7th Mediterranean Conference and Exhibition on Power Generation, Transmission, Distribution and Energy Conversion 7-10 November 2010,

Agia Napa, Cyprus (Paper No. MED10/193)

Increase Power Transfer Capability and Controlling Line Power Flow in Power System Installed the FACTS
Vjollca Komoni, Isuf Krasniqi *, Gazmend Kabashi**, Avni Alidemaj** Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Prishtina, Kosovo Transmission System and Market Operator of Kosovo, KEK Energetic Corporation of Kosovo

Abstract-- This paper presents possibility to increase power system capability and controlling line power flow in power system with FACTS controllers. FACTS enhance power system performance, improve quality of supply and also provide an optimal utilization of existing resources. Various FACTS controllers devices, especially SVC and STATCOM, enable load flow on parallel circuits to be optimized and controlled, with a minimum of power wheeling, the best possible utilization of line, and a minimizing of overall system losses at the same time. The objectives were to determine the power transfer capability in power system, identify means of increasing the transfer limit, and test the potential application of FACTS devices. The paper describes the analytical approach, computational tools and simulations models.
Keywords: Power systems performance, load flow optimized and controls, FACTS controllers devices, SVC and STATCOM, transmission efficiency.

I. INTRODUCTION Aximum power transfer in transmission system are often determined by steady-state ( thermal or voltage), transient stability and/or voltage stability limits. These constraints prevent full utilization of available transmission resources. Therefore, FACTS (flexible ac transmission system) technology can provide power controllers to enhance the utilization of existing transmission system and reduce the steady-state and transient stability limits [2]-[4]. Traditionally, fixed or mechanically switched shunt and series capacitors, reactors and synchronous generators were being used to solve much of the problem. However there are restrictions as to the use of these conventional devices. This desired performance was not being able to achieve effectively. Wear and tear in the mechanical components
V. Komoni is with the Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Prishtina, Kosovo (vjollca.komoni@fiek.uni-pr.edu). I. Krasniqi is with the Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Prishtina, Kosovo ( ). G. Kabashi is with the Transmission System and Market Operator of Kosovo, (gazmend.kabashi@kostt.com). A. Alidemaj is with Energetic Corporation of Kosovo, ( )

and slow response were the heart of the problems. For these needs requires the alternative technology made of solid state devices with fast response characteristics. There is achieved with a rapid development of power electronics and semiconductors technologies in the last decades, a new family devices with the common name flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) is becoming available. Facts controllers have been applied in utilities around the world since 1970s, when the first used family of FACTS named Static Var Compensator (SVC). Since then more research and development of FACTS controllers was done [10]. This paper presents a possibility to increase power transfer capability and controlling line power flow in our transmission system. The aims of this study were to determinate the line power transfer capability in our power transmission system, identify means of increasing transfer limit, and analyses possibility of use FACTS device. Paper present the results of simulation which are analyze and study the increase power transfer capability and controlling line power flow in power system with SVC and STATCOM. The model Kosovo power system is studies and the developed in PSS/E 32. Simulations are carried out for steady state calculation and dynamic simulation. By means of steady state calculation are analyzed the effect of FACTS in operation performance of transmission power system. While, by means of dynamic calculation is analyzed the response of FACTS device in small or large disturbance in system.

II. FACTS DEVICES In the power system, the FACTS device may be used to achieve several goals. FACTS controllers can be used for various applications to enhance power system performance. The greatest advantages of using FACTS controllers is that can be used in the three states of the power system> (1) Steady state, (2) Transient and (3) Post transient steady state. In steady state applications of FACTS controllers includes voltage control (low and high), increasing the thermal loading, loop flows control. SVC and STATCOM can be used for voltage control while TCSC is more suited for loop flow control and power flow control. Dynamic application of FACTS controllers includes transient stability improvement, oscillation damping and voltage stability enhancement. The most important of FACTS application is the capabilities expected to be able to

reduce the impact of primary disturbance. The impact reduction of contingencies can be achieved through dynamic voltage support (STATCOM) dynamic flow control (TCSC) or both with the use of UPFC. SVC Schematic diagram of a static var compensator is shown in fig.1. SVC can provide voltage and reactive power control by varying its shunt reactance. Two popular configurations of SVC are the combination of fixed capacitor and Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR) and the combination of Thyristor Switched Capacitor (TSC) and harmonic filters. It might also include mechanically switched shunt capacitors (MSCs), and then is used the term static var system.

STATCOM STATCOM is one of the important shunt connected Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) controllers to control power flow and make better transient stability [7]. The voltage-sourced converter (VSC) is the basic electronic part of a STATCOM, which converters the dc voltage into a three-phase set of output voltages with desired amplitude, frequency, and phase. A STATCOM device, as shown in Fig. 3 consist of dc capacitor that is shunt-connected to the ac network by means of high-speed electronic switches. Sufficient number of thyristor bridges, it is possible for a convert to synthesize a controlled ac voltage with acceptable harmonic content behind the convert transformer reactance. It regulates voltage at its terminal by changing the amount of reactive power in or out from the power system. When system voltage is low, the STATCOM inject reactive power. When system voltage is high, it absorbs reactive power.

HV bus Q SVC MV bus

Transmission Line
If V0 =V, i=0 V If V0 >V, i=0 is Capacitive

Filters TCR TSC TSC

If V0 <V, i=0 is Inductive

Step-Down Transformer

PT

V0 AC

GTO

Fig.1. Schematic diagram of an SVC

SVC is basically a shunt connected static Var generator/load whose output is adjusted to exchange capacitive or inductive current so as to maintain or control specific power system Variables; typically, the controlled Variable is the SVC bus voltage. One of the major reasons for installing a SVC is to improve dynamic voltage control, and thus, increase power system capability. The SVC is basically represented by Variable reactance with maximum inductive and capacitive limits to control the SVC bus voltage, with additional control block and signals to damp oscillations, as shown in Fig. 2.

Power Switching Converter

Control

DC

Storage (dc) Capacitor

Fig.3. STATCOM Configuration

Additional input

sT w 1+ sT w Bmax
+

V
+

K
1+ sT

1+ sT1 1+ sT2 B min

ref

Fig. 2. Structure of SVC controller with oscillation damping, where B is the equivalent shunt susceptance of the co

For pure reactive control, the ac voltage is kept in phase with the terminal voltage. In the ideal situation, because there is not net exchange of active power between the device and network, the dc capacitor remains charged at the desired level. A STATCOM is usually used to control transmission voltage by reactive power shunt compensation. Typically, a STATCOM consist of a coupling transformer, an inverter and a DC capacitor, such as shown in Fig.3. For such an arrangement, in ideal steady state analysis, it can be assumed that the active power exchange between the ac system and the STATCOM can be neglected, and only the reactive power can be exchanged between them. Power Flow Constraints of the STATCOM Fig. 4. show the equivalent circuit of the STATCOM which can be derived based on them operating principle. In the derivation, it is assumed that (a) harmonics generated by the STATCOM are neglected; (b) the systems as well as STATCOM are three phase balanced.

The rating of an SVC can be optimized to meet the required demand. The rating can be symmetric or asymmetric with respect to inductive or capacitive reactive power.

Bus i I sh

i Psh+ j Qsh
Z sh
+ -

a reactor; positive as a capacitor. The PSS/E 32 dynamic model is composite of the voltage regulator with transient gain, determined by the time constant (T1 through T4) and an integrator gain (K). The per-unit steady-state gain is equal to the inverse of Droop. Droop allows the sharing of voltage control with other STATCOMs or generators.

V sh

III. CASY STUDIES SYSTEM The study is carried out on a large system. Model consist from 9 Power Systems merged PSS/E 32 Models representing individual Countries of South East Europe, including Kosovo Power System. Kosovo power system is modeled in detail and the rest of network only horizontal network 400kV and 220kV is modeled (KOSTT owner of model). The models consist from power flow data file, dynamic data file and sequence data file. To meet the rapid growth in demand and the need for power transfer performance such as a voltage regulation, and to enhance the power transfer capability, emphasis the needs to installation the FACTS device, such as shunt device SVC, in more bus in system. The study case is provide the analyses the impact of SVC FACTS devices in 110kV part of Transmission Kosovo power system, where is presentation the needs for there installation. The base model that is exploited is developed with the SVC model given from the PSS/E 32 software library. In order to show the effect of SVC and STATCOM in power system performance have been achieve the calculation for steady state and simulation for dynamic state. By means of, steady state calculation has been analyzed impact of SVC in power system performance such as: - Impact of FACTS to increase power system capability, - Reduction the losses in power system transmission, - Improvement the bus voltage magnitude. While, by means of dynamic simulation are analyzes the response of voltage in power system without or with FACTS, in case of line trip. CASE 1: Steady state simulation in analysis power system without and with SVC PSS/E 32 has been used to simulate power flow without and with SVC under steady state in used power system. The Fig. 6 shows the case study model of used power system. For the steady state analyses are achieved the simulation for the winter peak load consume of 1200 MW, without and with a SVC, shunted in respective bus of system. In this case are analyses the impact of installment the two SVC in two buses in power system. First SVC, has been installment in SS Peja 1 (75MVAr) and, respectively the second SVC in Vitia (30MVAr). Result of simulation without SVC is present in Table 1, respectively with SVC in Table 2.

Fig.4. STATCOM equivalent circuit

Then the STATCOM can be represented by a controllable fundamental frequency positive sequence voltage source Vsh. In principle, the STATCOM output voltage can be regulated such that the reactive power of STATCOM can be changed. In accordance with the equivalent circuit of the STATCOM shown in Fig. 4 suppose V sh =Vsh sh , V i =Vi i , then the power flow constraints of the STATCOM are:

Psh =Vi 2 g sh ViVsh (g sh cos ( i sh )+ bsh sin ( i + sh ))

(1)

Qsh = Vi 2 bsh ViVsh ( g sh sin s ( i sh ) bsh cos ( i + sh )) (2) Where g sh + jbsh = 1 Z sh . The operating constraint of the STATCOM is the active power exchange via the dc-link as described by: PE = Re V sh I sh = 0

(3)

Where
2 Re V sh I sh =Vsh g sh ViVsh (g sh cos ( i sh ) bsh sin ( i + sh )) *

In the load flow, the STATCOM is modeled as a synchronous condenser; i.e., a condenser with no active power output. The STATCOM dynamic model as shown in Fig. 5, where is presented the model who provide in PSS/E 32 and so-called CSTCNT. Inputs to the model are the monitored voltage (V), the voltage reference (Vref ), and the signals from the controls VAR (L) such as power system stabilizers. The output of the model is the reactive current. Negative current corresponds to STATCOM performance as
Fig.5. PSS/E 32 STATCOM dynamic model

VAR(L+1)=Vref
+

V MAX

Limit Max

VT

(1+sT1)(1+sT 2) (1+sT3)(1+sT4) K s +

- -

1 Xt

STBASE SBASE

VAR(L+2)=Ei

STATCOM Current VAR (L+3)

VAR(L) (other signals)

V MIN Droop

Limit Min

in SS Peja 1 the line capability has increase.

Fig.6. Kosovo power system in the case study model

Table 1.
Power transformer Bus kV FERIZ 121 110.0 PEJA 31 110.0 PRIS 42 110.0 PRIZ 22 110.0 TKOSA 2 110.0 110 kV OVERHEAD LINES KFERI 25KSHAR 5 110.0 KFERI 25KGJIL55 110.0 KVUSH 25TKOS 5 110.0 KGJAK15-KGJAK25 110.0 KSHAR5- KVITI5 110.0 KKLIN5A-KPEJA3 110.0 KPEAJ35-KPEJA5 110.0 KPRIZ15-KPRIZ25 110.0 Loading 166.0 128.7 85.2 75.1 103.0 33.6 45.7 56.4 68.4 20.2 70.6 114.5 78.8 Rating 300.0 300.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 82.7 114.3 114.3 114.3 114.3 114.3 114.3 114.3 Percent 55.3 42.9 56.8 50.1 68.7 40.2 39.9 49.4 59.8 17.7 61.8 100.2 68.9

Fig.7. Case study: part of network modeled in PSS/E with SVC

Table 2.
Power transformer Bus kV FERIZ 121 110.0 PEJA 31 110.0 PRIS 42 110.0 PRIZ 22 110.0 TKOSA 2 110.0 110 kV OVERHEAD LINES KFERI 25KSHAR 5 110.0 KFERI 25KGJIL55 110.0 KVUSH 25TKOS 5 110.0 KGJAK15-KGJAK25 110.0 KSHAR5- KVITI5 110.0 KKLIN5A-KPEJA3 110.0 KPEAJ35-KPEJA5 110.0 KPRIZ15-KPRIZ25 110.0 Loading 162.9 122.7 83.3 72.1 100.7 31.4 43.5 55.5 58.4 19.8 69.1 105.0 78.2 Rating 300.0 300.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 82.7 114.3 114.3 114.3 114.3 114.3 114.3 114.3 Percent 54.3 40.9 55.58 48.1 67.2 37.6 38.1 47.7 51.1 17.4 60.5 91.8 68.4

While, when in SS Peja 1 has been disconnected the SVC, then the power line Peja 3- Peja 5 will be overload. Fig. 8 shown the part of network modeled, without SVC, where the respective line has been overloaded.

The steady state analyses, presented in Table 1 and Table 2, showed that the power flow and the power transfer capability have increase, with SVC installment in two characteristic buses. In this case, excepting of increasing the power transfer capability also has to improvement the bus voltage. Furthermore, as well as the table presentation of the increase the power line capability with the SVC, in following as shown the achieve simulation with SVC, respectively without SVC. Fig. 7 has shown the case study, part of network modeled in PSS/E. In this case with SVC installed

Fig.8. Case study: part of network modeled in PSS/E without SVC

CASE 2: Dynamic simulation in analysis power system without and with SVC By means of dynamic simulation are analyses the response of voltage in power system without or with FACTS, in case

of line trip. Further, we have carried out the simulation after line trip, and are analyses the reactive power response of FACTS device and effect of FACTS device on voltage recovery after line trip. Dynamic simulation are realized by the trip 110 kV line Peja 1-Peja 3, then in 110 kV bus Peja 1 substation has been injected the STATCOM with 100 MVAr. Fig. 9 has shown the reactive power response of STATCOM after line trip. Then, in first second has trip the 110 kV line Peja 1-Peja3, which cause voltage drop on the other 110kV bus bars and with very fast response of STATCOM with adding additional reactive power in 94.5 MVAr, now the voltage will be return to the common value. The 110kV line Peja 3 Peja 1 is very important line of Kosovo Transmission System, while in the peak load is very heavy loaded.

Fig. 11 showed the voltage response, and the effects of STATCOM device on neighboring 110kV substation, in this case after trip the 110 kV line Peja1- Peja3. The line trip has influence in the neighboring line with substantial voltage drop, but with injection the reactive power the voltage value has to stabilizing about common value.

Fig. 11 Voltage response in different 110kV busses

IV. CONCLUSION This paper provide the possibility of installed the SVC and STATCOM devices on 110 kV network of transmission power system. Application of a SVC and STATCOM for providing the increase of the power system capability and control power flow has been explored in this study. The study includes the different FACTS device to investigate its effect in power system in steady-state and dynamic state after the power line trip. PSS/E 32 model has been used to analyzing the power system with different FACTS device. During the steady state simulation are used the SVC, while the dynamic simulation are used the STATCOM. With SVC installment in two characteristic buses, observe the increasing the power transfer capability of power line and the improvement of the bus voltage. With the dynamic simulation, after line trip, the bus voltage response is there decrease under common value, and the STATCOM has support the voltage bus injecting the more reactive power on this bus.

Fig.9. Reactive power response after 110 kV line trip SS Peja1- SS Peja3

After line trip the bus voltage response is there decrease under common value, and the STATCOM will now try to support the voltage bus injecting the more reactive power on this bus. Fig. 10 shown the voltage recovery with STATCOM who is very significant, but without the STATCOM this part of transmission system can loose the voltage stability.

V. APPENDIX Sample STATCOM (CSTCNT FACTS) model in PSS/E data: T1= 0.5; T1= 0.5; T1= 0.5; T1= 0.5; K =24; Vdrop=0.03; Vmax=999; Vmin=-999; ICmax=1.25; ILmax=1.25; VCUTOUT=0.2; XT=1.2; ACC=0.5; STBASE=100;

Fig.10. Voltage response after 110kV line trip SS Peja1SS Peja3 with STATCOM

VI. REFERENCES
Periodicals:
[1] N. Mithulananthan, C.A.Canizares, J. Reeve and G. J. Rogers, Comparison of PSS, SVC and STATCOM Controllers for Damping Power system Oscillations, IEEE Trans. PS Vol.18, No. 2, pp 786792, May 2003. FACTS Overview, "IEEE Power Engineering Society Publication," 95-TP-108, 1995. FACTS Applications, "IEEE Power Engineering Society Publication," 96-TP-116, 1996. A. Edris, " FACTS Technology Development: An Update," IEEE Power Engineering Review, Vol. 20, No. 3 pp. 4-9 March 2000. N. G. Hingoran and L. Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS, IEEE Press 1999. Y. H. Song and A. T. Johns, Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS), IEE Power and Energy Series 30, 1999. I. Prabhakar Reddy, B. V. Sanker Ram, STATCOM with FLC for Damping of Oscillations of Multi Machine Power System, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 2005-2010 JATIT, www. Jatit.org

Power System, MedPower 08, Greece.

November 2008, Thessalonica,

VII. BIOGRAPHIES
Vjollca Komoni obtained the Dipl. Ing. Degree from the University of Prishtina, Kosovo in 1976, the M.S. degree from the University of Zagreb, Croatia in 1982, and the Ph.D. degree from Polytechnic University of Tirana in 2008, all in electrical engineering. Currently, she works as a professor assistant at the Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering the University of Prishtina. Her research interests are in stability and control of power systems. Isuf Krasniqi obtained the Dipl.Ing degree from the University of Prishtina, Kosovo in 1972, the M.S. degree from the University of Zagreb, Croatia in 1978 and the Ph.D degree from the University of Prishtina, Kosovo, in 1987. Currently, he works as a professor at the Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering the University of Prishtina. He is the member of Academy of Science and Arts of Kosova. His research interests are in High voltage technique and Coordination insulations. Gazmend Kabashi received his electrical engineering ing. Degree from University of Prishtina, Kosovo in 2003. The M.S. degree received in 2008 in the same Faculty. He is a Ph.D. applicant in Power System Department at the Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering the University of Prishtina. Since 2003 he is with Transmission System and Market Operator of Kosovo ( KOSTT) working on long term development of transmission network. His research interests are in transient stability of power systems, and Wind Power energy. Avni Alidemaj Was graduated as electrical engineer at University of Prishtina, Kosovo in 1997.The M.S. degree in the same faculty in 2008. Currently work as Executive Director in Distribution Division in Power Corporation of Kosova (Korporata Energjetike e Kosovs-KEK). His research interests are in High voltage technique and Coordination insulations.

[2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]

Books:
[8] Xiao-Ping Zhang, Christian Rehtouz, Bikash Pal, Flexible AC Transmission Systems: Modeling and Control, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2006.

Papers Presented at Conferences (Unpublished):

[9] John J. Paserba, How FACTS Controllers Benefits AC Transmission Systems, IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meting, Denver, Colorado, 6-10 June 2004.

Papers from Conference Proceedings (Published):

[10] N. Acharya, A. Sode-Yome, N. Mithulananthan, Facts about Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) Controllers: Practical Installations and Benefits, AUPEC 2005, Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference, September 2005, Australia, Volume 2/5184. [11] M. Noroozian, C.W. Taylor, Benefits of SVC and STATCOM for Electric Utility Application, Transmission and Distribution Conference and Expositions 2003 IEEE PES, September 2003, Volume 3, 1143-1150. [12] V. Komoni, G. Kabashi, L. Gjini, Effect of Power System Stabilizer (PSS) and Static Var Compensator (SVC) on Dynamic Stability of