' is also used with 'The first time.... e.g. It's the first time I've ever eaten Thai food. This is the first time I've ever been to Canada. 'Never' = not ever. Never is used after have/has. I have never visited London. Ive never been so sick. Already, yet and still. It can be placed before the main verb (past participle) or at the end of the sentence. Already = sooner than expected, is used:

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a. I've already heard the story five times. b. Most people have already gone. It is also used in questions: a. Have you already rang Mike? b. Has he arrived already? Yet is used in negative statements and questions when we are expecting something to happen and goes at the end of the sentence. a. Have you bought a ticket yet? b. I haven't met her yet. c. Has your course started yet? d. They haven't arrived yet. Still = continuing longer than expected. Still is stronger than yet and often expresses surprise that a situation has continued for so long. a. She isnt home yet. Shes still at work. b. I still havent found what Im looking for. c. Im still thinking about it.

No
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Base Form (I)

awake be bear beat become begin bend beset bet bid bind bite bleed blow break breed bring broadcast build

Simple Past Tense (II)

awoke was, were bore beat became began bent beset bet bid/bade bound bit bled blew broke bred brought broadcast built

Past Participle (III)

awoken been born beat become begun bent beset bet bid/bidden bound bitten bled blown broken bred brought broadcast built 15

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64

burn burst buy cast catch choose cling come cost creep cut deal dig dive do draw dream drive drink eat fall feed feel fight find fit flee fling fly forbid forget forego (forgo) forgive forsake freeze get give go grind grow hang hear hide hit hold

burned/burnt burst bought cast caught chose clung came cost crept cut dealt dug dived/dove did drew dreamed/dreamt drove drank ate fell fed felt fought found fit fled flung flew forbade forgot forewent forgave forsook froze got gave went ground grew hung heard hid hit held

burned/burnt burst bought cast caught chosen clung come cost crept cut dealt dug dived done drawn dreamed/dreamt driven drunk eaten fallen fed felt fought found fit fled flung flown forbidden forgotten foregone forgiven forsaken frozen gotten given gone ground grown hung heard hidden hit held 16

65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109

hurt keep kneel knit know lay lead leap learn leave lend let lie light lose make mean meet misspell mistake mow overcome overdo overtake overthrow pay plead prove put quit read rid ride ring rise run saw say see seek sell send set sew shake

hurt kept knelt knit knew laid led leaped/lept learned/learnt left lent let lay lighted/lit lost made meant met misspelled/misspelt mistook mowed overcame overdid overtook overthrew paid pled proved put quit read rid rode rang rose ran sawed said saw sought sold sent set sewed shook

hurt kept knelt knit know laid led leaped/lept learned/learnt left lent let lain lighted lost made meant met misspelled/misspelt mistaken mowed/mown overcome overdone overtaken overthrown paid pled proved/proven put quit read rid ridden rung risen run sawed/sawn said seen sought sold sent set sewed/sewn shaken 17

110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154

shave shear shed shine shoe shoot show shrink shut sing sink sit sleep slay slide sling slit smite sow speak speed spend spill spin spit split spread spring stand steal stick sting stink stride strike string strive swear sweep swell swim swing take teach tear

shaved shore shed shone shoed shot showed shrank shut sang sank sat slept slew slid slung slit smote sowed spoke sped spent spilled/spilt spun spit/spat split spread sprang/sprung stood stole stuck stung stank strod struck strung strove swore swept swelled swam swung took taught tore

shaved/shaven shorn shed shone shoed/shod shot showed/shown shrunk shut sung sunk sat slept slain slid slung slit smitten sowed/sown spoken sped spent spilled/spilt spun spit split spread sprung stood stolen stuck stung stunk stridden struck strung striven sworn swept swelled/swollen swum swung taken taught torn 18

155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174

tell think thrive throw thrust tread understand uphold upset wake wear weave wed weep wind win withhold withstand wring write

told thought thrived/throve threw thrust trod understood upheld upset woke wore weaved/wove wed wept wound won withheld withstood wrung wrote

told thought thrived thrown thrust trodden understood upheld upset woken worn weaved/woven wed wept wound won withheld withstood wrung written

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