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The Khudai Khidmatgar movement was formed in 1929 in response to oppressive conditions faced by Pashtun society under British colonial rule. It initially focused on social reform but later adopted nonviolent resistance in response to the Qissa Khwani bazaar massacre, when British soldiers fired upon hundreds of nonviolent demonstrators in Peshawar. At its peak, the movement had around 100,000 members and combined principles of nonviolence, Islam, and Pashtun tribal code. However, it declined after Pakistan's independence in 1947 when the Muslim League government banned the movement and cracked down on its members.
The Khudai Khidmatgar movement was formed in 1929 in response to oppressive conditions faced by Pashtun society under British colonial rule. It initially focused on social reform but later adopted nonviolent resistance in response to the Qissa Khwani bazaar massacre, when British soldiers fired upon hundreds of nonviolent demonstrators in Peshawar. At its peak, the movement had around 100,000 members and combined principles of nonviolence, Islam, and Pashtun tribal code. However, it declined after Pakistan's independence in 1947 when the Muslim League government banned the movement and cracked down on its members.
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The Khudai Khidmatgar movement was formed in 1929 in response to oppressive conditions faced by Pashtun society under British colonial rule. It initially focused on social reform but later adopted nonviolent resistance in response to the Qissa Khwani bazaar massacre, when British soldiers fired upon hundreds of nonviolent demonstrators in Peshawar. At its peak, the movement had around 100,000 members and combined principles of nonviolence, Islam, and Pashtun tribal code. However, it declined after Pakistan's independence in 1947 when the Muslim League government banned the movement and cracked down on its members.
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Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Format Tersedia
Unduh sebagai DOC, PDF, TXT atau baca online dari Scribd
At the turn of the last century Pashtun society was colonized, stagnant, violent, worn down by feuds, inequalities, factionalism, poor social cooperation, and plain ignorance. Education opportunities were strictly limited. Pashtuns are Muslims; and religious leaders and Mullahs were known to have told parents that if their children went to school, they would go to hell. Khan stated that “the real purpose of this propaganda” was to keep Pashtuns “illiterate and uneducated”, and hence his people “were the most backward in India” with regard to education. He also stated that by the time Islam reached his people centuries earlier, it had lost much of its original spiritual message. Origins of the Khudai Khidmatgar Formed out of the society for reformation of Pashtuns (Anjuman-e- Islah-e-Afghan), it initially targeted social reformation and launched campaigns against prostitution. Bacha Khan as its founder seemed to be influenced by the realisation that whenever British troops were faced with an armed uprising they eventually always overcame the rebellion. The same could not be said when using non violence against the troops. The movement started prior to the Qissa Khwani bazaar massacre, when a demonstration of hundreds of non violent supporters were fired upon by British soldiers in Peshawar. Its low point and eventual disappaition was after Pakistan's independence in 1947 when the Muslim League Chief Minister Abdul Qayyum Khan banned the movement and launched a brutal crackdown on its members which culminated in the massacre at Babra Sharif massacre. At its peak the KK movement consisted of almost 100,000 members. "The Khidmatgar movement was one of self-reform and introspection," says Mukulika Banerjee, author of The Pathan Unarmed: Opposition and Memory in the North West Frontier (School of American Research Press, 2000). "It involved two crucial elements: Islam and Pashtunwali (the Pashtun tribal code). Here nonviolence becomes an ideological system very compatible with Islam and Pakhtunwali, since these are reinterpreted." Genesis of the Khudai Khidmatgar Initially the movement focussed on social reform as a means of imrpoving the status of pashtuns against the British. Ghaffar Khan founded several reform movements prior to the formation of the Khudai Khidmatgar, the Anjumen-e Islah ul-Afghan in 1921, the farmers' organisation Anjuman-e Zamidaran in 1927 and the youth movement Pashtun Jirga in 1927. Trying to further spread awareness on Pashtun issues Abdul Ghaffar Khan founded the magazine Pakhtun in May 1928. Finally in November 1929, almost on the eve of the Qissa Khwani bazaar massacre the Khudai Khidmatgar were formed.