Int Jr of Advanced Computer Engineering and Architecture

Vol. 1, No. 1, June 2011 Copyright Mind Reader Publications www.journalshub.com

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[BIHAR
INFRASTR

UCTURE MAPPING -GEOMATICS ORIENTED Application ModeL]

Amar Nath Pandey, Lecturer, Nalanda Open University, Patna

Shailesh kumar Shrivastava, Prabhat Kumar, Assistant Scientist 'E', NIC, Bihar, Professor, Information Govt. of India Technology Dept., National Institute of Technology Patna Abstract

E-governance emphasize on all aspects of monitoring and evaluation, physical and financial planning, management of social and physical infrastructure, and enhancement / restructuring of existing facilities, facility management. In all these areas, there is a special emphasis on spatial dimensions. Geomatics, is the synergy of multiple disciplines, has evolved as a separate discipline dealing with spatial and non-spatial information, its method of acquisition, organization, classification, analysis, management, display and dissemination. It provides not only the answers for macro-level planning but also state-of-the-art models to the government in the context of decentralized planning for sustainable development in rural areas. The present work focus on developing a WebGIS integrated framework for planning infrastructural facilities upto village level. The infrastructural facilities considered at village level include educational and medical facilities, aganwadi kendras, Rural roads under PMGSY, BPL family, forest cover, agricultural facilities, water canals, schemes under MGNREGS at different levels, power supply, physical connectivity, water supply, bank and post office. The spatial utility maps for infrastructural facilities existing at village level have been created using GIS. The spatial gaps in the existing facilities have been examined to plan for the new facilities. This not only helps to create annual plan for each location but also perspective plan for longer period. Key words: GIS, Spatial Data, Micro-Level, Planning, Infrastructure I. Introduction Geographic Information Technology has developed at a remarkable pace over the past two decades and will play a key role in development of nations. Now time has come for all decision makers to discuss the appropriateness of GIS technology and its applications to rural development, forest management, urban development planning, land information systems and agricultural development. This will also provide a suitable solution for the use of GIS for educational infrastructure development with special emphasis on rural sector in India. In the present age of emerging technologies, a combination of spatial and non-spatial databases using Geographic Information System (GIS)

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techniques provides not only the answers for macro-level planning but also state-of-the-art models for micro-level planning for sustainable development in rural areas. Recently with the development of graphics, distributed processing, and network communications application software emerged as powerful tool which can now be used routinely and effectively. At the basis of these developments are Geographic Information Systems (GIS) but gradually, these are being adapted to the kind of decision and management functions that lie at the heart of the planning process. Using GIS to support a wide range of planning and management operations will make an enormous impact towards guiding the development and growth of rural areas. Rather than aiming at optimal solutions, pragmatic approaches must rely on the usage of heuristic problems capable of supporting the dynamic requirements of the domain. Hence the spatial entity when associated with the non-spatial attributes will be useful to achieve most rational infrastructure strategy. This is a key factor for applying GIS technology as a tool in supporting road network planning. This paper focuses on the development of spatial data infrastructure at village level for Bihar State under GIS environment which can be subsequently used in the planning and development of rural infrastructure. The GIS based spatial data infrastructure consists of various thematic maps (e.g., village boundary map, block boundaries maps, etc.), demographic data, socio-economic data and data related to infrastructural facilities (e.g., roads, educational facilities, health facilities, drinking water, power supply, etc.). Further, various utilities available in the study area have also been represented spatially using GIS. Web GIS Application is expected that user friendly GIS based spatial data infrastructure generated at micro administrative unit will increase the efficacy of administration and resource mobilization as well as help in informed decision-making.

Bihar ATLAS

GIS and Remote sensing techniques are used to generate action plans for conservation of land and water resources. Spatial database on soils, land use, contours, geology, drainage etc. is created using Survey of India topographical maps, cadastral maps, ground truth and remotely sensed data obtained from various sources using state of art GIS software. This primary resource data is used to derive secondary vector layers and quadtrees (data structures) corresponding to slope, erosion class, soil depth, land capability etc. Rules are framed to arrive at certain suitable solutions to each of the areaspecific problems identified for the watershed. Further a number of macro-level and location-specific action plan maps are generated based on the secondary derived maps and the action plans framed. II. Scope and Objectives:

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The scope of project is to establish Bihar GIS as a tool to represent resources (Natural as well as man made) of Bihar for location specific planning, decision-making and monitoring. Project envisages objective of establishment of Bihar State Spatial Data Infrastructure for Multi-Layer GIS for planning and e-governance by taking advantage of existing & available data and ICT infrastructure resources available at State Level, involving various stakeholders in State of Bihar. Objective include: Creation of Digital Spatial Database Creation of primary layers and ability to generate the required number of secondary layers and generation of composite maps from those layers. GIS analysis using state of art technology Generation of Location-Specific Thematic Maps. Action Plan Maps for location specific problem solutions. Development of an appropriate GIS - based Query System. III. Generation of Spatial Village Maps District and Block boundaries were drawn from the SOI topographical maps. These were brought in as ArcInfo coverage after following the standard procedure : digitization, geo-referencing, etc. Block maps, collected from the local government offices in the district, contain village boundaries with contour lines and other topographical information. These District/Block maps, which do not show geographical co-ordinates, were traced Each village in this map was assigned unique ids (userdefined) in a regular sequence and has been codified through Census Codes. Thus, Block map with village boundaries with in-built table having aerial extent, village-ids, etc., can be generated for district. The village map was opened in Arc/View for further processing.

Road Map of Bihar IV. Integration of Spatial and Non-spatial Database The Tables of both spatial village map and non-spatial census information were opened in Arc/View and joined together, with the help of user-defined ids, using table-join function. Thus, an information system has been generated for the district showing the village map with its boundaries and the relevant census information containing eco-socio-economic dimensions. An application software has been developed for integrating the spatial village maps with non-spatial or tabular information can be demonstrated for its potential for grass-root level development planning taking into consideration the local needs and constraints2. It has also established its usefulness to the decision-makers in the district to generate views/scenarios for decision-making at local-level. This

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prototype Community GIS tool will serve as a first step towards the development of Decision Support System for decentralized planning at district/block level. Spatial Data : The spatial data provides base map around Survey of India (SOI) reference system in 1:50,000 scale. In current proposal, we are addressing largely to the base map which can facilitate planning and e-governance up-to village level data. However, the map scale requirement for city/towns/municipal areas is 1:1000 or higher and for application at cadastral level is 1:4000. Since development of spatial data in higher scale and its availability involves complex process as well as time, the current proposal largely address to the applications in 1:50,000 scale. However, projects involving higher scale of mapping may be studied in detail separately and projectized. Non-Spatial Data: This will be sourced from MIS data generated out of priority areas identified for GIS mapping services. The data will be census 2001 codified as per look-up table mentioned below: This contains a table of Village Map polygon ID generated by software and corresponding Village Name along with census Code. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Village MAP ID(polygon) - ID Census State Code 2 Digits Census District Code 2 Digits Census Block Code - 4 Digits Panchayat Code - 4 Digits [ As used in BRGF] Census Village Code - 8 digits [ Last two digits can be used to extend Tola/Ward or uncovered near by villages] V. Priority Projects for Integration: A. Meta-Data report for State : Meta-Data is the data about data, in terms of its source, content, time reference, quality and condition. 4 This demands developing Meta-Data report of Bihar State with following deliverables: Identification of Data & its source Spatial/Non spatial data inventory with State Government Agencies Details of Data Content, Condition & Quality viz. parameter list, scale of maps, time reference, data format (digital/analog/paper etc.). Identify data gaps and focus areas where GIS needs to be implemented Cost benefit analysis and broad estimation of efforts required. An online system for update of meta data from various stake holders.

B. Spatial Data Development Project for State: Based on Meta-Data and Exiting data following data development projects may be considered 3: Base Map or Framework Data of Bihar State around 1:50 K SOI reference system. Digitization of Bihar State Maps such Rural Roads, Town Maps, Infrastructure Locations and networks, Parliamentary/ Assembly Constituency/ Polling Station locations etc. Mapping using High resolution satellite images like Quick bird Integration of vector & raster (satellite data)

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Integration of Spatial & Non-spatial Data 3D data creation Any other data as per needs of user VI. Web GIS G2C Application for Demography & Amenities:

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GIS can provide accurate spatial view of various infrastructure facilities at different levels. The location for the new infrastructure may be obtained using GIS to serve the people effectively. Web based systems provide the information to millions of persons on the internet. WebGIS is a distributed system across a computer network to integrate, disseminate, and communicate geographic information visually on the World Wide Web (www). State Wide Area Networks and Common Service Centres(Vasudha Kendra) has been operationalised in the State which becomes delivery as well as data collection centres for the application. It is an application that can retrieve data from GIS databases and provide geographic information through a browser interface to end-users. The users will be able to access, manipulate and retrieve the GIS data from their Browsers. Web GIS is an application development for sharing of maps over internet to a wide geospatial community. In the present work, the thin client architecture has been adopted for the development of the WebGIS for planning infrastructural facilities. The proposed web-based GIS system is based on five core components including: User interface for clients to access and analyse data Web server and application server for getting the clients request and sending it to map server Data analysis and queries based on clients request Data server for retrieving data from a database and serving them to map server for analysis Database that includes spatial data and non-spatial data

GIS Infrastructure and Software A. GIS Capacity Building Project: A desk top GIS roll out program using Open source GIS products can be undertaken for identified sections/division in the state department where there is need to sensitize the staff in respect of GIS concept and process data as per the local needs. The ease of use of GPS for data collection had changed the entire philosophy of data collection and requisite skill set shall be developed. A three level training Master trainers to actual management can be taken up from State to the Block level for using GIS in decision making and enabling of GIS culture in government functioning. B. Web GIS G2G for Bihar State in 1:250 K & 1:50 K: This involves customization as per local needs using National GIS system and creating a GIS framework by which most of public utility departments, works departments and their schemes can be

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integrated. This not only provides unified view for infrastructure mapping but also provides facility for long term perspective planning of various locations.

C. GIS/ICT Infrastructure Project: This involves working out GIS/ICT Infrastructure Requirements of Bihar State and procurement, deployment and commissioning. Geo-Portal may be set up as part of framework spatial data infrastructure as single window one stop service integrating all priority projects such as Education, health, Rural Roads, forest, BPL, Rural development, social sector schemes etc. VII. Sectoral Information for Priority Areas

A. House Hold Survey or BPL Survey: BPL 2007 data is currently available with Rural Development department. This contains This data is also being used for issuing Ration Card as well as issuing MASTER card for each House hold under Aam Admi Bima Yojana running under Labour Department. Though instruction had been given to use census codes for all villages in the BPL survey however such code may not be available in uniformity. In such cases Field Formations can be asked to codify the village with census codes. B. MGNREGS Data: MGNREGA-Soft has been implemented across state for capturing rural employment guarantee related data. The village codes has been census codified and entire data base uses census codes. However NREGS uses separate codes for State, District, Block, Panchayat which is as per 2001 census. Thus another look up table must be created which maps the GIS look up table with currently available NREGS data. The data is available centrally at http://nrega.nic.in/. Thus central GIS team work with Rural Development Ministry NIC team for integration of such data. C. MVR data of Land Registration Registration department is currently running client/server application at district level for capturing Land Registration related data. This data is not currently census codified. It is necessary to codify all the Thana nos. with census codes and then identify parameters suitable for decision making under Registration. MVR data can initially be used to create different level of maps along with various resource maps. It is proposed to create a Cell at Registration Department responsible for capturing data from District formations and then upload the data to Central Server. Data on day to day basis such as No. of Registrations, Variations in Registrations as per MVR etc. can be depicted through MAP. D. Rural Road Connectivity - PMGSY Maps: Currently User already has Block level Rural road map at 1:50000 scale. The maps are being updated yearly to reflect the current status. These maps can be integrated with Existing Data of Village

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amenities, Education, Health, BPL Survey etc. to reflect rural connectivity. This can also be made available to various other departments whose parameters can be layered above it and Public at large. 5 E. Education [Human Resource Department] Human Resource Department is Currently running various programmes at district / block / Panchayat level. In order to take quality decisions it is necessary the parameters such as no. of schools [Type wise], Coverage Area, No. of Students enrolled, No. of Colleges, No. of schools under SSA [Surv Siksha Abhiyan] , Mid day Meals etc. can be mapped. Block Information Centres have been established by Education department for capturing and transmitting from lowest formations with Bihar Education Project. In addition BEP has collected large volume of data on school infrastructure, Availability etc which can be GIS mapped. Specific requirements must be worked with Human Resource Department and BEP to create education layers. F. Environment and Forest Forest Coverage Area Maps can be created and digitized which can be overlayed on State/District Maps to understand forest covers. There various maps created by central agencies which has been shared with Forest Department. Such Maps can digitized and can also be suitable for planning. G. Embankment and Canals Irrigation department has created large chunk of irrigation canals which provide water for cultivation. Maps of Canals, Rivers, and Traditional Water bodies can be created which can be suitable for planning for irrigation, Fisheries, social forestry. This can also help the department to Prioritize Schemes being under taken. H. Bridges Bihar Pul Nirman Nigam has created large chunk of bridges which provide basic connectives to remote locations. Maps of Bridges, Coverage Area, Routes can be created which can be suitable for planning for transportation, alternate routes, disaster management etc. This can also help the department to Prioritize Schemes being under taken. VIII. Strategy of Integration Framework

The strategy for development envisages Framework ICT/GIS Infrastructure like Hardware, Software and Data is available (up to 1:50,000 scale) and also provided by Government (Attributes or Higher Scale data). In the current context it can be used in mapping of linear features like road network connecting the villages and towns and also the point locations like PHCs, Schools in the villages where such accuracy will suffice. But the geographic content such as those within the city, the mapping is not feasible in the current framework. It requires high-resolution satellite data such as those from Quickbird, which has a resolution up to 60cms. It is then possible to map the entire Bihar Government infrastructure and the service areas within the cities. The high resolution maps for selected cities / areas will have same look and feel. Therefore, project envisages a Framework Architecture which can manage data in various scales and resolution as per the requirements. IX. Approach 1. Use Available Data in 1:1 M, 1:250 K & 1:50 K as part of National GIS Framework. 2. Standardization of framework for planning purpose in 1:50 K scale. 3. Use Satellite Data at various resolution viz AWIFF (56 m), LISS-III(23.5 m), PAN (5.8 m) and Quick Bird (61 cm). 4. Extend National GIS & Image Services, deploy for State with due customization as per location needs.

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5. Identify State Data Sets & sources (meta-data) and define, develop and implement State Data Inventory around National GIS Framework. 6. Data available at state to be integrated on priority wherever there is better confidence with data. 7. Cost of additional data sets e.g high resolution satellites, bridging gaps, processing to be taken up by Bihar state govt. 8. Initially applications may be developed and deployed. These need to be migrated at the state data centers for on line operation. 9. Data to be provided by State Govt. 10. Spatial data value addition to be carried out by state organizations. 11. Meta-Data Report with State approval 12. Appropriate Delivery and Implementation mechanism of Services X. Data Sharing Model and Data format, interoperability and standards

Spatial data in GIS-based projects are drawn from multiple systems/sources in multiple data formats. There is a need to freeze a data format compatible with most of the systems while not compromising on the definition for representing the full functionality of the system. Legacy data, complexity of the analysis, models and visualization techniques, including publishing on the web, may place additional dimension on freezing the suitable data format. Spatial data covering various features/themes (such as roads, habitations, water bodies, forest boundaries, etc. required for implementation of GIS) are available. Since GIS-based projects are costly and time-consuming, there is a need to have and follow national standards for creation of different thematic layers at different scales. XI. METHODOLOGY ADOPTED GIS is an emerging technology and use of GIS for micro-level planning is still in the developmental phase. For developing a useful informatics tool for decentralized planning at micro-level in the form of Spatial Data Infrastructure, the spatial database and non-spatial database have been created separately at village level and then integrated together under GIS environment to assist the decisionmakers to generate various socio-economic views and scenarios for identifying the villages for rural development/ management schemes. The major steps involved in developing the spatial data infrastructure involves the generation of spatial village maps, transformation of non-spatial census data as spatial entity using GIS, integration of spatial and non-spatial databases through the use of

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common identifiers, development of menu driven user interactive GUI (Graphical User Interface) and finally the generation of views and scenarios for decentralized planning. The planners and decision-maker in general are not expected to have in-depth knowledge in the usage and application of GIS and hence a menu driven GUI has been developed so that users with basic knowledge of computers can work under GIS environment. Improved procedures of data management involves assessment of end-users, preparation of a conceptual data model, survey of available data and compilation of metadata, identification of data gaps, and preparation of a detailed design of the GIS database. The development of Web based GUI will make the spatial data infrastructure userfriendly and interactive.

XII.

Long Term Objective of the Project

The overall long-term objectives of the research activity on sustainable infrastructure will be to: 1. Analyze the underlying driving forces of regional divergences in the demographic, economic, socio-cultural, and environmental development of India by applying an integrative and truly multi-disciplinary framework. 2. Develop a GIS and database with indicators that are specifically relevant for analyzing and projecting divergences between rural and urban-industrial areas in India. This GIS should assist decision makers and planners in formulating rural development policies at the regional and national levels. 3. Initiate new visions for rural development in Bihar by identifying innovative initiatives in lagging rural regions and by developing alternative development scenarios, which give special emphasis to options outside the traditional sectors of agriculture and forestry. 4. Continue the existing Internet platform for research on rural development. XIII. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Impacts and Benefits:

Facilitates efficient & effective tool for planning rural road connectivity to habitations. Helps in better management of facilities Helps achieve transparency & easiness in planning & monitoring processes. Efficient updation of thematic maps Offers scientific approach to rural roads planning XIV. Conclusions

The integrated geographic database for State of Bihar is being created for all the development blocks, It provides detailed information about demographic pattern of the area, educational facilities at various levels, medical facilities at different levels, approach road, tap water supply, power supply, post office and bank facilities available at village level. The spatial utility maps have been prepared and gap analysis has been carried out to identify villages lacking in the facilities. GIS has been found to be extremely useful in mapping and planning of infrastructural facilities. The methodology/

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framework developed can be adopted for other states also. Web GIS framework has been developed for spatial planning of infrastructural facilities in rural areas. It is expected that the use of Web GIS will help the planners in making more informed decisions in the field of infrastructural planning. The planners and decision-makers who do not have in-depth knowledge of GIS functioning can also use the developed Web GIS to improve the efficacy of planning process. XV. Future Developments

With a better database, we can provide a better service to the user organizations to assist in their own decision-making process for developmental planning. A few possible future development programmes for better service to the users for decentralized planning are : (1) Customization: A better Graphical User Interface (GUI) could be built using GIS, as it provides very comprehensive and fast access to information, both graphically and non-graphically. This makes the system more robust in terms of its communication with a variety of users. (2) Strategic Unit for Decentralized planning: Given that all village informatics are now spatially part of a common coordinated system, a number of useful combinations can be performed. 3) Decision Support Systems (DSS): As far as rural development planning is concerned, ATLAS generated in the present study is unsophisticated but it is robust and functions with the data that are actually available with some organization. XVI. References

1. Gupta, R.D., P.K. Garg and M. Arora, 2001, A GIS Based Decision Support System for Developmental Planning in Dehradun District, Journal Indian Cartographer, Vol. 21. 2. Kumar, R. Siva, P.S. Acharya, D. Dutta, M. Prithviraj, N. Mendiratta, and B. Singh, 2002, Natural Resources Data Management System (NRDMS- A Suite of Technologies for Local Level Planning, Map Asia Conference Proceeding, Aug. 2002, Bangkok, Thailand. 3. Ghosh, S.K. (2005) GIS Based Modeling for Rural Infrastructure Development, National Seminar on GIS Application in Rural Development, organized by Geomatics Cell, National Institute of Rural Development, Hyderabad September 26-28, 2005, pp 273-287. 4. Kumar, L. and Misra D.D. (2003) GIS Based Application for Rural Development A Policy Warranted, Map Asia Conference, Malaysia. 5. e-Gram Suvidha : A geomatics approach for facility planning for sustainable development in Rural Areas Vivek Chitale and V.V.Sreedhara Rao National Informatics Center, Ministry of Information Technology, Government of India 6. GIS Modeling for Rural Roads I GeoApproach Project study of MP Govt. PMGSY project.