Comparison of Combustion

Calculations Using
Cantera and Chemkin
B.Tech Project
First Stage Report
Submitted by
Deep Gupta
(04010034)
Under the guidance of
Prof. A. W. Date
&
Prof. U. V. Bhandarkar
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology
Bombay
2
Acknowledgements
In a cooperative endeavor, there are some personalities who deserve special
acknowledgement due to their very special contribution and enlightened suggestions during
the course of this project. Without their cooperation and encouragement this project would
not have been possible.
I take this opportunity to thank Prof. A.W. Date for his kind and enthusiastic support, during
the entire course of this project. I also wish to express my gratitude to Prof. U.V.
Bhandarkar for guiding and directing me on various occasions & giving insightful thoughts
about the project.
It has been a great pleasure doing this project and preparing this report.
Deep Gupta
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
Powai, Mumbai 400076

3
ABSTRACT
The need for quick and simple solutions to tedious computations in combustion problems has
given rise to new mathematical tools and techniques. One such mathematical tool, Cantera,
has been first introduced with emphasis on its working. Further, solutions to some problems
of chemical thermodynamics, equilibrium and reactors obtained using Cantera have been
presented and comparison with standard data has been shown. Another combustion
calculation software, Chemkin, is then introduced. Finally, the report concludes by
highlighting the applicability of Cantera in regular curriculum and specifying the future tasks
of the project.
key words: Cantera, Chemkin, Matlab, kinetics, equilibrium.
4
Table of contents
Acknowledgements ............................................................................................ 2
ABSTRACT...................................................................................................... 3
List of Figures ................................................................................................... 5
List of Tables .................................................................................................... 5
1.Introduction................................................................................................... 6
2.Cantera: Introduction and working ................................................................. 8
3.Some Computations using Cantera ................................................................ 10
3.1 Chemical Thermodynamics and Equilibrium 10
3.2 Chemical Kinetics 15
3.3 Reactors 17
4.Chemkin: An Introduction............................................................................ 20
5.Conclusions and Future Goals ....................................................................... 22
REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 23
5
List of Figures
Figure 1. Linking of Matlab with Cantera.....8
Figure 2. Adiabatic flame temperature with equivalence ratio for propane-air mixture at.....13
Figure 3. CO mole fractions resulting from dissociation of CO2 at various pressures and
temperatures............................................................................................................14
Figure 4. Comparison of rate constants of reactions of zeldovich mechanism ......................16
Figure 5. Net production rate of species with time showing the steady state of N.................17
Figure 6. Variation of temperature and mass fractions of CO, CO2 and O2 inside a
CVCMTCR with time..............................................................................................18
List of Tables

Table 1. Comparison of LHV obtained from Cantera with standard/hand calculated results.12
Table 2. Comparison of AFT from Cantera with standard/hand calculated results.................12
Table 3. Comparison of Cantera obtained mole fractions of CO2 dissociation with calculated
values..14
6
Chapter 1
Introduction
Combustion or burning is a complex sequence of chemical reactions between a fuel and an
oxidant accompanied by the production of heat or both heat and light in the form of either a
glow or flames [6]. Each term in the definition requires a further clarification, which explains
the complexity of the phenomenon. In simple terms, it is defined as the burning of a fuel and
oxidant to produce heat and/or work. Combustion includes thermal, hydrodynamic, and
chemical processes. It is the major energy release mechanism on Earth and is the key to
humankind's existence, thus explaining its significance. Combustion processes are involved
in engines, reactors, thermal plants and a gamut of energy generating units. The post-
combustion products now have become a crucial concern for environment. Efficient and
responsive use of our energy sources has become a primary concern for human society. Thus,
it becomes imperative to have detailed analysis of this complex process. Advanced
measurement and control equipment has traditionally been used as a tool for the analysis of a
combustion system. The analysis can lead to lower energy use and pollutant emissions [7].
However, when looked in depth, each combustion phenomenon is governed by a chemical
reaction or an endless set of them. So calculations and computations become an integral part
of combustion analysis, which not only involves certain set of chemical reactions, but a wide
variety of engineering aspects including heat transfer, fluid dynamics, design and
thermodynamics. The mathematical analysis of the combustion phenomenon is however,
almost impossible without the aid of a computational machine, due to the intricacy of the
process. Therefore, in recent years, computational codes, including kinetics and fluid
dynamics codes have been used as an added tool for combustion analysis. These methods
involving computational codes, however, require a prior knowledge and background of
programming languages, thus restricting their application to some extent. In other words, they
cannot be implemented in classroom teaching and are much difficult to be used in general
combustion calculations. Moreover, the process of writing codes is time-consuming, and in
some cases, also requires a lot of computational time and power. To overcome these
7
shortcomings of computational codes, and to make the computations more fluent, some
combustion computational tools have been developed in the recent past.
Two of such softwares or tools, are Cantera and Chemkin. But before putting to practical
applications, it becomes necessary to understand the working of the tool, and then validating
its solutions either against experimental results or with the standard results available. Thus the
project aims at i) understanding the working of the two softwares in detail and ii) observing
whether Cantera can be implemented in the regular course curriculum from the next term, and
iii) comparison of solution of selected combustion problems amongst the two as well as with
the standard results available.
8
Chapter 2
Cantera: Introduction and working
Cantera is an object-oriented, open source suite of software tools for reacting flow problems
involving chemical kinetics, thermodynamics and transport processes. It can be used to
conduct kinetics simulations with large reaction mechanisms, to compute chemical
equilibrium, to evaluate thermodynamic and transport properties of mixtures, to evaluate
species chemical production rates and to create process simulators using networks of stirred
reactors.
Cantera is a multi-platform combustion tool and can be used on Windows, Mac, Linux and
Unix platforms. Moreover, it can be used with the help of various programming languages
such as C, C++and Fortran 90. The most convenient feature is its ability to be operated from
interactive/scripting environments such as MATLAB and Python for rapid problem solution.
Cantera consists of a kernel written in C++, and a set of language interface libraries that allow
using Cantera from other programming languages. The kernel is object-oriented, and defines
a set of classes that represent important entities for a reacting-flow simulation. A great
advantage of an object-oriented framework is that objects can be combined together to build
more complex dynamic system and process models. For example, it is a simple matter to
quickly put together a complex network of stirred reactors.
Throughout this project, various problems of different aspects of combustion have been
solved using the user-friendly Matlab interface. Cantera can be easily linked to Matlab,
through its toolbox, which is further linked to the kernel of the software. All the links and
how Cantera operates through Matlab is explained clearly in Fig.1.

User
Matlab m-
file
Matlab
toolbox
(m-files,
classes)
Matlab
MEX file
C-lib
library
C-callable
functions
Cantera
kernel
C++
classes,
function,
constants
User interface
layer
API layer C-layer
kernel
External C
numerical
libraries
Figure 1 . Linking of Cantera to Matlab
9
Being an object oriented software; Cantera uses a gamut of objects for various purposes.
Some of its objects are described in detail in later chapters, where methods to solve
combustion problems of different aspects and their solutions obtained through Cantera has
been explained.
10
Chapter 3
Some Computations using Cantera
Solutions to selected combustion problems have been obtained using Cantera and some of
them have been compared with the standard solutions available. The problems ranged from
chemical thermodynamics, equilibrium to kinetics and reactors.
3.1 Chemical Thermodynamics and Equilibrium
Problems of chemical thermodynamics involve problems pertaining to the first and second
laws, concepts and definitions related to element conservation; a definition of enthalpy that
accounts for chemical bonds, and adiabatic flame temperatures. Chemical equilibrium,
though a second law concept, is applied to combustion-product mixtures because knowledge
of equilibrium states is sufficient to define many performance parameters of any combustion
device.
For combustion thermodynamics calculations, Cantera provides a mixture object called
GRI30. It is a solution instance representing reaction mechanism GRI-Mech 3.0. It is a
widely-used reaction mechanism for natural gas combustion. It contains 53 species composed
of the elements H, C, O, N, and Ar, and 325 reactions, most of which are reversible[1]. GRI-
Mech 3.0, like most combustion mechanisms, is designed for use at pressures where the ideal
gas law holds. It contains thermodynamic coefficients of all the species and Arrhenius
parameters for all the reactions, originally taken from the standard NASA thermodynamic
database. Cantera also has air as a mixture object. Moreover, Cantera contains built-in
accurate equations of state for several pure fluids, including water, nitrogen, oxygen,
methane, and hydrogen. These equations of state may be used to calculate accurate
thermodynamic properties for these fluids over the full range in density and temperature for
which the equations of state are valid, including pure liquid, pure vapor, saturated
liquid/vapor, and supercritical regions in the phase diagram.
Problems involving calculations of thermodynamic properties of mixtures/fluids like
enthalpy, entropy, work done and heat change were done using Cantera, and the results were
found to be in exact accordance with the hand calculated results. The first step towards
11
solving a problem in Cantera is to create a thermodynamic object, and then setting its state, in
terms of its temperature, pressure, and the mole/mass fractions of the species present.
An interesting comparison between Cantera and the standard results is the calculation of heat
of combustion of fuels. After setting the initial mole fractions of the species, in the standard
mixture object GRI30, from the standard stoichiometric combustion reaction of the fuel,
either the mixture is allowed to equilibrate
1
at constant T and P, or the final state is set
knowing the final reaction combustion products. The enthalpy difference between the two
states gives the required value. An example, for methane, the procedure is shown as follows:
Method I:
gas=GRI30;
set (gas,'T',298.15,'P',oneatm,'X','CH4:1,O2:2,N2:7.52')
2
;
h1=enthalpy_mass(gas);
set(gas,'T',298.15,'P',oneatm,'X','CO2:1,H2O:2,N2:7.52');
Method II:
After setting the initial state as previously, the following command is used
equilibrate(gas,'TP')
The results obtained for methane and propane using the above two methods and their
comparison with the standard results are shown in Table 1.
Similarly, adiabatic flame temperature, i.e., the temperature the fuel-air mixture would
attain, if burnt adiabatically at constant pressure, can also be computed from Cantera, using

1
EQUILIBRATE - Set the mixture to a state of chemical equilibrium.
This method invokes Cantera's chemical equilibrium solver, which first uses an element potential method. The
element potential method is one of a class of equivalent 'nonstoichiometric' methods that all have the
characteristic that the problem reduces to solving a set of M nonlinear algebraic equations, where M is the
number of elements (not species). The so-called 'stoichiometric' methods, on the other hand, (including Gibbs
minimization), require solving K nonlinear equations, where K is the number of species (usually K >>M).
Cantera uses a damped Newton method to solve these equations. However, if this method does not converges,
then it uses a version of the VCS algorithm to find the composition that minimizes the total Gibbs free energy of
the mixture, subject to element conservation constraints [3].The equilibrium can be achieved by holding two
properties constant at a time.
2
T, P, are temperature and pressure respectively, which are set to standard conditions. X is the mole fraction,
which is calculated from the stoichiometric coefficients in the standard reaction.
12
the same two methods, either considering full equilibrium products, or just the standard
reactionproducts. The results obtained are shown in tabular form in Table2
c
H A (KJ /Kg of fuel) from
stoichiometric reaction
c
H A (KJ /Kg of fuel)using full
equilibrium
CH4
Cantera 50029.00 50026.5
Standard/Hand calculated
3
50161.25 50036.56
C3H8
Cantera 46355.00 46352.00
Standard/Hand calculated 46449.00 46337.90
Table 1. Comparison of LHV obtained from Cantera with standard/hand calculated results
Adiabatic Flame Temperature
(K) stoichiometric reaction
Adiabatic Flame
Temperature (K) equilibrium
CH4
Cantera 2325.6 2224.6
Standard/Hand calculated 2330.0 2242.0
C3H8
Cantera 2392.1 2265.7
Standard/Hand calculated 2396.67 2264.00
Table 2. Comparison of AFT from Cantera with standard/hand calculated results

The difference between Cantera and standard results occurs due to the difference of full
equilibrium in both the cases. While Cantera considers all the reactions and species, the
standard calculations might have considered less no. of reactions and species
4
. This causes a
minor variation in the full equilibrium values of AFTs and enthalpy change. The difference in
the results for stoichiometric calculations arises due to the approximations in the hand
calculations. Since, for the calculation of Adiabatic Flame Temperature, various properties

3
The values are hand calculated for the case of using the standard reactions and are taken from [4][5], for the
case of full equilibrium.
4
Cantera considers full equilibrium with the whole set of 325 reactions and 53 species.
13
are assumed to be constant and the value is just linearly interpolated, there are more chances
for error in the hand calculation for AFT, than for enthalpy change. Thus, more is the
difference in the Flame temperature values than the enthalpy change values.
Further, the difference in the values of the AFTs obtained with and without considering full
equilibrium products can be attributed to the fact that to maintain the same pressure with less
number of species, more has to be the temperature rise. Thus, when full equilibrium is
considered, the AFT is expected to be lower, as the results show.
Another important parameter in combustion thermodynamics is the equivalence ratio, ,
which specifies the leanness or richness of the fuel-air mixture with respect to the
stoichiometric fuel-air ratio[2]. The variation of AFT of propane air mixture at 1 atm pressure
with equivalence ratio shows an interesting behaviour(Figure 2), which is plotted using
Cantera considering full dissociation of products.
Figure 2. Adiabatic flame temperature with equivalence ratio for propane-air mixture at 1 atm,
plotted using Cantera
The maximum flame temperature (2278 K) occurs not at stoichiometric, but at slightly rich
equivalence ratio ( =1.05). It can be seen as a consequence of decreasing heat of combustion
and heat capacity of the products (N
prod
.
p,prod
c ) , beyond =1. From =1 to (T
max
), the
heat capacity decreases more rapidly with than
c
H A , but
c
H A falls more rapidly than heat
capacity after (T
max
).
14
Calculations involving degree of dissociation and the estimation of products at equilibrium
can also be solved using Cantera, considering full equilibrium. Parameters like Gibbs free
energy change and Equilibrium constants of reactions in concentration units can be obtained
directly. Some examples like the equilibrium dissociation of CO2 at 5000 K and 1 atm
pressure have been taken up and have been compared with the hand calculated results, shown
in Table 3. The values are found to be almost similar, having only a slight difference, because
of consideration of other species formed in the case of full equilibrium. The other specie
which was found to be formed other than these four was C with a mole fraction of 0.000107,
when full equilibrium was considered.
Table 3. Comparison of Cantera obtained mole fractions of CO2 dissociation with calculated values
Further, CO mole fractions over a range of pressures and temperatures were investigated and
the plot obtained is shown in Fig. 3.
Figure 3. CO mole fractions resulting from dissociation of CO2 at various pressures and temperatures
6

5
The calculation was done using Newton-Raphson iteration , considering the following set of reactions :
2 2
2
1
CO O CO
2
O 2O

6
The plot exactly matches with the one given in chapter on combustion and thermo chemistry in [2].
X
CO2
X
CO
X
O2
X
O
Cantera 0.00142019 0.501583 0.00490725 0.49183
Hand calculated
5
0.00126 0.50186 0.00498 0.49189
15
Two general observations concerning these results can be made. At any fixed temperature,
increasing the pressure suppresses the forward reaction, i.e., more towards decreasing no. of
moles at equilibrium and at any fixed pressure, increasing the temperature promotes the
forward reaction, which is endothermic.Both the results are in accordance to the Principle of
Le Chatelier that states that any system initially in a state of equilibrium when subjected to a
change will shift in composition in such a way so as to minimize the change.
3.2 Chemical Kinetics
The study of the reactions and their rates, or chemical kinetics, is an inseparable part of
combustion chemistry. Research has been going on from time immemorial, to define the
detailed chemical pathway from reactants to the products. Cantera supports solution of
kinetics problems by providing object-oriented functions which can calculate the forward,
backward or the net rates of production of a specie in a given reaction mechanism. Cantera
database contains more than 325 reactions, including third body fall off reactions, the
Arrhenius parameters for which have been taken from standard NASA reaction database.[1]
An important reaction mechanism to analyze is the famous Zeldovich mechanism for NO
formation, which includes the following sets of reactions:
2
2
O+N NO+N
N+O NO+O

The values of the reaction rate constants have been evaluated using Cantera, by using the fact
that the equilibrium constant is the ratio of forward rate constant to the backward rate
constant, i.e.,
( )
( )
( )
f
c
b
k T
K T
k T
= ,
where the symbols have the usual meanings
.At various temperatures, the value of unknown rate constant was evaluated using the above
expression with the help of known equilibrium constant at that temperatures and the known
rate constant, the Arrehenius parameters for which are already present in the GRI30 database.
These values of unknown rate constants at different temperatures were then curve fitted to
obtain the expression for rate constant,(forward for reaction1 and backward for reaction
2)(Figure 4)
16
Figure 4. Comparison of rate constants of reactions of zeldovich mechanism through Cantera with
standard available values
Like in Zeldovich mechanism, in many chemical systems, highly reactive intermediate
species, e.g., radicals are formed. Such analyses can be simplified by using the steady state
approximation to these reactive intermediates. After a rapid initial build up in concentration,
the radical is destroyed as rapidly as it is formed, so that its rate of formation and its rate of
destruction are equal. As a result, the concentrations of the radical are quite small in
comparison to those of the reactants and products. In the Zeldovich mechanism, N atom is the
reactive intermediate.
The steady state can be clearly seen in fig. 5, where plots of net production rates of all the
species with time are shown. The graphs are plotted by setting the concentration of each
specie at the next time step from the calculation carried out in the previous time step, using
the production rate at that time step
7
.

7
The time step was taken to be 10^(-6) sec and the calculation was done up to 2*10^(-5) seconds Decreasing
the time step on one hand, increased the accuracy and showed an early attainment of steady state, while, on the
other, increased the computational time. On decreasing the time step to 10^(-11) sec, the production rate of N
seemed to reach steady state by 8*10^(-6) seconds. The computation took 11.2 hrs to complete upto 7*10^(-6)
seconds. Since the results were incomplete, they are not shown here.
17
While all other species have their production rates either increasing or decreasing, the
production rate for N approached a constant value.

Figure 5. Net production rate of species with time showing the steady state of N
3.3 Reactors
The solution of reactor kinetics requires coupling of knowledge of chemical kinetics with
fundamental conservation principles of mass, momentum and energy. Solution of a reactor
problem should give system temperatures and various species concentrations as functions of
time as system proceeds from reactants to products.
Cantera has a generic transient stirred reactor model, which can be used to build many batch
and continuous reactors. The reactor class integrates the following same governing equations
no matter what type of reactor is simulated. The differences among reactor types are
completely specified by the attached flow devices
8
and the time-dependent user-specified
boundary conditions.

8
flow devices includemass flow controllers, pressure regulators and valves. They can be connected at the
inlets or outlets of the reactor and each of them serve a different purpose.
18
,

mass fraction of species

k
i k i k o k k
inl ets out lets
i i i i o
walls inlets outlet s
k
k
dM
m Y Y m Vm
dt
dU
A q PV m h h m
dt
M
Y
M
= +
= +
= =

1
( , ............... )
K
U
T T Y Y
M
=
Here,
k
m =molecular wt. of specie k,
k
=net production rate of specie k
V =total volume of the reactor, P =pressure inside the reactor
Finally, temperature is determined by Newton-Raphson iteration.
An example of Constant Volume Constant Mass Thermo Chemical Reactor (CVCMTCR) has
been taken having a mixture of CO and moist air (X
H2O
=0.02), with =0.25 and T=1020 K,
and pressure= 1atm, with the assumption that reactor is adiabatic. The variation of
temperature and mole fractions of various species with time has been plotted in fig. 6.
Figure 6. Variation of temperature and mass fractions of CO, CO2 and O2 inside a CVCMTCR with time
The results are in accordance with the calculated results obtained by solving the problem
using basic equations. It can be seen that after around 0.0135 seconds, the temperature
suddenly shoots up and remains at a constant value thereafter. In fact, after that point, no
19
reaction takes place inside the reactor and the condition is called blow-off. Similar analysis
can be done for a VVCMTCR (Variable Volume Constant Mass Thermo Chemical Reactor).
For a WSTCR (Well Stirred Thermo Chemical Reactor), there are inlets and outlets, for a
specified amount of fuel-air mixture to come in and go out, with the assumption that the
properties inside the reactor are same as properties at the exit. A problem on this type of
reactor, with CO and moist air mixture at =1, temperature at the inlet=1000K, and pressure
at inlet=1 atm, showed some interesting results. With increasing mass flow rate at the inlet,
the steady state temperature of the reactor came down, and at a particular value of mass flow
rate, there was no change in the temperature of the gases entering the reactor. This is the
condition of blow-off for well stirred reactor. The mass flow rate for this condition is found
to be 0.19 kg/sec. Similarly, for a propane-air mixture at =1, having an inlet temperature of
T=298 K, with the same sized reactor as above and with the same assumptions, the mass flow
rate for blow-off was found to be 0.41 kg/sec


20
Chapter 4
Chemkin: An Introduction
Chemkin is a collection of data bases and subroutines written in text files and in FORTRAN
code for solving problems involving gas-phase kinetics, equilibrium and transport properties.
It is designed for modeling many chemically reacting flowconfigurations.
There are many different types of problems that can be solved using the Chemkin
subroutines. Some of the problems which can be solved using Chemkin include calculation of
Adiabatic flame temperatures, equilibrium concentrations for gas mixtures, reactor kinetics
including CVCMTCR, VVCMTCR, PFR and WSTCRs, flame speed, species mole fractions
and temperature profile as a function of time in laminar, steady-state, premixed flames.
The first step in solving a problem through Chemkin is to create an input file specifying the
elements and the species considered, the thermodynamic data, including the curve fit
coefficients for calculation of enthalpy and specific heats. The input file should also contain
details about the reactions considered and their Arrhenius parameters. Thus, Chemkin
provides freedom in choosing the reactions and species which we want to consider while
analyzing any mechanism. The data must be written in a typical standardized format,
specified by Chemkin. Next step is to create the make files, linking the core libraries of
Chemkin
9
, which forms an executable file, thus comprising of core libraries, which then
convert the text input file into a binary file. After the binary file has been formed, and the
initialization
10
has been done for the input file, there is a need to create another make file
which links the application codes (some of them are included in the package, while some

9
For the chemkin software available to me, the core libraries include i) cklib.f , which calculates the basic
thermodynamic parameters like enthalpy, entropy change, density of mixtures etc. ii) ckinterp.f, contains
subroutines that reads and extracts the necessary information for the specific problem from the thermodynamic
database. The interpreter checks for possible errors in the mechanism and creates a link file
10
Initialization includes the setting up of required space for solving the problem. For the Chemkin subroutines,
there are three arrays which must be dimensioned (RCKWRK, the real array, ICKWRK, the integer array and
CCKWRK, the character array). The minimum length of these arrays depends on the size of the problems as
defined in the input file.
21
others may be created), serving specific purposes, to the core libraries. For e.g., senkin.f is set
of Fortran subroutines that performs the sensitivity analysis of various species. The make file
thus creates another executable file, through which the binary file is passed to obtain the final
output result file. The application codes are called from a driver program. (Program that
direct the subroutines and control the input/output files).
The application codes available include the codes for solving PFR, WSTCR, flames and other
reactor models. The codes can also be written by the user for different purposes. However,
almost all the problems can be solved by clubbing the subroutines in these application codes.
22
Chapter 4
Conclusions and Future Goals
After understanding the working and applications of Cantera to computations of combustion
problems, it was used to solve selected combustion problems, most of them from the course
ME-661, Advanced Thermodynamics and Combustion. Problems from almost all aspects of
combustion were solved or analyzed in detail using Cantera. It was observed that solving
problems in Cantera was much easy and simpler than solving them by basic principles, i.e.,
by hand calculations. This aspect becomes blatant with increasing complexity of the problem.
Thus, with the experience of problem done so far, Cantera was found to have the ability to be
implemented in the regular course curriculum, from next term, as it is a free source, and it can
also be clubbed with various programming languages, which satisfies the needs of the
student. Moreover, its ability to work with Matlab also increases its user-friendliness. If
implemented in this course, it will remove the tedious calculations involved in combustion
problems, thus giving time for more topics to be covered. However, certain class of problems
is still left to be solved on this software, doing that will ensure the complete applicability of
this software to the course. Later, a thorough study on the working of Chemkin was done, and
some basic level problems were also solved.
Ahead, in the project, the aim is to solve the remaining class of problems, which have not
been done till now, using Cantera. The problems include plug flow reactors, flames and
droplet and particle combustion and few more. Then, all the solved problems will be resolved
using Chemkin and the solutions will be compared. Further, Fortran codes will be written for
Chemkin, to solve complex problems and then to have a comparison. The Chemkin user
compatibility of Cantera will then be exploited and the same codes will be imported in
Cantera to obtain the solution. The comparison will be made in terms of the correctness or the
accuracy of the solution obtained, the time taken to solve the problem and the relative ease in
solving the problems. Further, a detailed simulation of combustion inside an IC engine or a
combustion chamber is proposed, if time permits.
23
REFERENCES
[1] http://www.Cantera.org
[2] An Introduction to Combustion. Concepts and Applications, by Stephen R.
Turns Second Edition, McGraw Hill, 2000
[3] Chemical Reaction Equilibrium Analysis: Theory and Algorithms, By William
Robert Smith, Ronald William Missen, ISBN 0471093475
[4] Gas Tables, Products of combustion, 2nd edition, J ohn Wiley (1980), By Keenan J ,
Chao J , Kaye J
[5] Thermodynamic property data, compiled by Capt. V. Giriprasad, Prof. A.W. Date
[6] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion
[7] http://www.eoearth.org/article/Combustion
24
DECLARATION
I ______________ Roll No. __________________ understand that plagiarism is defined as
any one or the combination of the following:
1. Uncredited verbatim copying of individual sentences, paragraphs or illustrations (such as
graphs, diagrams, etc.) from any source, published or unpublished, includingthe internet.
2. Uncredited improper paraphrasing of pages or paragraphs (changing a few words or
phrases, or rearranging the original sentence order).
3. Credited verbatim copying of a major portion of a paper (or thesis chapter) without clear
delineation of who did or wrotewhat. (Source: IEEE, The Institute, Dec. 2004)
I, Deep Gupta, have made sure that all the ideas, expressions, graphs, diagrams, etc.,that are
not a result of my work, are properly credited. Long phrases or sentences that had to be used
verbatim from published literature have beenclearly identified using quotation marks.
I affirm that no portion of my work can be considered as plagiarism and I take full
responsibility if such a complaint occurs. I understand fullywell that the guide of the seminar
report may not be in a position tocheck for the possibility of such incidences of plagiarism in
this body of work.
Signature with date:
Name:
Roll No.: