THE SPIDER GENERA STEATODA AND ENOPLOGNATHA IN AMERICA* (ARANEAE, THERIDIIDAE)

BY HERBErt2" W. Lvr Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University

The previous revisions (Levi, 957a, 957b) of the. two genera Enoploynatha and Steatoda considered only the North American species. Since the revisions were published, large South American collections have become available and the types of South American species could be consulted. The majority of species of both genera are found in the north temperate zone and are fairly well known. The additional species described here from the neotropical area are sometimes intermediate between the. two genera. Enoploynatha peruviana may lack the tooth on the posterior margin of the chelicerae as in Steatoda species. The. males of several Steatoda (e.g.S. andina) have the chelicerae enlarged as is characteristic of Enoplognatha. South American E.noplognatha species are found only in southern Peru and northern Chile (Map ). The genus has no representatives in Central America or the West Indies. Steatoda species are found in all parts of South America, with several endemic species, and several that are widespread (S. ancorata, 8. grossa, S. moesta). Unlike Anelosimus species (Levi, in press) Steatoda species cross the desert or mountain barrier into Chile (Map 2). The types of species could be exam/ned through the hospitality and cooperation of Dr. G. Owen Evans and Mr. D. Clark of the British Museum (Natural History) Prof. G. C. Varley of the Hope Department of Entomology, Oxford; Dr. L. Brundin of the Natural History Museum, Stockholm; Prof. M. Birab4n of the Museo de la Plata; Prof. M. Vachon of the Mus4um National dHistoire Naturelle, Paris; Mr. J. Prdszyfiski of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw; Dr. L. Forcart of the Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel and Dr. M. Beier of the Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna. I would like to thank the following for the loan of specimens for study: Prof. M. Vachon, Musdum National dHistoire Naturelle (MNHN); Mr. J. Kekenbosch of the Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles, Brussels (ISNB) Dr. W. J. Gertsch of the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH); Dr. O. Kraus of the Senckenberg Museum,
*Manuscript received by the editor Noember 20, 1961.
II

Psyche

[March

Frankfurt (SMF); Dr. E. S. Ross of the California Academy of Sciences (CAS) Dr. H. Exline (Mrs. D. Frizzell) for specimens from northern Peru and Ecuador collected by herself and others; Dr. R. X. Schick of California; Miss H. Zapfe (Mrs. G. Mann) o.t: Santiago de Chile; Dr. J. Abalos of Santiago del Estero and Prof. H. Stahnke of Arizona. A trip to European museums to examine types was made, possible by a National Science Foundation Grant (G-4317) and the research was supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health (E-I944).

Enoplognath,a Pavesi
Enoplognatha Pavesi, 1880, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, vol. 15, p. 325. Type species by original designation and monotypy Theridion mandibulare Lucas.

Diagnosis. Medium sized to large theridiid spiders. Enoplognatha, like Steatoda, has a large colulus and a subspherical abdomen. Females have a tooth on the posterior margin o.f the chelicerae. Males usually have enlarged chelicerae, with enlarged teeth and have the paracymbium on the margin of the cymbium (Levi and Levi, 962). Species misplaced. Enoploynatha dubia Chamberlin, 916 dnelosimus studiosus (Hentz, 185o). Enoplo#natha trianlulifera Simon, A nelosimus recurvatus (Tullgren, I9Ol ). 19o2

Map 1. Distribution of South American EnoplotTnatha species.

Key to American Species of Enoplo#natha Species found in South America Species found in north of Mexico

1962]

Levi

Steatoda and Enoplotlnatha

13

2a. Epigynum with a large central depression (Figs. I2, I3, I5) 3 zb. Epigynum otherwise 4 3a. Epigynum with central depression surrounded by a lip (Figs. Peru 12, I3) ducts coiled (Fig. E. juninensis (Keyserling) 3b. Epigynum with central depression lacking a lip posterior (Fig. 5) ducts with a sclerotized loop (Fig. 14) Chile

E. zapfei

n. sp.

Fused ducts extending anterior and surrounding seminal receptacles (Fig. 9) E. Iauno n. sp. Fused ducts not extending anterior of seminal receptacles (Fig. E. peruviana Chamberlin 7) Yellow-white coloration with black or red lines on carapace and abdomen (I957a, fig. 4); introduced in northeastern and Pacific coast states E. ovata Clerck 6 5b. Gray, brown or black coloratio.n Males 7 Females 14 Lacking paracymbium on cymbial margin (Fig. 4) Arizona, southeastern California E. maricopa n. sp. 8 7b. With paracymbium on cymbial margin Conductor with a stalked distal apophysis (I957a, fig. 13-16) 9 Conductor otherwise O Conductor apophysis widened distally and truncate (I957a, figs. E. selma Chamberlin and Ivie 15, 16); California 9b. Conductor apophysis pointed distally (957a, figs. 3, 14); introduced in Oregon E. thoracica (Hahn) Ioa. Chelicerae with two subequal teeth on posterior margin (I957a,

gs.

24,

25)

Iob. Chelicerae with one large, mesal tooth (I957a, figs. 46-48) 12 lIa. Abdomen with a spotted dorsal pattern 957a, fig. 33) median apophysis in ventral view only in distal halt? of alveolus (I957a, fig. :z6); widespread throughout United States and southern

Canada, Mexico

E.

marmorata

(Hentz)

Ilb. Abdomen with a foliate dorsal pattern (957a, fig. 37) ;median apophysis in ventral view extending into proximal half of alveolus (I957a, fig. 28); east of Rocky Mountains to Newfoundland E. tecta (Keyserling) I2a. Ectal portion of conductor with long axis almost parallel to axis of cymbium (I957a, figs. 42-45); western states, rare in east E. joshua Chamberlin and Ivie

14

Psyche

[March

i2b. Long axis of ectal portion of conductor at almost right angles to axis of cymbium (I957a, figs. 38, 4o) 13 I3a. Embolus more proximal, conductor with a longer ectal portion (figs. 38, 39) South Dakota to Utah at lower elevations E. wyuta Chamberlin and Ivie i3b. Embolus more distal, conductor with a shorter ectal portion (I957a, figs. 40, 41); Alaska to Greenland, in Rocky Mountains above timberline and in spruce-fir forest, Minnesota, E. intrepida Sorensen Pennsylvania. New England bridge (I957a, fig. transverse a posterior Epigynum light with I4a. 55) ;western states, rare in east E. joshua Chamberlin and 1vie Epigynum otherwise 15 Epigynum with an oval depression having dark marks of openings on the anterior of the depression (I957a, fig. 20); E. selma Chamberlin and 1vie California 16 I5b. Epigynum otherwise I6a. Epigynum with a transverse swelling, with a seam on the anterior and ope.nings on each end of seam (I957a, fig. 18); E. thoracica (Hahn) introduced in Oregon I6b. Epigynum otherwise 17 ITa. Epigynum with distinct dark marks indicating openings I9 I8 Tb. Epigynum with diffuse dark marks ISa. Swelling of epigynum divided by a transverse groove (I957a, figs. 3I, 32), spotted dorsal abdominal pattern (957a, fig. 33); widespread throughout United States and southern Canada, E. marmorata (Hentz) Mexico Epigynum swelling undivided with only a slight depression posterior I957a, figs. 35, 36), foliate dorsal pattern of abdomen (I957a, fig. 37); east of Rocky Mountains to Newfoundland E. tecta (Keyserling) I9a. Dark mark of epigynum anterior to a light swelling (Fig. 2); E. maricolsa n. sp. Arizona, southeastern California Dark mark anterior transverse a to ridge 20 I9b. 2oa. Posterior edge of dark mark of epigynum straight (I957a, fig. 50); South Dakota to Utah at lower elevations E. w3,uta Chamberlin and Ivie 2ob. Dark mark dumb-bell shaped (I957a, fig. 52); Alaska to Greenland, in Rocky Mountains above timberline and in sprucefir forest, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, New England E. intrel)ida Sorensen

1962]

Levi

Steatoda and Enoplognatha

15

Enoploynatha sehna Chamberlin and Ivie

Additional record.

Canyon, San Gabriel Mrs., 3

California. Los Angeles Co.: Big Tujunga June I955 (R. X. Schick).

Enoploynatha marmorata Hentz) and Enoplognatha tecta (Keyserling)

Although these are common species in the eastern United States, we still have l:ew observatio.ns on their habits. Mature E. tecta have been collected on a garage door in Cambridge, Massachusetts and numerous, specimens were collected rolled up in leaves in herbaceous vegetation along l:ore.st edge about 4o cm above ground in southern Minnesota, in an area where E. marmorata was collected under boards
in gardens. Additional records ol: E. marmorata. Canada. British Columbia: Muskeg near Little Prairie (D. Rounds). Mexico. Hidalgo: (]uerrero Mill (W. M. Mann).

Enoplognatha marieopa new species

Figures I-5 Tyle. Male l:rom Phoenix, Maricopa County, Arizona, March I96o (H. L. Stahnke) in the Museum ol: Comparative Zoology. Description. VIale carapace, sternum, legs red-brown. Abdomen mottled purplish. Sclerotized portion o.l: epigastric area and plate above pedicel on abdomen red-brown. Carapace with a circular thoracic depression. Anterior median eyes smallest, anterior laterals largest. Anterior median eyes a little less than a diameter apart, their radius l:rom laterals.. Posterior median eyes a little less than a. diameter apart, one diameter l:rom laterals. Chelicerae heavy but not elongated, with one large anterior tooth (Fig. 5). Total length 3.4 mm. Carapace 1.8 mm long, 1.3 mm wide. First patella and tibia. 1.4 mm; second .3 mm; third _.o mm. Fourth l:emur 1.3 mm; patella and tibia 1.6 mm; metatarsus 1.2 mm; tarsus o.5 mm. lemale carapace, sternum and legs mottled brown or yellowish. Abdomen with a black pattern on dorsum as in Enol)lognatha wyuta Chamberlin and Ivie (I957a, fig. 53). Anterior median eyes smaller than others. Anterior medians one and one-halt: diameters apart, one diameter l:rom laterals.. Posterior median eyes one diameter apart, a little more than one diameter rom laterals. Chelicera with one anterior to.oth and three denticles between tooth and base ol: l:ang.

I6

Psyche

[March

Posterior margin of chelicera with one small tooth (missing on one side of one specimen). Total length one female 2.9 mm, another 3.8 ram. Carapace of the latter 1.5 mm long, I.a mm wide. First femur 1.6 mm; patella and tibia 1.8 mm; metatarsus I.O mm; tarsus o.8 mm. Second patella and tibia 1.5 mm; third I.I mm; fourth 1.8 mm. Comments. It is not certain that the male and female described here. belong together. However, since large collections of spiders are available from southern and southeastern Arizona and no specimens of Enoplognatha have been found, I assume that the distribution of Enoplognatha m.aricopa is north from the type locality, where the females were found, a poorly collected area. Diagnosis. The palpus differs from other North American species in that there is no paracymbium on the margin of the cymbium (Fig. 4). However, the transparent edge of the cymbium is difficult to see. On the mesal side of the bulb is a sclerite, probably part of the conductor, which has two projections, one toward the renter and one toward the distal end of the palpus (Fig. 3). The female differs from Enoplognatha intrepida (Sorensen) in that it has two dark openings connected by a black groove; posterior to the groove is a swelling

having a lighter center (Fig. 2). Records. California. Placer Co., near Emigrant Gap, 8 July 1956, 2 9 (V. Roth, W. J. Gertsch, AMNH) Tahoe City, 8 July 956,

9 (W. J. Gertsch, V. Roth, AMNH).

Enoplognatha peruviana Chamberlin Figures 6-8

Enolblognatha eruiana Chamberlin, 1916, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60:232, pl. 16, figs. 8-11, 9. Female type from Urubamba, 3100 m alt., [Cuzeo], Peru, in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, examined.

Description. Carapace, sternum, legs red-brown. Abdomen black with a dorsal pattern as in Enoplognatha tecta (Keyserling), (I957a, tqg. 37). Anterior median eyes two-thirds diameter apart, one diameter from laterals. Posterior median eyes two-thirds diameter apart, one and one-half diameters from laterals. Anterior median eyes slightly smaller than others. Cheliccra with three large teeth on anterior margin, the first and third larger than the middle one; none on posterior margin of the type. However, another specimen seems to have the posterior tooth. Colulus relatively small with two setae. Total length of female type 6.5 ram. Carapace 3.6 mm long, 2.4 mm wide. First femur, 2.7 mm; patella and tibia, 3.4 mm;

1962]

Levi

Steatoda and Enoplognatha

metatarsus, 2.0 mm; tarsus, I.I ram. Second patella and tibia, 3.0 mm; third, 2.3 mm; fourth, 3.2 mm. The male illustrated (Fig. 6) may belong to this species; this is uncertain, as is the locality where it has been found. Records. Peru. "Pampa Machei, 44oo m," Feb. I947, ( (Brecht, AMNH). Cuzco: Cuzco, 35oo m, July 947, (W. Weyrauch,

AMNH).
Enoplognatha puno new species
Figures 9, o

Type. Female from 32 km north of Desaguadero, Puno, Peru, 27 Feb. I95I (E. I. Schlinger, E. S. Ross), in the California Academy of Sciences. The specific name is a noun in apposition, after the type locality. Description. Carapace, sternum, legs dark brown. Abdomen brownish black with an indistinct dorsal pattern as in E. peruviana. Venter with some white pigment on each side. Anterior median eyes much smaller (two-thirds their diameter) than oval posterior eyes. Anterior median eyes two-thirds diameter apart, more than their diameter trom laterals. Posterior median eyes less than their shorter diameter apart, two and one-half times their shorter diameter from laterals. Chelicerae with three large anterior teeth and a minute denticle on posterior margin. Total length 6.1 mm. Carapace. 2.6 mm long, 2.o mm wide. First femur 2.3 mm; patella and tibia 2.9 mm; metatarsus 1.7 mm; tarsus I.O mm. Second patella and tibia 2.5 mm; third 2.1 mm; fourth 3.o mm. Diagnosis. Only the epigynum (Fig. o) and ducts of the internal genitalia (Fig. 9) separate this species from E. peruviana; the pattern and the structure are very similar. It is possible that this species belongs to a geographical race of E. peruviana.
Enoplognatha juninensis (Keyserling) Figures 3
Lftlylantes juninensfs Keyserling, 1884, Die Spinnen Amerikas, Theridiidae 2(1) :143, pl. 6, fig. 90, 9. Female lectotype here designated from Maraynioc, Junin, Peru in the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw,
examined. Enoplognatha )uninensis, Simon, 1894, Histoire Naturelle des Araign6es, 1:
578.

The specimen examined from Pasco, Peru has the abdomen dark gray with a light area on each side on dorsum; the venter is also dark

18

Psyche

[March

gray with a light area on each side between cpigynum and spinnerets. The chelicerae have three large teeth on the promargin, a minute

Figs. 1-5. Enoplotnatha maricopa new species. 1. Female genitalia, dorsal view. 2. Epigynum. 3, 4. Let palus. 3. Ventral view. 4. Ectal view. 5. Left male chelicera, posterior view. Figs. 6-8. E. peruiana Chamberlin. 6. Palpus (doubtful determination). 7. Female genitalia, dorsal view. 8. Epigynum. Figs. 9-10. E. puno new species. 9. Female genitalia, dorsal view. 10. Epigynum. Figs. 11-13. E. juninensis (Keyserling). 11. Female genitalia, dorsal view. 12, 13. Epigynum. Figs. 14-15. E. apfei new species. 14. Female genitalia, dorsal view. 15.

Eplgynum.

tooth on the posterior margin. The colulus is large, almost transparent white, with two setae rom the base. Records. Peru. Pasco: near Huayllay, 44oo m, o Aug. 953,

1962]
9

Levi--Steatoda and Enoplognatha

19
9 paratype with

paratype

(H. W. Koepcke, SMF). Junin. Maraynioc, (BMNH).

Enoplognatha zapfei new species Figures 14, 15

Type. Female from Putre, Province Tarapac{t, Chile, Feb. 1948 (Avil6s.), in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. The species is named after Miss H. Zapfe of Santiago de Chile. Description. Carapace dark yellow, darker around anterior median eyes. Chelicerae red-brown. Sternum, legs dark yellow. Abdomen gray with darker gray mottled pattern on dorsum and a pair ot
longitudinal lighter bands between genitalic area and spinnerets. Anterior median eyes slightly smaller than others. Anterior lateral eyes on slight tubercles. Anterior median eyes slightly less than one diameter apart, a little more than one diameter from laterals. Posterior median eyes three-quarters diameter apart, two diameters from laterals. Chelicerae with three teeth on anterior margin, a blunt indistinct tooth posterior. Total length 9.2 ram. Carapace 4.5 mm long, 3.4 mm wide. First femur, 4.I ram; patella, and tibia, 5.o mm; metatarsus, 3.4 mm tarsus, 1.6 ram. Second patella and tibia, 4.3 mm; third, 3.7 mm; fourth, 5.I ram. Diagnosis. This large species of Enoplognatha can be separated from E. )uninensis by the lack of posterior lip in the opening of the depression of the epigynum (Fig. I5) and by lack of the internal coiled duct. The ducts of E. zap/ei are heavily sclerotized adjacent to the seminal receptacles (Fig. I4).

Steatoda Sundevall
Steatoda Sundevall, 1833, Conspectus Araehnidum, p. 16. Type species designated by Thorell, 1869, On European Spiders, p. 93. S. castanea (Clerek,

1757).

Diagnosis. Medium-sized to large theridiid spiders, usually dark in coloration. Colulus very large. Chelicerae armed with a tooth or several teeth on anterior margin. But unlike Enoplognatha, it has no teeth on the posterior margin of female chelicerae. Abdomen subspherical. Males often with enlarged chelicerae and a sclerotized ring around pedicel on anterior end of abdomen. The abdomen of most species has a white line around anterior of dorsum, in addition to other lines or spots (Levi and Levi, I962). Note. The common species of North America were described in

20

Psyche

[March

a previous paper (Levi 1957b). In this paper the ventral view of the genitalia (cleared epigynum) was illustrated, not the dorsal as in most of my papers on theridiid spiders. Gertsch (96o) has taken issue with my treatment of species of the "fulva" group in the previous paper and has named several new species. However, insufficient ecological and life history data are available for the possible species involved to permit making a final decision now (Levi, 196o). Thus the only species recognized are those of my previous revision. Steatoda brasiliana Keyserling, 884, Die Spinnen Amerikas Theridiidae, 2(): 115, pl. 5, fig. 75, o Male type from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in the Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, examined is a male Steatoda bipunctata (Linn.) from Europe (NEW SYNONYMY). The female described by Keyserling in 1886 as S. brasiliana is probably a specimen of S. moesta (Keyserling). Species misplaced: Lithyphantes juninensis Keyserling- Enoploynatha juninensis (Keyserling). Steatoda rubra Keyserling, 886, Die Spinnen Amerikas, Theridiidae, 2(a): a39, pl. 20, fig. 294, ?. Female type from Blumenau, Theridion rubra (Keyserling). Brazil

Key
Iao

to American Species of Steatoda

Epigynum with a prominent, wide, transverse bridge; areas anterior and posterior to bridge shallow depressions (I957b, figs. 43, 44, 46, 47, 49, 5o); palpus with thread-like embolus on venter, evenly curved, with a membrane inside embolus loop from base supporting a portion of embolus (I957b, figs. 32-41 S. fulva group North America lb. Epigynum without transverse bridge or if with bridge, then areas anterior and posterior to it not depressed; embolus other: wise or if similar South American 2ao Seminal receptacles thickened, sclerotized, coiled ends of ducts (957b, figs. 88, 92, 98, II6); epigynum having a U-shaped depression (I957b, figs. lO5, lO7-1o9) or a shallow circular depression containing anterior a deeper depression on each side of a septum (rarely absent) (1957b, /]gs. 93, 97, 99-1o3) or epigynum as in I957b, fig. 89; palpus with a prominent Ushaped radix on mesal side (1957b, figs. 119, 124, 129, 134, 8. bilunctata group 145, 155) North America
Map 2. Distribution of South American Steatoda species.

22

Psyche

[March

2b. Seminal receptacles oval or spherical; epigynum and palpus otherwise or if similar, not North American 3 3 a. Males 4 Females 17 Palpus with a large mesal projecting radix (I957b, figs. 59, 68) 5 6 Palpus othervise Embolus short, radix longer than hal length o bulb (957b, fig. 59) southern Canada to central Mexico

S. albomaculata (DeGeer) radix less than half length of bulb (I957b, fig. 68); southern Canada to central Mexico, common in northS. americana Emerton eastern states 6a. Palpal tibia one and one-half times length of cymbium (I957b, fig. 76); probably introduced and widespread in United States, S. triangulosa (Walckenaer) rare in South America Palpal tibia as. long as or shorter than cymbium 7 Palpal embolus visible as a prominent loop supported by conductor (I957b, fig. 73); probably cosmopolitan, Florida, S. eriyoniformis (O. P.-Cambridge) Caribbean

5b. Embolus long,

9b.
ioa.

8 Palpus otherwise Palpus with a transverse, ventral embolus base and a prominent short thread-shaped embolus portion (I957b, fig. 74); cosmopolitan; coast states, wide-spread in Mexico and South America 8. yrossa (C. L. Koch) Palpus otherwise 9 Palpal embolus ventral, with a short distal hook as in I957b, fig. 18; southern Mexico to southern Brazil 8. moesta (O. P.-Cambridge) o Palpus otherwise Palpus with biforked embolus (Fig. 22) northern Colombia

S.

marta n. sp.

iob. Palpus otherwise IIa. Palpus with spine on base of embolus and complex U-shaped radix (I957b, fig. iI; Figs. 44-48); southern Mexico to S. ancorata (Holmberg) southern Patagonia 12 Palpus otherwise Palpus with prominent ventral embolus (Fig. 18); chelicerae tuberculate (Fig. 19); Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru to Chile S. andina Keyserling i2b. Palpus and chelicerae otherwise 13

1962]

Levi

Steatoda and Enoploynatha

23

I3a. Palpal embolus appearing as a tightly coiled structure supported by the conductor (Fig. 30). Minas Gerais, Brazil 8. diamanlina n. sp. Palpus otherwise I3b. 14 I4a. Palpus with a long narrow radix (in ventral view) whose axis is parallel to that of the cymbium (Fig. 27); Bolivia, Chile,

Argentina

8. sabulosa

Tullgren

15 ISa. Palpal embolus small, on distal, ventral side of bulb (I957b, fig. 14); Mexico S. quaesita (O. P.-Cambridge) 15b. Palpus with embolus on ectal side or hidden in ventral view.. I6 Palpus with prominent ventral radix (I957b, fig. 27) southern 8. transversa (Banks) California, Texas, Mexico I6b. Palpus otherwise (I957b, fig. 30.); Georgia, Gulf states, West Indies, Mexico to Venezuela S. quadrimaculata (0. P.-Cambridge) I8 I7a. Epigynum with a wrinkled area (Figs. 39, 43) all smooth Epigynum 20 with parts I7b. Epigynum with a shield having its anterior margin lobe.d (I957b, fig. 67); ducts coiled (I957b, fig. 66); southern Canada to central Mexico; common in northeastern states

I4b. Palpus otherwise

S. americana Emerton
ISb. Epigynum without lobed anterior margin; ducts not coiled I9 8. porteri (Simon) I9a. Epigynum as in Figure 39; Chile I9b. Epigynum as in Figure 43; southern Mexico to southern Patagonia 8. ancorata Holmberg) 2oa. Epigynum with a light, transverse, oval, surrounded on sides and behind by a raised area (Fig. 26) Bolivia, Chile, Argentina 8. sabulosa (Tullgren) 2ob. Epigynum otherwise 2 2Ia. Epigynum with a median lobe extending from anterior (Figs.
I7, 2I
22

2Ib. Epigynum without anterior lobe 27 22a. Posterior margin of epigynum heavily sclerotized and projecting in middle (Fig. 2I), northern Colombia S. martan, sp. 22b. Epigynum otherwise 23 23a. Epigynum with a depression along posterior margin (I957b, figs. 58, 72) 24 23b. Epigynum otherwise 25 24a. Posterior median depression bordered on each side by a thorn

24

Psyche

[March

(I957b, fig. 58); southern Canada to central Mexico S. albomaculata (De Geer) 24b. Posterior depression not bordered on sides (I957b, fig. 72); cosmopolitan; Florida, Caribbean S. erigoniformis (O. P.-Cambridge)
25a. Epigynum with two widely separated depressions (Figs. 34, 35); southern Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina S. iheringi (Keyserling) 26 Epigynum otherwise Depression of epigynum bordered all around (Fig. 17);VeneS. andina (Keyserling) zuela, Ecuador, Peru to Chile 26b. Depression on each side of lobe not bordered behind (1957b, figs. 84, 85) cosmopolitan, coast states, widespread in Mexico and South America S. grossa (C. L. Koch) 27a. Epigynum with a narrow, transverse bridge (I957b, fig. 8I); probably introduced and widespread in United States and South America S. trianyulosa (Walckenaer) 28 27b. Epigynum otherwise 28a. Epigynum with a median dark spot (I957b, fig. 17) southern Mexico to southern Brazil 8. moesta (O. P.-Cambridge)

28b. Epigynum otherwise 29 29a. Epigynum with a posterior directed lobe, posterior to the opening (Fig. 32); Peru 8. chinchipe n. sp. 29b. Epigynum otherwise 30 3oa. Epigynum with a slit-like opening on each side (I957b, fig. 2o) Mexico 8. saltensis Levi 3ob. Epigynum otherwise 3I 3Ia. Epigynum with shallow longitudinal oval depression (Fig. 29) Minas Gerais, Brazil S. diamantina n. sp. Epigynum otherwise 32 Epigynum with a deep transverse depression (Fig. 24); Peru 8. variipes Keyserling 32b. Epigynum otherwise 33 33a. Epigynum with two black spots on posterior margin (I957b, fig. 24); southern California, Texas, Mexico

S.

transversa

(Banks)

33b. Epigynum otherwise

34 34a. Epigynum with a pair of shallow depressions each with a black spot (I957b, fig. 29); Georgia, Gulf States, West Indies, Mexico to Venezuela S. quadrimaculata (0. P.-Cambridge) Epigynum as in I957b, fig. 22; Mexico S. autumnalis (Banks) 34b.

1962]

Levi--Steatoda and EnoploTnatha

25

8teatoda moesta (0. P.-Cambridge)

dsagena moesta O. P.-Cambridge, 1896, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Araneidea, 1:209, pl. 25, fig. 4, 9. Female type from Guatemala in the British Museum, Natural History. 8teatoda moesta, Levi, 1957, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 117: 3, p. 379, figs.15-18,

Distribution. Southern Mexico to southern Brazil. ddditional Records. l/enezuela: "Caracas, Tovar," 888 (E. Simon, MNHN). Peru. Hudnuco" 27 km N of Hu,nuco, Dec. I954 (E. I. SchlinCer, t. S. Ross, CAS). 8an Martfn: Tarapoto (MNHN); Moyobamba (/INHN). Brazil. Rio de Yaneiro: Mendes (Eidmann, SMF) Teres6polis (MNHN).

p. 284. Female, male syntypes from Jordan in the Hope Department of Entomology, Oxford, examined. /lsazanella erizoniformis, Schenkel, 1937, Festschrift E. Strand, 3:381, fig.

8teatoda erizoniformis (0. P.-Cambridge), new combination Theridion erizon forme O. P.-Cambridge, 1872, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
3, 8o

Lithyhantes sel)temmaculatus Keyserling, 1884, Die Spinnen Amerikas, Female syntypes from "Denver in Columbia" 2(1):141, pl. 6, fig. 88, collected by Marx. (Marxs labels are often wron and the Denver type locality is undoubtedly an error). NEW SYNONYMY.

Distribution. Cosmopolitan. Florida, Caribbean, Panam,a, Venezuela in America. Kaston (948, Bull. Connecticut Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. no. 7o: 79) reports a specimen from Connecticut. O. Kraus (in a letter) tells of a specimen from Japan in the Senckenberg Museum. It also has been found in the Near East. Additional Records. Panama Canal Zone: Gamboa, 7 Jan. 958, (A. M. Chickering). Britisk est Indies: Antigua: St. John, 955 (A. M. Nadler, AMNH). Ienezuela. Ira.qua Tovar, 888, (E. Simon, MNHN). Carabobo: San Estebn, 888, 8 (E.

Simon, MNHN).
8teatoda trianulosa (Walckenaer) Aranea trianzulosa Walckenaer, 1802, Faune Parisienne, 2: 207. Type

from

Paris, France, lost. 8teatoda trianulosa, Levi, 1957, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 117(3):407, figs. 75, 76, 80-82, 8.

Distr;l)ution. Central and southern Europe, southern Russia, /Iediterranean, United States from Massachusetts to Oregon, south to southern Texas. The city-dwellin habit suggests that it has been

Psyche

[March

introduced in America. It has previously been reported rom South America, but only one specimen was seen. ddditional Records. drgentina. Santiago del Estero: Santiago del Estero, 2 June I96, 9 (J. Abalos.).

Steatoda Trossa (C. L. Koch)

Theridion grossum C. L. Koch, 1938, Die Arachniden, 4" 112, fig. 321, 9. Female types from Greece. 8teatoda tunctilineata Mello-Leitfio 1939, Rev. Suisse de Zool., 46:61, figs. 30, 31, 9. Two female syntypes from Leones, Argentina, in the Naturhistorisehes Museum, Basel, examined. NEW SYNONYMY. Steatoda Irossa, Levi, 1957, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 117(3):404, figs. 74, 83-85, 8.

Note. Mello-Leito (939) igure 3 is printed upside down; i it had been turned around the synonymy with the common 8. grossa would have been recognized earlier. Steatoda Trossa emales can be conused with emales o S. andina. Only details o the posterior rim o the epigynum seem to separate emales o the two species. The male palpi, however, are very different. Natural History. The species has been collected in subtropical rain orests n Oxapampa, and under stones on uano islands. Distribution. Cosmopolitan; along coast o United States, Mexico, South America. Additiona! records. Ecuador. Tungurahua: Ambato, June 93 (H. E., D. L. Frizzell). Peru. Isl. Don Martin (Guano Isl.) (L. Pefia, SMF);Piura: Negritos (H. E., D. L. Frizzell). Ancash: Chimbote, Feb. 953 (W. VTeyrauch). Pasco: Oxapampa, 6oo. m, E o Oroga (W. Weyrauch). Chile. dntofagasta: Taltal (H. gape). Coquimbo: La Serena (H. gape) Los Vilos (H. Zape). Aconcagua: San Filipe (L. Pefia, ISNB). Santiago: Santiago (H. Zape). Linares: Linares (L. Pefia, ISNB). Malleco: Angol, 95o (D. S. Bullock). Osorno: Osorno (L. Pefia, ISNB).
Steatoda andina (Keyserling), new combination Figures 6- 9
Lithylhantes andinus Keyserling, 1884, Die Spinnen Amerikas, Theridiidae, 2(1):132, pl. 6, fig. 82, 8. Male and female syntypes from .unln, Amable Maria, Lima and San Mateo, Peru in the Polish Academy Sciences, Warsaw. A female specimen determined by Keyserling, in the British Museum, Natural History, examined.

Description. Carapace, sternum reddish brown, legs lighter. Abdomen purplish black with a narrow white line around sides, crossed

1962]

Levi

Steatoda and EnoDlognatha

27

in front by a median narrow white line. Very variable, sometimes with a longitudinal white line or almost black. Venter with a lighter W-shaped mark and lighter spots on sides. Eyes subequal in size, anterior median eyes one diameter apart, one and one-half diameters from laterals. Posterior median eyes about one diameter apart, two diameters from laterals. Chelicera of female with a blunt, fleshy tooth on anterior margin, that of male enlarged as in the. genus Enoploynatha, with a large tooth on anterior margin (Fig. 19) there is no tooth, however, on posterior margin. Measurements of specimens from Lima, Peru. Total length of female 8.3 mm. Carapace, 3.7 mm long, 2.9 mm wide. First femur, 4.3 mm; patella and tibia, 5.1 mm; metatarsus, 3.7 mm; tarsus, 1.6 mm. Second patella and tibia, 4. mm; third, 3.3 mm; fourth, 5.o mm. Total length of male, 8.6 mm. Carapace, 4.2 mm long, 2.7 mm wide. First femur, 4.7 mm; patella and tibia, 5.5 mm; metatarsus, 4.3 mm; tarsus, 1.9 ram. Second patella and tibia, 4.3 mm; third, 3.6. mm; fourth, 5.o mm. Kariation. The epigynum (fig. I7) is variable in proportion. A male from Chile has a shorter embolus than males examined from central Peru. Diagnosis. The more discrete posterior rim of the depression of the epigynum (Fig. I7) separates this species from S. yrossa (I957b, figs. 84, 85) with which it may be confused. The palpus (Fig. 18) is very different from that of S. yrossa. Natural History. Collected in stony grassland near Lake Junln, shrubs in dry valley in Cajamarca and in Eucalyptus forest in Ancash. Records. Fenezuela. drayua: Maracay (SMF). Ec,uador. Manabi: Manta (D. L. Frizzell). Gua.vas: Bafios de San Vincente, Santa Elena Peninsula (R. W. Landes) W of Guayaquil (R. W. Landes) Colonche (R. V. Landes). Azuay 22 km E of Cuenca (E. I. Schlinger, E. S. Ross). Peru. Piura: E1 Alto (R. Wells) Rio Qulroz (H. E., D. L. Frizzell) Negritos (H. S. M.); Parifias

Valley (H. E., D. L. Frizzell) Quebrada Mogollon (H. E., D. L. Frizzell); Mincora (H. E., D. L. Frizzell). Ca]amarca" Cajamarca, 27oo m (W. Weyrauch) between Lives and Mirador, near San Miguel de Pallaques, lO5O m (H. W. Koepcke, SMF). Libertad: Otusco (E. I. Schlinger, E. S. Ross, AMNH). San Martin: Hara, 32 km SE of Moyobamba (F. Woytkowski, AMNH). dncash: Puna near Huaris, 43oo m (W. Weyrauch, AMNH); Huaris (H. W. Koepcke, SMF). Hudnuco: 27 km S of San Rafael (E. I. Schlinger, E. S. Ross); Tingo Maria, 670 rn (W. Weyrauch, AMNH). Lima: 3 km E of San Mateo (E. I.

28

Psyche

[March

Schlinger, E. S. Ross). San Mateo, 3000 rn (W. Weyrauch, AMNH). Lima (H. E., D. L. Frizzell); Canta, 28oo m (W. Weyrauch); Matucana, 23oo-25oo rn (H. W. Koepcke, SMF); Atocongo Lomas, rocky hills (H. W. Koepcke, SMF). Junin: Tarma, 3Ioo m (W. Weyrauch, AMNH). Laguna Algacocha, near Laguna Junln, 43oo rn (H. W. Koepcke, SMF). Laguna Junln, 414o rn (H. W. Koepcke, SMF). Cuzco: Cuzco, 4ooo m (J. C. Pallister, AMNH). drequipa: Atiquipa, Chala, 2oo m (W. Weyrauch). Puno: o km S of Oroya (E .S. Ross, E. M. Michelbacher, CAS). Chile. Tarapacd: Putre, (Avils) Oasis de Mifiimifie, (Avils).

Steatoda marta new species

Figures
20-22

Type. Male from Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Magdalena, Colombia (Dulm), in the Museum National dHistoire Naturelle, Paris (no. 8389). The specific name is a noun in apposition, after the type locality. Description. Carapace., sternum, legs rich dark red-brown. Abdomen purplish black with a median dorsal longitudinal white line and a white line around the anterior edge of the abdomen. Anterior median eyes slightly smaller than others, their diameter apart, one and one-half to two diameters from laterals. Posterior median eyes one and one-quarter diameters apart, two diameters from laterals. Laterals separated by about their radius. Chelicerae of male corniculate, with a blunt tooth. Female chelicerae smooth with a short tooth on anterior margin. First and fourth legs subequal in length. Abdomen of male with four sclerotized round spots on dorsum. Total length of male 7.2 ram. Carapace 3.0 mm long, 2.3 mm wide. First patella and tibia, 3.5 ram; second, 2.9 ram; third, 2.5 ram. Fourth femur, 3.0 ram; patella and tibia, 3.7 ram; metatarsus, 2.5 ram; tarsus, .2 ram. Total length of female 8.o ram. Carapace 3.2 mm long, 2.5 mm wide. First patella and tibia, 3.5 mm; second, 2.9 ram; third, 2.6 mm. Fourth femur, 3.3 ram; patella and tibia, 4.o mm; metatarsus, 2.5 mm; tarsus, I.I mm. DiaTnosis. This. species is very close to Steatoda andina (Keyserling) but differs in having the embolus shorter with a spur, in having a smaller conductor, and having a median apophysis of different shape (Fig. :2). The female epigynum differs in having a scape in a shallow depression. The depression is not bordered. The posterior edge of the

1962]

Levi

Steatoda and Enoploynatha

29

Figs. 16-19. teatoa andina (Keyserling). 16. Female genitalia, dorsal view. 17. Epignum. 18. Let palps. 19. Eet male chelicera, anterior view. Figs. 20-22. S. mrta new species. 20. Female genitalia, dorsal view. 21. Epigynum. 22. alpus. Figs. 2S-24. g. riies (Keyserling). 2S. Female genitalia, dorsal view. 24. Epigynum. Figs. 25-27. S. sabulosa (TuIIgren). 25. Female genitalia, dorsal view. 26. Epigynum. 27. Palpus. Figs. 28-30. S. diamantina new species. 28. Female genitalia, dorsal view. 29. Epigynum. 30. Palpus. Figs. 31-32. chinchie new species. 31. Female genitalia, dorsal view. 32. Epigynum. Figs. 33-36. S. iherini (Keyserling). 33. Female enitalia, dorsal view. 34, 3. Epigynum. 34. Type. 35. (araguay), 36. Female abdomen, dorsal view (Paraguay).

3o

Psyche

[March

epigynum is heavily sclerotized (Fig. 2I ), The scape is sometimes subcircular, sometimes not constricted anteriorly (its. sides being nearly parallel), and is sometimes constricted at its posterior point and widens again; its shape seems to be variable in different specimens collected together. Records. Several paratypes from type collection.

Steatoda sabulosa (Tullgren), new combination Figures :5-:7

Lithylhantes sabulosus Tullgren, 1901, Svenska Exped. Magellanslindern 2(10) 193, pl. 1, fig. 3, /. Male type from Santa Cruz, in South Argentina, in the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum, Stockholm, examined. 8teatoda albiornata Mello-Leito, 1940, Rev. Mus. La Plata, n.s., 2"36, fig. 34, Female type from Valeheta, Rio Negro, Argentina in the Museo de la Plata, examined. NEW SYNONYMY.

Description. (Specimens from Magellanes, Chile). Carapace, sternum, legs yellow-brown to reddish brown. Abdomen purplish black; dorsum of female abdomen with pigment missing in some areas; white line around anterior of abdomen on dorsum and median, dorsal, longitudinal white line which may be broken. Anterior median eyes slightly smaller than others, two-thirds diameter apart, two-thirds diameter from laterals. Posterior median eyes a littIe less than a diameter apart, one diameter from laterals. The posterior median eyes of the male are. slightly farther from laterals. Male chelicerae not large, with one large tooth, fang widened and short. Total length of emale o.5 ram. Carapace 3.2 mm long, 2.9 mm wide. First patella and tibia 4.0 mm; second 2.9 mm; third 2.7 mm. Fourth femur 3.5 mm; patella and tibia 4.2 mm; metatarsus 3.6 mm; tarsus 2.3 mm. Total length of male 8.0 mm. Carapace 3.3 mm lone, 2.5 mm wide. First patella, and tibia 4.0 ram; second 3.6 mm; third 2.9 rnm. Fourth femur 3.5 mm; patella and tibia 4.2 mm; metatarsus 3. mm; tarsus I. 4 ram. The internal female genitalia (Fig. 25) are heavily sclerotized. A female from northern Chile has the seminal receptacles slightly wider apart and the ducts forming a V rather than a circle. Record. Bolivia. La Paz: La Paz, (MNHN); 48 km N of Potosi, 22 Feb. I95I (E. S. Ross, A. E. Michelbacher, CAS). Chile. dnto/agasta: Tumbre, 360o m, Cord. Antofagasta, Dec. I955 (L. Pefia, ISNB). Santiago: Santiago (SMF) Los Valdes, 2ooo m, Cordilleras near Santiago (G. Mann, AMNH). Magallanes: Laguna Amarga, Natales, Dec. I96O, ? (L. Pefia).

1962]

Levi--Steatoda and EnopIognatha

Steatoda iheringi (Keyserling), new combination Figures 33-36

Litlyltiantes iheringi Keyserling, 1886, Die Spinnen Amerikas, Theridiidae, Female type from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2(2) :240, pl. 20, fig. 295, in the British Museum, Natural History, examined. Lithyl)hantes cancellatus Mello-Leito, 1944, Rev. Mus. La Plata, n.s.. 3"325, fig. 8, ?. Female type from Jos C. Paz, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina in the Museo de la Plata, examined. NEW SYNONYMY.

Description. Specimen from Paraguay. Carapace. yellow-brown, cephalic area brown, sternum red-brown, legs yellow, ends of tibiae darker. Abdomen with two series of dark spots on dorsum; sides and area between posterior spots with some white pigment. Venter darker with a small white mark just posterior to the epigynum. Anterior median eyes, slightly smaller than others, one diameter apart, one diameter from laterals. Posterior median eyes three-quarters diameters apart, o.ne and one-half diameters from laterals. Chelicerae with one tooth on the anterior margin. Legs quite thick, first equal in length to fourth. Epigynum (Figs. 34, 35) with a transverse fold. Internal genitalia difficult to study; the anterior ducts are very transparent and in the single specimen available, could not be seen completely. Total length of female type :.9 mm. Carapace 1.3o mm long, 1.o8 mm wide. First femur, 1.o4 mm; patella and tibia, 1.43 mm; metatarsus, o.84 ram; tarsus, o.5: mm. Second patella and tibia, I,IO mm; third, o.95 mm; fourth, 1.5o mm. The palpus illustrated by Figure 48 may belong to the male of this species. It was collected with females of S. ancorata in Rio Grande do Sul and belongs to the Keyserling collection in the British Museum. Records. Paraguay: Taquararapa, Alto Parana, I9O8, 9 (AM NH). Argentina. Buenos Aires, (Latarte, MNHN).

Steatoda diamantina new species

Figures

28-30

Type. Female from Mina Serinha, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil, December 944 (Mrs. E. Cohn), in the American Museum of Natural History. The specific name is a noun in apposition, named after the type locality. Description. Carapace, sternum, legs red-brown. Abdomen black except for one or two thin jagged white lines around sides and anterior. A median, longitudinal, dorsal white line varies in thickness and has several short pairs of lateral branches. Eyes subequal in size, in female. Anterior median eyes two-thirds diameter apart.

32

Psyche

[March

Posterior median eyes their radius apart and one diameter from laterals. Anterior median eyes of male slightly larger than others, one-third diameter apart, one-quarter diameter from laterals. Posterior median eyes one-third diameter apart, one diameter from laterals. Chelicerae of male with one tooth on anterior margin. First femora of male swollen and corniculate on venter. Total length of male 6.6 mm. Carapace 3.3 mm long, 2.4 mm wide. First femur 4.3 mm; patella and tibia 3.9 mm; metatarsus 2.9 mm; tarsus 1.5 mm. Second patella and tibia 3.2 mm; third 2.7 ram; fourth 3.9 ram. Total length of female 6.I mm. Carapace 2.9 mm long, 2. mm wide. First femur 3.5 mm; patella and tibia 3.9 ram; metatarsus 3.0 mm; tarsus .4 mm. Second patella and tibia 2.9 mm; third 2.3 mm; fourth 3.5 mm. Diagnosis. This species is separated from other Steatoda by the epigynum (Fig. 29), which has a shallow, oval to round depression, the anterior end of which is dark and contains the opening. The male can be separated by the structure of the palpus (Fig. 30). Records. Brazil. Santa Catarina: Nova Teutonia, lat 27 S, long 52 23 W, 9, ( (F. Plaumann, SMF).

Steatoda ehinehipe new species

Figures 3 I, 32

Type. Female from Rio Chinchipe, San Ignacio, 800 m elev., Cajamarca, Peru, July 2948 (W. Weyrauch) in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. The specific name is a noun in apposition, after the type locality. Description. Carapace, sternum, legs brown. Abdomen evenly purplish black with a wavy line around sides and anterior on dorsum; center of dorsum with a fine longitudinal white line having two crosslines. Anterior median eyes smaller than other eyes. Anterior median eyes three-quarters their diameter apart, one diameter from laterals. Posterior median eyes their radius apart, slightly more than one diameter from laterals. Lateral eyes slightly separated. Total length 7.5 mm. Carapace 3.2 mm long, 2.5 mm wide. First femur 3.5 mm; pat.ella and tibia 4.2 mm; metatarsus 2.7 mm; tarsus 1.3 mm. Second patella and tibia 2.9 ram; third 2.2 nlnl; fourth 3.7 mm. Diagnosis. The. epigynum differs from that of other Steatoda. It has a raised circular area containing an anterior opening with a lip are heavily on three sides (Fig. 32). The internal genitalia (Fig. 3 sclerotized. Records. .Ecuador. Tunyurahua: Bafios, 7 May I942 (H. E.

1962]

Levi

Steatoda and Enoploy/natha

33

Frizzell) 32 km SE of Ambato, 8 Feb. 1955 (F,. I. Schlinger and E. S. Ross, CAS); Rio Pastaza between Bafios and Mapoto, Aug. I938 (W. C. Macintyre).
Steatoda variipes (Keyserling), new combination Figures 23, 24
Theridium eariipes Keyserling, 1884, Die Spinnen Amerikas, Theridiidae, 2( 1):93, pl. 4, fig. 61, ?. Female leetotypes here designated from Amable Maria [Junln], Peru in the Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, examined.

Description. Carapace rich brown, sternum yellow-brown with darker margin and darker spot in middle. Legs yellow-brown with darker bands as wide as lighter arcas. Abdomen probably mottled black. Eyes about subequal in size, anterior median eyes one diameter apart, one-quarter diameter from laterals; posterior median eyes one diameter apart, one-third diameter from laterals. Muscle impressions on abdomen and bases of setae slightly sclerotized. Colulus relatively small with two setae. Total length of female lectotype 5.0 nun; carapace I.O mm long, 1.9 mm wide. First femur 2.7 mm; patella and tibia 2.9 ram; metatarsus 1.6 mm; tarsus o.9 ram. Second patella and tibia 2.3 mm; third 1.6 ram; fourth 2.4 mm. Record: One 9 paratype with type.

Steatoda l)orteri (Simon), new combination Figures 37-39

Lithyphantes porteri Simon, 1900, Rev. Chileana, 4: 50. Female type from Chafiareillo, [Prov. Atacama], Chile, in the Museum National dHistoire Naturelle, Paris, examined.

Description. Carapace, sternum, legs yellow-brown; fourth leg darker than others. Abdomen purplish black with dorsal white marks (Fig. 37) and a small white spot posterior to genital groove on renter. Anterior median eyes slightly smaller than others, one and one-ha.If diameters apart, oe diameter from laterals. Posterior median eyes one diameter apart, slightly more than one diameter from laterals. One broad tooth on anterior margin of chelicerae. Fourth leg slightly longer than first. Epigynum (Fig. 39) with a wrinkled knob pointing posterior. Total length 4.7 mm. Carapace, 1.8 mm long, 1.4 mm wide. First patella and tibia, 2. mm; second, 1.7 mm; third, 1.4 ram. Fourth femur 2.o mm; patella and tibia, 2.4 mm; metatarsus, 1.6 mm; tarsus, 0.9 mm. Record. Chile. Coquimbo: E1 Tofo, Sept. I957 (H. Zapfe).

34

Psyche

[March

Figs. 37-39. Steatoda porCeri (Simon). 37. Female abdomen, dorsal view. 38. Female genitalia, dorsal view. 39. Epigynum. Figs. 40-47. S. ancorata (Holmberg). Fig. 40. Male carapace and chelicerae. Figs. 41, 42. Female genitalia, dorsal view. 4.3. Epigynum. 44-47. Palpus. 44. (northern part of range). 4S. (southern Peru). 46. (Bolivia). 47. (southern Chile). iheringi (Keyserling), palpus. Fig. 48. S.

Steatoda ancorata

Holmberg) new combination Figures 4o-47

Theridium ancoratum Holmberg, 1876, An. Agr. Rep. Argentina, 4: 72, fig. 16. Type from Argentina, lost. ?Lithyphantes vittatus Keyserling, 1884, Die Spinnen Amerikas, Theridiidae, 2( 1):134, pl. 6, fig. 83. Juv. type from Minas Gerais, Brazil, in the Hope Department of Entomology, Oxford, examined. NEW SYNONYMY. Lithyphantes nigrofemoratus Keyserling, 1884, o. cit. 2(1):139, pl. 6, fig. Female type from Monte Rico, [Ayacucho], Peru, in the Polish Acad87, emy of Sciences, Warsaw, examined. NEW SYNONYMY. Male type from Asaena altice20s Keyserling, 1886, 020. cit. 2 (2) 4, fig. 136, N. Granada [Panama, Colombia, Venezuela] in the British Museum, Natural History. NEW SYNONYMY. Lithyphantes laetus O. P.-Cambridge, 1896, Biologia Centrali-Amerieana, Male type from Costa Riea, in the Araneidea, 1:181, pl. 22, fig. 12, British Museum, Natural History. NEW SYNONYMY.

1962]

Levi--Steatoda and Enoploynatha

Zlsagena patayonica Tullgren, 1901, Svenska Exped. Magellanslindern 2: Female type from Ultima Esperanza and Puerto 194, pl. 15, fig. 4, Gallegus, Patagonia [? Magellanes, Chile] in the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum, Stockholm, examined. NEW SYNONYMY. Asagena melanomela Mello-Leito, 1944. Rev. Mus. La Plata, n.s., 3:325, fig. 5, 8. Male type from Pergamino, [Buenos Aires], Argentina in the Museo de la Plata, examined. NEW SYNONYMY. Steatoda niyrofemorata, Levi, 1957, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 117(3):377, figs. 11-13, 9 8. Note. This species is the most common Steatoda in Argentina, the type. locality of T. ancoratum. Specimens of this species from Argentina determined by Mello-Leitgo and by Birabfin were named

35

Lithyphantes alncoratum. The synonymy of L. vittatus Keyserling remains uncertain, however, as the type is a juvenile and no specimens of S. ancorata have been examined from Minas Gerais, the type locality. The palpi are variable in structure, (Figs. 44-47). Since the palpal sclerites are unusually complex, any slight change in position changes the appearance of the palpus. Natural History. Specimens have been found "near rockpile in xveathered shale" and "under flat rock" in Bolivia. In Mendoza, Argentina it has been found in chaparral area. Distribution. Southern Mexico to southern Patagonia. ddditional records: l/enezuela. Dist Federal: Caracas (E. Simon, MNHN). Arayua: Tovar (E. Simon, MNHN). Colombia. Ualle: o km W of Call (E. I. Schli.nger, E. S. Ross, CAS). Peru. Hudnuco: Monzdn Valley, Tingo Maria (E. I. Schlinger, E. S. Ross, CAS) Huinuco (E. I. Schlinger, E. S. Ross, CAS). dyacucho: Ayacucho (W. Weyrauch). Cuzco Cuzco, 38oo m (W. Weyrauch) Huadquifia, 16oo m (W. Weyrauch). Puno: 95 km N of Puno (E. S. Ross, A. g. Michelbacher, CAS); Puno (W. Weyrauch)

Juliaca, 39oo m (H. W. Koepcke, SMF) Mazo Cruz, 38oom (L. Pefia, ISNB); Camacani (L. Pefia, ISNB). Bolivia. Chaco (MNHN). La Paz: Timari, Nevada de Chicani (MNHN) La Paz 44oo m (R. Walsh, MNHN); 65 km NE of La Paz (R. Walsh) Altiplano near Huayna Potosl Mtn., 5 IOO m (R. Walsh). Chiquisaca: 6 km N of Camargo (E. S. Ross, A. E. Michelbacher, CAS). Potosi: 45 km N of Potosl, 43oo m (E. S. Ross, A. E. Michelbacher, CAS). Brazil. Parand: Bela Vista (MNHN). Rio Grande do Sul. (BMNH). Parayuay. Asuncidn (MNHN). Caazapd: Pastoreo (D. Wees). tryentina. Jujuy: 8 km N of Humacuaca, 29oo m (E. S. Ross, A. E. Michelbacher, CAS). Salta: Salta (Reimoser) Cafayate (M. Birabn). Chaco: Resistencia
near

36

Psyche

[March

(MNHN). Cdrdoba: Alta Gracia (Bruch). Mendoza: 8 km SSW Estaci6n Cachenta, Dept. Lujin, x5oo m (B. Patterson). Buenos dires: Necochea (M. Birabn) "Bahia" (MNHN). Chile. Antofagasta: Tumbre, 36oo-37oo m, Cord. Antofagasta (L. Pefia, ISNB). Magallanes: Cerro Castillo, Natales (L. Pefia).
REFERENCES

GERTSCH, W. J.
1960.

The ]ul,a group of the spider genus 8teatoda.

Amer. Mus.

LEVI, H. W.

Novitates, no. 1982, p. 1-48.

1957a. The spider genera Enoflognatha, Theridion and Paidisca in America North of Mexico. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 112(1)" 1-123. 1957b. The spider genera Crustulina and Steatoda in North America, Central America and the West Indies. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 117 (3) :367-424. "1959"(1960). Problems in the spider genus Steatoda. Systematic Zool. 8:107-116. The American spiders of the genus Anclosimus. Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc. in press. LEVI, H. W. and L. R. LEVI 1962. The genera of the family Theridiidae. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 127 (1) :1-71.