Prakrit Vibhasas

The Prakrit Vibhasas Author(s): George A.
Grierson Source: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, (Jul., 1918), pp. 489-517 Published by: Cambridge University Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25209411 . Accessed: 24/04/2013 03:29
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XIV THE PRAKRIT VIBHASAS

By Sir GEORGE A. GRIERSON, K.C.I.E., M.R.A.S.
in pISCHEL, refers
??3,
very In ? 3 he quotes Mfirkand?ya's (Intr., 4) grammarians. into Bh?s?, Vibh?s?, of the Prakrits division Apabhramsa, and Pai?aca, his division of the Vibhfisfis into S?k?ri, S?bari,
4, and 5 of his Prakrit Grammar, of the Prakrit to the Vibh?s?s briefly
C?nd?li, written
and T?kki ?bhirik?, (not fi?kkJi, as his of and Audhri (Pischel, rejection by Pischel), " 4 be Dr?vidi. In and says, Odri) Ramatarkavfigisa ? cannot be called Apahhraihsa, observes that the vibh?mh if they are used in dramatic works and the like." He in ? 5, and this is all that he repeats the latter statement Nowhere does he say what the term says on the subject. means. The vibh?s? is an attempt to paper present
supply this deficiency.1 to begin by ascertaining It will be advisable what the word means when used as a technical term by Sanskrit to Pfinini I, i, 44, it means grammarians. According verse A is the from in the S?rasvata "option". quoted on Pfinini Kaumudi in III, iii, 113,2 Laghu explanation of the word bahulam to a grammatical when applied :? It runs as follows rule. kvacit pravrttih kvacid vibh?s? vidh?nam catur-vidham Ballantyne's
1 I must kind enough here to
kvacid kvacid
ajoravrttih any ad era samiksya vadanti. of this is as
vidh?r
bahudh? b?hulakam translation
(No.
record read
823)
have suggestions unaided efforts. . 2 The verso is quoted in his translation by Pischel He seems to have i, 2, in quite d iHe rent connexion. in his Prakrit with Vibh?s?s Grammar. dealing
to Dr. Thomas, who has been indebtedness my of this the proofs and whose paper, through enabled me to clear up obscure that baflled my points of IfCmacandra, it when
forgotten
490
follows: various, "Seeing
THE PRAKRIT VIBHASAS that the of certain rules is
the term they specify [under are sometimes there viz., bahulam], they [when applied was no express rule for their sometimes ; application] they are not applied [in spite of an express rule for their ; sometimes application] they are optionally [vibh?s?] or not; and sometimes is some other there eniploj'cd result [licence the As permitted rule]." by Ballantyne his translation wrote in Benares, we may safely assume that his as the of the word vibh?s?, rendering optional or a of the rule, represents application non-application understood of the meaning traditionally by Vaiy?karanas present day. So far for Sanskrit the above Prakrit grammarians grammarians. rule in the same sense, for the Sarasvata with approval by M?rkand?ya (iv, 64).1
application four varieties
employ verse is quoted a Vibh?s? We therefore conclude is that, primarily, a form of Prakrit in which the rules of the Standard or of some other dialect are or not at option. Let applied us now see what we can gain from information further those with who have written on the subject.2 We commence Bharata.
" the base born (xvii, 49) says,3 languages amid Salearas, (1) (2) Abh?ras, (4) Sabaras, (3) C?ndalas, are and those of (7) Foresters (5) Dravidas, (6) Audras, ' a as in dramatic Vibhfisfi '." Further work, described, Bharata on he says Salearas, is used by [53], "the (l) Saleara language to be used etc. is Cand?li ?akas, (3) (?).4 (sic)
1 uses vibh?s? as in the Prdkrta-kalpataru, R?ma-garman, continually of va. tho equivalent 2 It are and Laksmidhara that Vararuci, Heniacandra, may be stated all silent it. regarding * Tho as we shall see, is quoted and by both verse, by Prthv?dhara to text of the K?vyam?l? edition and I emend the corrupt M?rkand?ya, agree with what they give. 4 There with is something wrong seems to me to have what probably As of the the been text I give, for S?k?r?, here. of the original. the meaning The syntactical connexion
to ?ah?r?n?th. in 49, 1 correct ?abar?n?tfi rest of the line is doubtful.
THE PRAKRIT V1BHASAS
491
and the Pukkasa1 similar castes. of among people is to be used by charcoal [54] The (4) Sabara language of live by implements and those who burners, hunters, dialect wood is Vanaukasi ; and the (Forester's) (7) sometimes employed for by the same persons. [55] The
(2) ?bhiri
dwell and
or the (4) S?bari is employed by those who

the
and cows, horses, goats, stabling and the Drfividi Dravidas (5) amongst sheep, we as in It will be observed text have like." the that, it at present, there is no description of No. 6, the language of the Audras. in hamlets Prthvidhara tikfi with on the Mrcchaka prefaces his commentary an account in of the various dialects employed The whole will be found on pp. 494 ff. of edition. relevant I extract to our from it the He following begins by subject. the general class
the play. Godabole's information,
quoted. the falling under languages viz. Sakfir? S?bari, (sic), C?nd?li, As no Sabara appears country. in the play, no example in it. is to be found of S?bari a He then quotes Bharata list of the Prakrits, xvii, 48, for and 49 for a list of the Apabhraihsa dialects. The latter is given by him as follows, and this text so is certainly, far as the names go, more correct than that found in the He says head of Apabhraihsa, and that of the Takka2 that there are four Kfivyam?l? edition of Bharata:?
under including Vibhfisas thus differing from the writers
of Apabhraihsa,
to be subsequently
" There Hak?ras, (Orissa),

1 Or
Sak?rAbhira-O?nd?la-Sabara-Dr?vidOdra-j?h ca vibh?s?h hin? vane-car?n?rii sapta are seven base Vibhfisfis, viz. those Abhiras, Sabaras, Dr?vidas, C?ndalas, are and that of Foresters." Vibh?s?s
the offspring " prints should Dhakka", be adopted. of a Nis?da but See on a S?dra
kirtit?h born amid
in Udra languages
woman. "Takka' 3. See
PuhkaAa,
x, 18. Manu, 2 Godabolc is that which
the alternative JRAS.
reading 1913, pp. 882
492
THE PRAKRIT VIBHASAS
" sorts (vividh?h). base ", (bh?s?h) of manifold They are "the because they are used by base characters. By language " the forms of speech collected under is meant of Foresters " . . . among the the head of Takka-bh?s? ". In this play speakers (the C?ndalas of Apabhramsa, the Sak?ra) speaks speak the Cand?l? the brother-in-law Sak?ri dialect. (aie) (sic) dialect, and M?thura, . . . In aak?ri dialect. s is used of the king The two the
the Takka speaks gambler, and Cand?l? (sic) the palatal and letter I is used v to [? n] the
in place of r. is common [cf. Mark,
(sic) [instead of s or s], the In the Taldea Viblms? and xvi, 3, below], of Sanskrit words, in it. [There is also
owing both dental
employment frequent s are found s and palatal verse about S?k?r? :?] the following vyartltam
ca l?ka-ny?ya-viruddham sak?ra-vacanam
apdrthamakramam "They words without with wrong unidiomatic." in-law letter We know the
punar-uktam of the Sak?ra used as
hat?pamam
viduh.
meaning,
language words
meanings, * They because "Sak?ra",
containing in wrong order or similes, and as tautology, mangled left-handed call a king's brother his language on the is full of of of the the the Our very
? (?a-lc?ra)? have further in the third this
information S?kh?, of R?ma-sarman work
Vibh?s?s
or main
subject section,
Pr?krta-kalpataru of knowledge incorrect MS.
is conlined
(Tarkav?giaa). to the one
in the India Office Library. (No. 1106) some at It is described by Lassen (Institutiones length here devoted I. Pr., pp. 19ff. and App.), but the section the that fact the is vitiated to the Vibh?s?s by corresponding and wronglv by Lassen.3 leaves of the MS. and that are numbered, His account this was order in the wrong not recognized oh pp. 21 ff. and
of the Vibh?s?s
1A verse See p. 503 below. is given very similar by M?rkamleya. 2 3G1. S. Th??tre See Indien, L?vi, p. Wrong. 3 of the MS. is 396, 406, 40a, 41a. order of these pages The correct
493
So far as I can in App. 1 ff. is therefore incorrect. quite text of the the be should make the it out, following verses each dialect I give passage. describing only the are so verses in general The details terms. giving doubtful in their their consequence, says is also said by Markand?ya, numerous and the account with of the latter examples, a in As full. will be given subsequently preliminary, it out, the concluding I give first, as well as I can make verse of the second S?kh?, the immediately preceding attempt as all that Rfima-?arman account a minor as the connexion of the Vibh?s?s. dialect, is referred Tfikki. with It deals not a Vibh?s?. to later on with Prakrit dialect with D?ksin?tya? This is requisite, in in this paper readings emendation. that This it would is of not be safe to little
the MS. is here Unfortunately, one scribal than and incorrect, blunder, very . with at least two lacun restoration is doubtful, My is certain. though the sense, as testified by Markand?ya, more In order
passage Sv?gat? of (?
to
the w
show
this,
w
I also
R?ma-aarman's w ?
quote
w w-).
the
metre
corresponding
is here Letters the
latter. ? ^
inserted Other
to fill up emendations
lacun
are
enclosed
in square
brackets.
are not
indicated. yat ca
d?ksin[?ty'\a-pada-samm[i]litam samskrt?di-[kavi\bhis sv?dus?ram (?) amrt?d " d?ksin?tyam call a poem, iti churilam
than They of with words the and nectar, South, intermingled overlaid with Sanskrit in [(?) by poets composing " ' l and other languages, that] D?ksin?tya.' says:? and no
api k?vyam tat katltayanti. even in its essence sweeter
(Comm. to xii, 38) Markand?ya No rule regarding D?ksin?tya,

1 The lacuna use of kavibhih here is some word meaning
example
".
of
it
tho
is awkward. What is wanted " " " than words rather poets
to fill
494
exists. All that
THE PRAKRIT VIBHASAS we viz. know :? about it is what is said
by
Niruddha-bhatta,
d?ksin?tya-paddlambi
samskrt?ngam
vijrmbhitam
it?ritam. k?vyam ply?sa-nifysyandi d?ksin?tyam " A nectar-dropping is manifested as having poem, which its body Sanskrit, but depending is called South, 'D?ksin?tya'." From is only
metre.
on words
of
the
the above it is evident that R?ma-?arman's verse a of in Niruddha-bhatta's another reproduction can now discuss with the section of the Pr?krta-kalpataru
We dealing
the Vibh?s?s. navadh? nirukt?[h] 'tra annsisyat? nirav?ci r?jnah capolo vac? 'bhi-\? 'ti-]murkhah. 1. vibh?s?
At?
vibh?s?
S?k?rik? pr?g madddi-yukt? sy?lah s?k?rik?
sak?raa tasya
nind[y?gama-nyaya(?)]-kalddi-h?n? tu siddhih khalu Mdgadh?tah asy?s ?c? v?tra duspreksa-sadrksay?lt sy?t. the D?ksin?tya, he goes [After describing are defined 1. After the Vibh?s?s this,
2. on :?] as ninefold.
A Sak?ra has been defined is first taught. Here S?k?rik? as the brother-in-law of a king, haughty and overweening, an and fool. ill-mannered, exceeding 2. The S?k?riki-vibh?s? is the language used by him, the rules of grammatical and vile, breaking construction, to basis is be void of elegance.1 Its found in ? ? Magadh?. of the peculiarities of [He then begins his description this Vibh?s? and sadrlcsa-, ?c is :?In the words duspr?ksa1 There are are some words of which here the reading is doubtful. They on the dialect. Cf. Prthv?dhara describing " are used Words no meaning, above). having with and with confusion repetitions, meanings, to read nind?gamany?sakal?dihin?. appears
adjectives evidently (as quoted Mrcchaka(ik? in wrong in wrong order, of metaphor." The MS.
THE PRAKRIT VIJBHASAS for is:?] and so on to the
495
end
optionally of verse
9.
(substituted 10 Verse
k$),
C?nd?liketi
vibh?s? prathit? c?tra yath?pad?sam pravalcsyat? ?sa tu sarhsidhyati Sauras?n? Ma,(jadliy-iipas?sa(H\c)-vas?na samyak. 10.
will now be described known as C?nd?liki, The Vibh?s?, as it has been taught. it is based Correctly speaking, on Mfigadh?. on Sauras?n? and [He then partly partly on the of to this describe Vibh?s?, goes peculiarities ending with verse 15. He does not say who samprati S?bari speaks yarn sute 'sau. 16. it.]
ath?cyat? purodit?
M?gadhikaiva
ang?rika-vy?dha-vahitra-k?stho v?ci niyujyat? pajivin?m
the formerly Next, we proceed to describe S?bari, which in alone It is mentioned produces. M?gadhi employed the of charcoal-burners, hunters, (?) boatmen, language
and those who live by wood-cutting. [Markand?ya, xv,
on C?nd?li, but sometimes goes back and M?gadhi of that dialect.] Sauras?n? of this [The author goes on to verse 21 with a description He then says :?] Vibh?s?. 1, 2, says to the original it is based ?ka?va s? M?gadhikatra bh?*? lu
p?tra1-vibh?datas vibhidyat? ca ?bh?rik?-Dr?vidikAutkal? n?mn?. V?naukas?-M?ndurik?ti Moreover, there
22.
Bh?s? is only the M?gadhi already to the characters but, according mentioned, it], [employing into different it has been subdivided named varieties, Autkali the Dr?vidik?, ?bhirik?, (or Auclri), respectively Speech
1 The to paira.
of Foresters,
MS. has dtltra,
and
which,
the Speech
at a friend's
of Ostlers.
suggestion, I have corrected
496
THE PRAKRIT VIBHASAS aparam ?bh?rilc?ydm k?cit tarn vadanti asy?s

sa-sau
vis?mm ilia bravlmi Sdbar?tah

cva. 23.
tu siddhih
punar
khalu there
dantya-sa-kdra
of say people now that and that I to ?bh?rika, say tell:?They proceed it is to be derived from S?bari, and that the letters s and as a dental s. ? are to be pronounced then, [The author in verses 24-6, tells what other authorities this about say says nothing more about the other Vibh?s?s in verse 22. He then goes on :?] mentioned torn vad?mi khalu T?kk? vibh?s?m Vibh?s?. He y? dy?tolcdradika-dh?rta-vdcy? a[ny?] I now, be spoken [of T?kki]
has below. no
Some
that
is
another
kind
punar Dr?vida-bh?sayddi 27. lalcsma y aira, na tasy?h. j>ravisya[tc] is to the T?kki Vibh?s?, which forsooth, mention and other by gamblers is infected by Dr?vida knaves. and
Cf.
Another other bhdsds.
kind It
2,
special
characteristics.
Markand?ya,
xvi,
(Tho next half-verse as follows :?) sydt sakdrdt lu siddhir This I correct to :?
is very
corrupt.
It seems
to read
Samskrta-Sauras?nyos bahala podante. asydd
Samskrta-Sauraseny?s sydt samkar?t tu siddhir, nt sydd bahulam podante. of Sanskrit This Vibh?s? is formed from a mixture San rasen i. It often bas n at the end of a word.
and
[This In the rest of this xvi, 1, 3. agrees with Markand?ya of verse, and in verses 29, 30, he gives further particulars this Vibb?a?, and then goes on :?] Sakdr Odra- Dra vida d i -v?c? 'pabhram?atdm yadyapi sam?rayanti sydn n?lakddau yadi sampray?g? na?tdsv tathesfah. apabhram?atay?
31.
THE PRAKRIT V1RHASA8 the
497
of the Saltara, of Udra languages of others the nature and (i.e. Odra), of Dravida, approach if their use is in plays or of Apabhraihsa; nevertheless, on the in similar works, that use is not prescribed ground Although head of Apabhraihsa. [This 21 is quoted by Lassen ), and the reading talhfatah, (p. Lassen reads tathals?, which he given above, is doubtful. was corrects to talhaisah, I do but, whatever intended, their falling verse not think that to the his A remark regard This is made by Markand?ya in as quoted below.] account of the Vibh?s?s. R?ma-sarman's to him there are nine, viz. :? suggestion same effect is borne out by the MS. of under the
to Takk?, concludes
According 1. Sfikfirik?.
3. S?bari.
2. Cfind?lik?.
4. ?bh?rikfi 5. Dril vid ik? 6. Autkali 8. The He a form or Audri of Foresters 7. The Speech These five are forms only of M?gadhi.
of Ostlers Speech 9. T?kki, which is liable adds that even
to be mixed
with can
Dr?vidik?. be classed not Pr?krta has been as an and
if a Vibh?s?
of Apabhraihsa, it is a Vibh?s?, if it is employed in drama. Apabhraihsa, Our next sarvasva. authority A good and with is Markand?ya edition the of this work
Kav?ndra's
published, help of this and of five MSS. are at my disposal, which I am able to translate nearly the whole of the portions dealing with the Vibh?s?s. In the commentary to verse 2 of the Introduction, the author quotes Bharata as follows:? xvii, 49, Sak?rA hin?
1 Sic. Wo a native
bhira- C?ndalavanccar?n?m
should expect always
Sabara-
Dnlvid
A ndhraj?hl
who was himself
ca vibh?s?
n?takderay?h
of Orissa,
but M?rkandCya, Awfrajtih, it as above. spells
498
"The foresters,
dramatic
THE PRAKRIT VIBHASAS base are

works
speeches called
:?
of
the
'Vibh?s?s',
following which
people, appear
and only
of in
Those
borne
amid?
1. Sak?ra.
2. Abb
4.
ira.
3. C?ndala.
Sabara.
5. Dr?vida.
6. Audhra."
He limits He
does
not
consider for, in this list
a distinct
dialect, the number this
as we
of Foresters ? language ? shall immediately see, list to six. the 4th verse, five
as he
criticizes
in the
real Vibh?s?s S?k?ri,
C?ndal?, on commentary
only and S?bar?, ?bh?r?, " this he says : It is implied that Audhr? is to be is to be excluded, because its inherent character imitates found in that form of S?bari which the language
are not
six, but
"The saying: viz. in number, In the T?kki."
is But, it will be objected, why country."1 and T?kki for it? T?kki Dr?vidi substituted excluded, verse: ? in accordance with the following is included of the Odhra tathd Takka-d?siya-bhdsdydm dr?yat? Drdvid? vis?s? 'sli Dravid?n?drt? atraivdyam param? " Dr?vidi country. is particularly writers]." of Dr?vidi existence also Here is observed there in the language of the Takka this peculiarity, that it the Dravida school of [? character that the
is only
honoured by thus that the inherent By declaring in T?kki, we gather is to be found is established. of T?kki
1 It is a Munda may be noted that at the present day there language in the south of the Orissa See Linguistic Savara, spoken country. vol. iv, pp. 217 if. Surrey of India, 2 The same verse to xvi, 2 ; but the second in the comm. is- quoted line runs:? called tatra ctlyatti vii?so 'sti Dr?vitlair ?drt? param.
THE PRAKRIT VIBIIASAS So Vibh?s? which far for his Introduction. in Badas a full He xiii-xvi deals of his with work, :?
499
each of
separately I now proceed to give Here begin the Vibh?s?s. is now taught.
translation
Accordingly,
the first of all,
the S?k?ri
xiii. S?k?ri.
S?k?ri
language
I ?RFPW ?TT^rft I <*

on M?gadhi. This S?k?ri is the
a Sahara.
is based
of
tv aisvarya-sampannah 'n?dh? l-bhr?t? sy?las r?j?? eak?ra iii duskulinah mada-murkhatdbhim?ni sy?t. " one of low of pride, Possessed folly, and vanity, to the the raised power, connexion) family, (by brother of the unmarried far) the brother-in-law Where considered there and (in so (concubine), of a king, is called a Sak?ra." dialect is to be
is no special rule, this to be the same as M?gadhi.
to difficult like, and duspr?ksa-, sadrksa-, as sc. les is Thus behold, [nom. pronounced optionally we the other also On salisc?, hand, may sing.] duppe?c?. have the regular salicch?, duppecclt?. In the words
ftrat f^rcrt^r? i3i

Instead according 7, 32, for the Mg. to c and j.] prefixed
1 All the MSS.
of [the M?gadhi] scintadi we to some authorities, forms.
= tislhati, he stands],2 [ have yeisadi. [Cf. xi i, in Hy xii, 21, Mg., y is
are corrupt 'n?dh? The reading here, reading'nft<7/id. is the verse for by the Sdhityadarpatia, 81, from which is Ballantyne's. The translation above quoted. 2 are not in the original, but are added in square brackets Passages or of Prakrit words This all Sanskrit includes by me. equivalents sentences. is vouched
500
tth and kkh sometimes remain conjuncts as sth and of in ?k, [instead becoming Magadhi unchanged via vakkhdndim Thus, atthdnagad? (xii, 7, 4)]. pandid? iva vydkhydndni kal?di [arth?nugatah kar?ti], pandita be explains the meaning like a Pandit who understands The [Prakrit] [or possibly understand, arthdnagataJi, or dsthdnagatah, like a Pandit who does not a like Pandit in an assembly].
^r ^?^r
The puttak? otiose suflix -ka[esa ddsydh
im i
is common, as in ?sak? ddsikd? this son of a slave-girl. putrah],
*wrfat?^K*ft*rwRP5 *g: i$ i
Thus :? elided, or added. changed, ?s? manas?? ka?n? ?alisc? [?sa mamisyolp kov?h sadrksah man a this is like (xiii, 2)], poet. Letters are often khu m? tava??i kdm?na hadak? dajjhadi [kdm?na m? p. 26, dahyat? tapasv? (Mrcch., Godabole, hrdayam heart is burnt by love. 1., 11)], m}r pitiable [The printed text of the play gives slightly diff?rent readings.] man. [vibh?sanah purusah], pulis? In these passages we should properly hadakk?, and vih??an?. vibbh?san? a blustering have manus??,
Declensional another, and
terminations so also
are wrongly
conjugational Vowels also are pulled genders. apart [i.e. diphthongs are separated into their components]. Thus:?
used, one for and terminations
:? of declensional terminations (a) Confusion tumam pa-ttanam scinta (accusative [tvam pattanam in for locative) thou hakk? tbe ghal?no tistha], stay city; or for accusative pa?s?mi (instrumental [aham grh?no same I enter the house. also locative) pravi?dmi], [The occurs in Magadhi (xii, 36).]
THE PRAKRIT VIBI?ASAS (b) Confusion se vi ?aachanti 3rd person [tvam api singular)], ?gacchasi of conjugational terminations :?
501
(3rd person plural for [so 'pi ?gacchanti ?asch?mi he also comes; tu/marlipi singular)], 2nd for person (1st person singular ?gacch?mi thou also comest ; hakk?vi aa6chasi[ahamapi (2nd pers. sg. for 1st)], I also come. :? of gender tti kilidam pulis? mahil?h
(c) Confusion savv? mahil? for feminine
[sarv?
(masculine
plural
if.i pnrum (for purus?h) plural) all for feminine the kriditam (neuter plural)], singular women in the character of men ; isthik? hasid.? sported woman for the hasitah (masculine feminine)], [stri laughed. :? (d) Pulling apart of vowels a wanton Pr. sailini ??lini, Skr. [for Mg. svairini], woman a lion ;asdi?uhini miaind? ; [for Skr. mrg?ndrah], a Skr. [for aksauhini], complete army.
wttm g*rt srf%?sn?t i? i

Declensional
Thus :?
terminations
are
sometimes
dropped.
of the locative ghala vasasi [grh? (here the termination is dropped) at thou dwellest home; vasasi], phnllanti mahukam bhamala-uhl pnppha p?dava-parid? pianti madhn [phullanti pnnp?ni p?dapa-parit? case bhramara-kul?ni the termination (here has been the of pibanti of puppha
and kulais treated like a masculine)], dropped, flowers around the shrubs bloom, and the swarms bees nectar. the dropping Here, sip although is from also the
and of declensional terminations interchange we in M?gadhi allowed xii, [by 36], gather, of the rule, that [substitutions such repetition for vrksa-
as vasca
and others enjoined by xii, 19 ft'., do not apply to S?k?ri, but that] only [the regular substitute, M?gadhi in which e.g. by xii, 4, Prakrit Ickh becomes 61c,viz.] luska-,
502
for Prakrit employed. M?gadhi
THE PRAKRIT VIBHASAS Sanskrit rukkha-, other words, [In are to be followed, vrk?a-, and so on, is to be while the general rules for rules for laid down special we in have Thus, followed.] lavanti the cuckoos lu6ke and
special words are not to be the Mrcchakata [sic] palahuda-bhamal? ruvanti [parabhrta-bhramar?h vrlcse], the
in the trees. bees sing the [Here laslc? represents Sauras?n? the regular M?gadhi of rukkh?, with change r to I and of Iclch to 61c. to Markand?ya'? According are the various forms of M?gadhi system, grammatical not from Sanskrit, The from Sauras?n?. but derived, passage speeches does not quoted in either Stenzler's occur in any or Godabole's of the S?k?ri of the edition
Mrcchakatik?.]
Contrary not long

as in :?
to the rules [by IcJchu ?chain position] raa?1 r?jate
a vowel of prosody, a conjunct before vva iva
is optionally consonant,
?6e [?sa
vagghe vy?ghra
sahava-vil? svabh?va-viraJi],
like a tiger. he, forsooth, by nature a hero, shines glorious ? w w w is Vasantatilaka (-^ [Here the metre ? ? w w w-), vagghe and] the va of the word rules must be scanned as short [although by the ordinary of prosody it is long by position]. Under the precept viz. that the rules of "bahulam", are not universal, but have exceptions, Prakrit grammar we account for such irregular forms as paiigan? ghdlam [Sauras?n? the house found
1 The except rdai,
pangun? of the
gharam\ lame man,
Sanskrit
each
MSS.
in its proper
vary amidst are impossible suits the metre
and others, as it occurs. place
pang?r which
grham], will be :? Moreover

All these,
r?tl, which
rtld, and rdmya. rampa, rdmpha, edition in Prakrit. The printed I therefore and gives good sense.
suggests it. adopt
THE PRAKRIT VIBHASAS tv apdrtham
503
vyartham hatdpamam
punarnkti-ru-pi ca cdsadr??pamam c?nyoz ca ?ak?ra-v?kyam.1 wrong at meanings similes mangled all,

and in other
pratyalcsa-l?kddi-vir?dhi ny?ya-prat?pam "Containing words with
or with or
no with
with meanings, tautological, that are no similes similes

evidence, convention, etc.,
contradicting
ocular
respects
" wrong By speech of the Sak?ra." sense in with the is in "not meant agreement meaning" or no "With words preceding following". meaning" which when both words used implies [with meaning] unidiomatic, is the no and also words together give altogether meaning, has devoid of meaning. Bharata So also the Maharsi said :? dgama-linga-vihlnam
vacanam.
viparltam
mada-m?rkhat?bhim?n?dya??varydt "The
nyayo-d?so-kdlad?h chokdra sydc
to his power accom speech of the Sak?ra, owing in signs is wanting by pride, folly, and vanity, panied or gender, to the idiom of of inflexion and is opposed or from the the Sdhitya country [Cf. quotation period. on not ante. I have traced 499 this verse in p. darpana the printed is described The Sak?ra editions of Bharata. in xxiv, 105 (K?vyam?l? his in and xiii, 347 ed.), gait as cf. K?vyam?l? ed., xii, (Grosset, 130).] Merely :? are the following examples, quoted of to me, what is follows [Much quite incomprehensible to give Sanskrit I attempt equivalents so to the Prakrit, I do In the only with great hesitation. first place, as we shall see from the various readings,2 and where
1 2 My the Comparo authorities similar for the 0. lent verge text p. 492 ante. by Prthvldhara, quoted are as follows in is the text printed :?P. is a MS. written in the Oriy? character, to me by Pandit of Purl. Sad?siva Misra, copies, in the Nfigarl and Bengali
even
in 1912. Vizagapatam which has been kindly are two and Hb. Hn. JRAS. 1918. 34
independent
504
the text is far
and in the second place from certain, to be incorrect and intended is language designedly more or less nonsense. were Even if the text certainly the be the widest there would still, therefore, established, room for conjecture, for Markand?ya has given no clue as there to what he intended the meaning to be. Moreover, no us. come is The passages context to guide evidently I have failed to identify. from some, dramatic work which Other the in from the same play, occur apparently in s?tra s?tr?s. One 6, passage, quoted preceding but in sutra 8 another, does occur in the Mrcchakatik?, to come from that play, has not. stated by Markand?ya consulted editions been found in either of the printed by extracts, Before
me.
of the speech of the these samples giving to here I must Sak?ra, express my acknowledgments me have who and to Dr. Barnett, Dr. Thomas given kind difficulties 1. hakk? [aham aud(?) to elucidate help in my endeavours that have presented themselves.*] the many
much
nom vand?mi vannami paggal?1 pamgulc? ?nom varn? vdtuloh ; vand?], I am lame jningur mad ; I extol him in a hymn.
is not here vannadhd atthilc?, which [XP. inserts wiiole also P. marks the MSS. of authorized my by any I cannot equate paggal? with any Sanskrit with a query. is hardly word. itself, but the meaning Pndgala suggests I suggest The reading is borne out by all MSS. suitable. that it is a D?sya word connected with the Hindi p?gal, mad,
characters
the
derivation
of
which
is unknown.
take
1555 in the library of the Asiatic of tho MS. No. respectively, lent to me by Dr. Hoernle. have been of Bengal. kindly They Io. is the India Office No. 1586. Wilson MS. the Bodleian in the N?garl and Io. are both written No. Ox. 70. Mackenzie, of the same original. and are both character, copies evidently * on the preparation of a critical edition As I am at present engaged to any reader who may I shall be grateful of M?rkand?ya's grammar, or to me direct, of the Journal in the pages either explanations suggest, of these difficult passages. Society is Ox.
THE PRAKRIT VIBHASAS vamiami sense as intended for vamiammi
505
varn?], in the
[Skr.
of gita-kram?], talamg? 6akalaridcalimg?l [raiig?t let the wave, accompanied tarangah by the
2. larhg?
moon, toss.
sakalankaliiigah],
me
seem to The words 6akalam kalimg?. [*P. separates to make better Kalanka above. sense, as written are dark marks lingalp, he whose distinguishing spots, = the moon. do not The MSS., of course, any separate
words.] 3. e6? p?sakas?sik?l masakik? makk?iik? 6?nik?2 (?). 2P. or O. 6?nik? 6?6ik?. Others m?6ik?, [*O. -s?nik?. I do not venture is that of P. 6?niJc?. The word-division or translation to give a Sanskrit of this passage. equivalent to es? p?saka at the beginning to be equivalent can Numerous 6?s?c?. be, and have been, conjectures made for the rest.] 1 4. uddenti ?6? gagan? mah?ga? lusk?6u bnkkantipid?namasc?. vrks?su bukkanti are in the pnr?iia-matsy?h], flying ' are in and old fishes the trees. sky, howling = if the which, ( asm?kam), \} So P. All others mah?na metre suits the verse better, but gives is Indravajr?, little [nddiyant? one short of mah?ga? gives employment we too read first the If, however, many. syllable syllable to do by s?tra of uddenti short, as we are entitled 9, a Varhsastha, the first line becomes and is correct with The mah?ga?. O. Hnb. The two lines or then become (Hnb.) ?dri. dukkadri 2So P. ; upaj?ti. Ox. Io. vakadi, idha id?* sense. ?s? gagan? mah?gaj?h, these great elephants It seems
bukadri.] 5. al?l?puggal?1 6 yaggadha 6ug?na [Here, equivalent
again, or translation.
pugga?2 6 genha6u I do not
6cay?ggas
nugga
genha7 (1). a Sanskrit venture to give The text, as given is above,
506
* 2O. a copy of P. O. Hnb. al??l? yuggal?. yugga?, simply P. Ox. Io. as above. Hnb. 80. ?yaycagga(l), yugma?. Hnb. Ox. ?capgtigga (?), P. Io. as above. ?ahayugma, 4O. Ox. 6 Io. idhatyugga?do, Hnb. O. Io. vety?gga?do. 6 P. P. Ox. Hnb. Ox. yugmadha. UJaggadha, yaggodha, Io. ?ug?na. O. either ?ug?na or encona (not clear), Hnb. suc?na. 70. genha?ugg?na, Hnb. genlta?ugm?na, 8 Ox. Io. genha?ug?na.] 2 6. ?tfeTx?/M& Ix]ulamgamohahali)td [?t? j)twia7fc kuranga-mah?harinah but these antelopes and great deer 2 Hu. trad?, Hb. ?do. P. uiya. f1 4Ox. Io. gone. Ox. Io. as above. Io. aj?;a?a??i??.] 7. hakk? saddam2 pandid?, pucch?mi nanna \aham ?abdam yj?iiam?,1 panditalp,. ?addam2 kadh?mi, gaan?4 pajjalamti ?
gagan? prajvalanti], shine forth in the sky. 8P. O. Hnb. mahalind. 60. Hnb. ajjalitti, Ox.
ndnyaj j?n?mi am a pandit, I sabdam prcchdmi], kathay?mi, 1 know nothing else, I speak a word, I ask a word. Hnb. nanna P. ?addam f1 yj?dmi, O. nannanayj?nami,
yntdnami, Ox.
2 Hnb.
narnam\ioy?\tanii,
Io.
narmiamyjdnami.
sabdam.]
are In the above examples [the various irregularities] is as each occurs. to to be understood say, no [That as can each and be rules laid down, irregularity general of on its own merits.] it must be disposed is met with Now begins C?nd?lL
xiv. C?nd?lL
on Magadhi and Idind ?na?t? ?auras?n? [esa c?rah
C?nd?li Thus,
is generally ?s? ye?l? ??lam
based ?l?vidum
s?lam ?r?payitnm rdjn?jnaplah], this thief has been ordered by the king to be impaled.
507
In respectful Thus, aham ayj? pranam?mi],
address,
the vocative hakk? panam?mi sir, I bow.
of a-bases [?rya
ends
in ?.
blia6t?lak?,
bhatt?raka,
noble
to Bhaghatha-vardham?na, the saute Also, according of a-bases. is used in the nominative termination singular no of ?6o there is Here Thus, puli?o respect. question man. use the word From the of this en, [??a purusah], and, in the s?tra, we gather that the M?gadhi i and ? [xii, 26] may also be used. terminations
The the to pronouns and like. only whether masculine ends in ?, nominative plural of pronouns what or feminine. i6thik? Thus, y je [y?h striyah], men. women what ; y je puli?? [y? puru?ali], This refers
is 6a, feminine of the genitive termination singular or words other ? ordained a, v, i, ?, [In 28]. by [as as we it is the same as in the masculine.] Thus, [just in the masculine] 6ih?k? have sikh?], aggi6sa [agn?h in the feminine] a flame of fire, [so we have buddhissa The not vaddhim? [buddh?r vrddhih], an increase of wisdom.
t*re f :^n^ i? i
as in ?. as well ends in mmi, singular a or in vanammi house ; Thus, ghalammi ghal? [grh?], [van?], in the forest. The locative
* Il gftalT 1 ^: S?f^ Il
[In M?gadhi, Sauras?n? tt and tth become 6t and 6th in This sometimes does not occur (xii, 7).] respectively C?nd?li. Thus, pettam pHl?6i katlh?na [p?tam p?rayasi thou fillest the bag with difficulty. kasl?na],
508
The alal?
only termination kukkulam genhia hulloa ! bring
gaccha],
the gerundive is ia. Thus, da?ca [ar?-r? kukkurom grh?tv? the dog here. of
wret^^s^wNh TW
In C?nd?li meanings. kannail maddham hindam?n?na khandak? p?tom there is a wide use of Tarn Thus, ayjo ma? masdn? laddh?. kanaa-khandak? kinia
ie i
rustic words and hindont?no ho?k? mahani? vikkinia
?masdn? jiettam p?la???am [adya may? mahdn kanaka karnakalp (for karnikd) tad ohom labdhah. kr?tvd vikr?yo mddhvam to-day, a while large piece it, and, having sweetmeats, bought walking of gold, about an in the earring. fill my bag of
p?rayisydmi], I found cemetery, them.
I shall sell with In this declensional Now
dialect, as in S?k?ri [xiii, 7], we find elisions and interchange terminations of cases, etc. S?bari.
begins
xv. Sabar?.
S?bari is based
^tt^^t;
on C?nd?li.
*n^t*f%:'
l <\ I
And Magadhi,
sometimes on which
it is based C?nd?li
on Sauras?ni directly itself is based.
and
whether masculine singular of a-bases, or mdnus? in ? or i. ends Thus, mdiiu?i or van? a man ; vani a forest. [nu?nusah], [vanam], From the use of the word ca, and, in the s?tra, we gather forms rndnuso and that we may also have the Prakritic The nominative or neuter,
vanam.
^WTctff sft *fh^ *^T I8 I

The as respectful in C?nd?li], vocative Thus, ends in d [and not always ajjd vanddmi [drya, vond?], in ?, Sir,
THE PRAKRIT VIBHASAS I offer reverence. le yc?lak?, But when not
509
?hi [?hi, r? c?taka,
we have ?hi, respectful, corne, ?hi], come, O servant,
^i ^n^ffaaf?
only as in hak? ?ae The form of [aham the pronoun ?gatah],
imi
is hake,
of the 1st person I am come.
^ #: i$ i H%nfaf?*?For have vani the the locative termination singular, i or besides the gaccha the termination [van? (or vanahim the forest. For substitute dhanam the or van?) ?, we may him. Thus, go into gaccha], usual
i^i
i^> i fNiqit *rr "^f?c^
we may k?rakasuffix optionally genitival amha-k?akam k?aka-. Thus, (or amha-k?lakam) our wealth. dhanam], [asmadiyam
vfaw^
In other Thus cases, it respects elides declensional elides, or S?bari
I y$*m> Ic
the preceding Vibh?s?s. terminations, interchanges rustic inserts letters, and employs is like
changes,
expressions.
Audhr?.
If we add
*rTTOf?*ft?t ^W^WlftTfNn^:
local words to S?bari, Thus, of and the Odhra only
IQI
Sauras?n?, etc., Audhri dialect.1
and of country to S?bari, we get the
d?va jas??nandana ettik? jamailacchaili [d?va, ya6?d?-nandana}
[metre D?h?]? ?cara mai karwna-l?sa pitta? savva-kil?6a. karuna-l?sam kxira mayi
asmi iti(?)2 pidayati sarva-kl?uah.] janmatah ihatyah " me a little ; as a resuit son of Yas?d?, O divine pity in this world, and there of birth I am a dweller tortures me." fore every kind of misery
1 see footnote on p. 497. of the word Audhra, the spelling Regarding 9 The What of jamaiiacchaiii is very doubtful. Sanskrit equivalent to whom to me by a friend I sub here has been is given suggested mitted the passage.
510 ?bh?r?.
?bh?r?
^pf?sf?H wi
also is the ends in ia
m v*
same as
^3^ *nwwjj:
i ?io i
that the S?bari, except or and that it is not ua, very gerundive or gadua Thus, ga?cia [gatvd], having gone: corrupt. or padhua read. padhia having [pathitvd], Now begins T?kki.
xvi. T?kki.
T?kki It is the the sort.
-zm\mm^
mixture
ifh$*
*T*taf?ifin?
and
111
is a mutual
of Sanskrit
?auraseni.
and others of of gamesters, merchants, language :? it is said Thus, ndlok?dan dyut?di-vyavahdribhih prayujyat? ca tad dims h?na-d?hois takka-bhdsitam. vanigbhir " in is employed The speech of Talc k a is that which and and like the by professional by gamblers plays of lowly position." merchants
Moreover :?
But Hari?candra because skilled referring
considers
[as he maintains] in dramatic compositions. to Dr?vidi also.
to be an Apabbraih?a, is used by the Apabhraih?a this People consider it is said :? tath? param. of the Takka is that it is this as
For
takka-d???ya-bhdsdydm tatra c?yam vises? "Dr?vidi
Dr?vidi drsyat? 'sti Drdvidair ?drt?
also in the language appears in this respect Its country. specialty honoured by Dr?vidas."1 particularly
^c?nrq^T^ 3r?sr*i i? i
The vowel n is in many cases added at the end of a word, but not always. in Apabhraihsa of the
Thus :? 1 Cf. another version of these lines on p. 498.
[This is the ordinary nominative singular
termination of a-bases.]

r?u
511
asama-samara?ka-mallu
maana-man?hara-deha-s?hu
sakala-sastrastra-vidy?-pravvnn [r?j? asama-samara?ka-mallah

madana-man?hara-deha-s?bhah
saMla-6astr(Utra-vidya-pr(iv?nah]. " in the fight, illustrious A king, an unequalled champion as that of the god of love, with a form as beautiful of every arm and weapon." skilled with knowledge " not always" is As this termination added, we have
bhanai v?ni
kavir?jah],
kavir?a
[not
?cavir?u] [bhanali v?nim

utters poetry.
the poet
laureate
n *r ?: 181
The termination of the instrumental singular is also e, as in khagg? thou smitest (or khagg?na) paharasi with a sword. [khadg?na praharasi],
I t ?*ft *W IM
The hum. fallen termination Thus, from the of the dative-ablative trees plural is ham or rnkkhaham jmtitaJ.i], padidn [vrks?bhyah calidn ; gharahu/rii [grh?bhyas the houses. bahulam, By the precept \nxverukkh?himt?,gharesumt?.
gone from calitah], " not always/* we also may
^T*ft m
The same terminations as
i? i
be used for the may optionally or bamhanahum in bamhanaham (or genitive plural, the dhann dhanam], bamhan?nam) [br?hman?n?m wealth of the Br?hmanas.
i f?w^: W*m^3^
In the case termination, mate vowel j?ham ?daham where of kim ham, and other
f?^sr?
I ^ I
this optional the penulti of whom of of them these ? ; ;
of the genitive Thus, k?ham lengthened. whom of ; t?harii [ye??m],
[pronouns], plural has [kes?m], [tes?m],
we
of these ; im?ham [?t?s?m], also may have k?nam, j?nam,
[?sam], and so on.
512
THE PRAKRIT VlBHASAS
?rfaaf?
The pronoun of the [tvam sarva-vidyd-pravlnu art skilled in all knowledge.
?ff *r^
i* i
is tunga, as in tungo thou
2nd person
sarva-vidyd-pravlnalp],
^?f?^ ?ffcnfam:
The 1st personal Thus, ammi (hum I am a learned man. pronoun or mama)
ie i
hum, or mama. [ahom ponditalt],
is ammi, pandidu
v& ^ ^rrc?; i <?o\ t?mwb?

of this pronoun of the 1st person may be genitive as [the regular] mama. as Thus mahu-m well mahnm, sundaru sundaram], [mama grhom (or mama) gharu The my house is beautiful.
The
word
yathd
becomes
jidha,
as well
as
the
regular
jahd. Thus, jidha (or jahd) bhonasi [yathd bhanosi], as

thou sayest.
wr
Similarly tathd,
mi f?n*
tidha, as well as taha.
so, becomes
is [to be taken as] a mere indication The rest is to of the dialect]. character [of the general be learnt from the practice of good writers. What has been said With concluded. account this, M?rkandeyas that It will be observed Vibh?s?. is an Indo-Aryan, part of his Grammar of he This the Vibh?s?s says can that T?kki is
fW^wjS*
?fo finwitan:
\<w
is the same as the Dr?vidi that Dr?vidi In another
only mean not a Dravidian, language. he mentions several forms
or of Apabhraihsa with such as K?lirigi, names, K?rn?ti, assume to led that the which Pischel (Gram., ? 4) P?ndy?, " of non-Aryan term vernaculars included Apabhram?a" shown 1913, ; but I have pp. 875 tf.) (JltAS. origin
THE PRAKRIT VlBHASAS that terms he is mistaken
513
merely when Apabhraih?a as the modern Dravidian Hindustani of countries, much differs that in the Deccan from Lucknow. spoken account of the Dr?vidi Vibh?s? is evidently M?rkandeyas much to the same because effect. He Dr?vidi therefore He it is much
indicate
in this conclusion, and that such the various forms taken by standard as a second in spoken language
describes
important it as the Panj?b, else.
is called says that T?kki honoured It is Dr?vidas. by to ascertain is. exactly what T?kki the Takka in country mean that it was not
the northern spoken
of language but he cannot On the it was
anywhere actual represent of that whatever understand
to stage, which pretends not to natives allotted, conditions, but to certain members of country, professions, a clue towards their nationality. This gives in?* the statement that will it was be found honoured if we bv consider it is said
and an explanation Dr?vidas, the nature of the language. to have been the small merchants.
In the first place,
and of language of professional gamesters These were just the two great classes of the population business would take them far from whose a certain their homes, and who amount of possessed or we education. to what not, Reputable they belonged should call of the their been pursuit must have gentility in well-to-do, Fairly went about, they callings, using what the current colloquial of the Aryan semi part of India. this was exactly It was a mixture The the nature of the that and the position of Sauras?ni Of all middle classes.
language it was suited Sanskrit,
of the greater showed that to fill. a with
Oauras?n? most Prakrits, closely in its grammar allied and which to Sanskrit, was or cumbered with the fewest words. local, vulgar d??ya, These of folk, to show off the smattering semi-genteel education that would interlard this they had received, as many or Sanskrit Prakrit with as tatsamas, words,
of Apabhrariis*a. touch was was that which
514
and would they could remember, occasionally, by a lapse common of dignity, of the folk. drop into the Apabhraih?a We learn from the grammarians that the people of the Takka which included within its borders the country, was of S?kala not far to and which city important used this Sanskritized the west of S?ras?na, Sauras?n? as their vernacular that it was ; but this by no means meant not also current this elsewhere, semi-genteel although in the mouths of people who had never in their language, lives been near Takka, the people Amongst T?kkas Dr?vidas was thus acquired who the name other of T?kki. than the spoke T?kki, classes the just mentioned, it. Why especially affecting so marked ? This question leads us very similar India?the
and the professional are mentioned as
language also described D?ksin?tya, spoken ante on pp. 493 ff. This is not classed as a Vibh?s?, but as a variety of M?gadhi As a fact, it bears to that Prakrit. Prakrit that T?kki bears to very much the same relation are that it The only real points of difference Sauras?ni. that it and into does not occasionally drop Apabhraihsa, in southern it is used in poetry, not in the because is not a Vibh?s?, a of It is not drama. instead character-dialect, and, it ekes out its with forms, vocabulary using Apabhraih?a at the same time, like the help of southern words, while thus We it is influenced T?kki, by Sanskrit. largely in India? southern have two Aryan spoken languages one based based franca. on on M?gadhi, Sauras?ni, were Both and and there used used as in poetry, and a favourite the other lingua one of
their preference to the consideration
of another
languages, foreign All this literature and the other of travellers. polite was the learned of educated the time Sanskrit language an and Dravidians, when of and literature, speaking to approach endeavour language, would naturally Aryan it as nearly as possible. them, as M?rkanij?yas It is for this reason authority says, specially that we honouring
find
THE PRAKRIT VlBHASAS T?kki. was much We can " Vibh?s? It was mixed a comparatively with Sanskrit high form of Prakrit, words.
515
and
now to the meaning of the word return term of ". WTe have seen that, as a technical " a certain extent, it meant grammar, option ", and this, to to dialects. the meaning of the word as applied indicates used form of a standard dialect is an optional A Vibh?s? " " while It is for certain because, purposes. optional are down these laid for certain each, peculiarities peculiarities in a except are not few necessarily cases, special in their place. in evidence, always the standard forms Each Vibh?s? and, may is more or
of the of speech, in which the extent a it is mixture As Prthv?dhara fluctuates. says, language 11 to give particular of manifold sorts". It is unnecessary who reads instances. M?rkandeya's Anyone through account
character.
always be used form less a mixed
will this
acknowledge
that exhausts
vi has
this the
many
is ideas
the
general by
One
But
the word.
by no means
The preposition
connoted
meanings.
of as
these, when in vi-janman-,
it is prefixed to a noun, is The same of base birth.
impropriety, idea is also
to in the word vi-bhdsd. It is expressly declared present This meaning be a hind, or base, language. of Vibh?s? or is not in any of the dictionaries, Indian given no that I have consulted, hesitation but I have European, in considering it also underlies that, like that of option, the use of the word.1 a Vibh?s? is not a literary It is dialect. Further, in there in connexion and only plays, presented only with particular characters. It is, in short, a character to the mangled dialect of the stage?corresponding
to me, which may also of vi has been meaning suggested as a form of Prakrit. of the word the connotation indicating Vi-bh?sd "a minor in accordance the use of with bhd&d", may mean bhdva and vibhdva in rhetoric. Another influence 1
516
used on our stage by, say, a drunken man, language a a or of hero the French When peasant, foreigner. " " " I vill box Ici on parle Fran?ais Sare, your eye ", says, in the strict It is not a dialect he is talking Vibh?s?. of the term, for it is not the local form of speech more of in any particular part of the country, but is an argot, without slang. being exactly in not being from Apabhraihsa A Vibh?s? differs used the two is between The boundary language. we seen iacancha Har have that For instance, fluctuating. as an His would class T?kki argument Apabhraihsa. seems to be that T?kki of Apabhram?a has the character literary [compare maintain in u], and that to nominative singular it appears because it is a Vibh?s? only in in used is also for is irrelevant, plays. Apabhram?a plays was the fact that, at the back of his mind Probably, T?kki is a character in the drama dialect, although it was widely used as a lingua franca^ outside the theatre should be classed as a form of Apabhram?a. and therefore the that so far agrees with also of a Takka of Audhra, ?bhira, As I have shown these names referred do not Hari?candra Apabhram?a, and Dr?vida elsewhere indicate as to admit just as he forms of a sense
Markand?ya the existence admits that
Apabhraihsa. pp. 875 ff.), of the
1913, (JRAS. the vernaculars
the to. They indicate merely of of in the speakers language occurring changes slight in those to be who standard living happen Apabhraih?a are not like the character couutries. dialects, They a from but local deviations similar, standard, Vibh?s?s, countries as I have Hence, follow Vibh?s?s. Finally, Vibh?s?s fail into two classes. One is of S?k?ri, C?nd?li, S?bari, composed These are all degradations?levellings and ?bh?r?. Audhri, down?of M?gadhi, of Hind?st?ni. to the Dec?an variety it does not names may be the the same, though the corresponding with that they are identical said,
THE PRAKRIT VlBHASAS or or of Sauras?n?, who uneducated persons, of else as of some consists of T?kki both. are are as
517
spoken by
They
despised So far from this Dr?vidi). (including a a it represents form of speech, being levelling degraded sein are are who i-educated Its up. people, speakers to fine". If into "talk they occasionally trying drop not of education, idioms, it is due to their want vulgar to their intention. is a corrupt form of one or A Vibh?s? To sum up. more standard and Prakrit stage-plays, The corruption may or in a mixture in solecisms, of dialects, and may consist on the stage as case it is represented in every but a corruption more. to the speaker, and nothing personal is there in which is used only dialects, to special characters. allotted or be either down-grade up-grade,
or
represented The caste.
despicable, other division

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The Prakrit Vibhasas Author(s): George A.

XIV THE PRAKRIT VIBHASAS

4, and 5 of his Prakrit Grammar, of the Prakrit to the Vibh?s?s briefly

ajoravrttih any ad era samiksya vadanti. of this is as

bahudh? b?hulakam translation

THE PRAKRIT VIBHASAS that the of certain rules is

application four varieties

to ?ah?r?n?th. in 49, 1 correct ?abar?n?tfi rest of the line is doubtful.

THE PRAKRIT V1BHASAS

or the (4) S?bari is employed by those who

the play. Godabole's information,

under including Vibhfisas thus differing from the writers

" There Hak?ras, (Orissa),

kirtit?h born amid

x, 18. Manu, 2 Godabolc is that which

the alternative JRAS.

reading 1913, pp. 882

THE PRAKRIT VIBHASAS

in place of r. is common [cf. Mark,

owing both dental

punar-uktam of the Sak?ra used as

meanings, * They because "Sak?ra",

? (?a-lc?ra)? have further in the third this

information S?kh?, of R?ma-sarman work

Pr?krta-kalpataru of knowledge incorrect MS.

(Tarkav?giaa). to the one

THE PRAKRIT VIBHASAS

api k?vyam tat katltayanti. even in its essence sweeter

(Comm. to xii, 38) Markand?ya No rule regarding D?ksin?tya,

THE PRAKRIT VIBHASAS we viz. know :? about it is what is said

S?k?rik? pr?g madddi-yukt? sy?lah s?k?rik?

THE PRAKRIT VIJBHASAS for is:?] and so on to the

ang?rika-vy?dha-vahitra-k?stho v?ci niyujyat? pajivin?m

p?tra1-vibh?datas vibhidyat? ca ?bh?rik?-Dr?vidikAutkal? n?mn?. V?naukas?-M?ndurik?ti Moreover, there

THE PRAKRIT VIBHASAS aparam ?bh?rilc?ydm k?cit tarn vadanti asy?s

vis?mm ilia bravlmi Sdbar?tah

Another other bhdsds.

Samskrta-Sauras?nyos bahala podante. asydd

THE PRAKRIT V1RHASA8 the

of Ostlers Speech 9. T?kki, which is liable adds that even

Dr?vidik?. be classed not Pr?krta has been as an and

but M?rkandCya, Awfrajtih, it as above. spells

THE PRAKRIT VIBHASAS base are

consider for, in this list

dialect, the number this

real Vibh?s?s S?k?ri,

"The saying: viz. in number, In the T?kki."

the first of all,

I ?RFPW ?TT^rft I <*

is no special rule, this to be the same as M?gadhi.

ftrat f^rcrt^r? i3i

of [the M?gadhi] scintadi we to some authorities, forms.

= tislhati, he stands],2 [ have yeisadi. [Cf. xi i, in Hy xii, 21, Mg., y is

THE PRAKRIT VIBHASAS

is common, as in ?sak? ddsikd? this son of a slave-girl. putrah],

Declensional another, and

used, one for and terminations

(c) Confusion savv? mahil? for feminine

wttm g*rt srf%?sn?t i? i

Contrary not long

to the rules [by IcJchu ?chain position] raa?1 r?jate

a vowel of prosody, a conjunct before vva iva

gharam\ lame man,

and others, as it occurs. place

^WTctff sft fh^ ^T I8 I