DESIGN OF ROAD 3.

1 Pavement Design (JKR Method) JKR method is the best method for flexible pavement design for medium and heavy traffic. This method is a combination of two methods using a formula and figures from the result of the testing. Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 5/85 is used as a guideline for appropriate road design. It comprises of details for the thickness design, materials specification and the mix design requirements. Some data need to be collected before starting any design. They are: 1) Design life 2) Road hierarchy base of JKR classification 3) Average daily traffic volume 4) Percentage of commercial vehicle 5) Yearly rate of traffic growth 6) CBR value for sub-grade 7) Topography condition 3.1.1 Design for main road (multilane) Data: Class of road = R3 (Collectors)

Initially daily traffic volume (ADT) = 2000 Percentage of commercial vehicles Annual growth rate Equivalence factor Sub-grade CBR Rolling terrain = 5% = 5% = 1.2 = 3%

i)

Initial annual commercial traffic for one way, Vo

Vo = ADT x Pc/100 x 0.5 x 0.5 x 365 = 2000 x 0.05 x 0.5 x 0.5 x 365 = 9125

ii)

Accumulative sum of commercial traffic one way for 10 year design period Vc = Vo[(1+r)x 1 ]/r =9125[(1 + 0.05)10 1]/0.05 =1.15 X 105

iii)

Total Equivalent Standard Axles

ESA = Vc x e = 1.15 x 105 (1.2) = 1.38 x 105

iv)

Maximum hourly one way traffic flow

c=IxRxT = 2000 x 0.73 x 0.95

Table 3.6; I Table 3.7; R

= 2000, = 0.73

= 1387 vph

Table 3.8; T

= 100/(Pc + 100) = 100/(5 +100) = 0.95

Assuming hourly capacity is 10% of daily capacity C = 10 x c C = 6935 veh/day/lane

v)

The estimated daily traffic Vx after 10 years is given by

Vx = V1(1 + r)x = ADT/2 (1+r)x = 2000(1 + 0.05)10/2 = 1629 veh/day/lane

Check for C and Vx

C > Vx (OK!!!)

vi)

Selection of structural number, TA From Figure 3.5, the nomograph shows that for an ESA of 1.38 x 106, the required TA is 15.8 cm

vii)

Design of layer thickness

TA = a1D1 + a2D2 + + anDn Layer a1 a2 a3 Material Asphalt concrete Mechanically stabilized Crushed aggregate Sand Coefficient 1.00 0.32 0.23 Thickness allowable (cm) 9-15 10-20 10-30

 1st Trial: D1 = 10 cm D2 = 10 cm D3 = 10 cm Then, TA = (1.0 x 10) + (0.32 x 10) + (0.23 x 10) = 15.5 cm < TA (15.8 cm) 2nd Trial D1 = 9 cm D2 = 12 cm D3 = 10 cm Then, TA = (1.0 x 9) + (0.32 x 12) + (0.23 x 10) = 15.14 cm > TA Taking into consideration the minimum thickness requirements, the pavement structure then comprise of the following layer thicknesses: Wearing = 4 cm Binder = 5 cm Base = 12 cm Sub-base = 10 cm Total Pavement Thickness = 31 cm Cross Section of the Flexible Pavement Design

Wearing Course Binder course Base course Sub base

4 cm 5 cm 12 cm 10 cm

3.1.2 Secondary road (two lanes) Data: Class of road = R2

Initially daily traffic volume (ADT) = 1000 Percentage of commercial vehicles Annual growth rate Equivalence factor Sub-grade CBR Rolling terrain = 3% = 5% = 2.0 = 3%

i.

Initial annual commercial traffic for one way, Vo

Vo = ADT x Pc/100 x 0.5 x 1.0 x 365 = 1000 x 0.05 x 0.5 x 1.0 x 365 = 9125 ii. Accumulative sum of commercial traffic one way for 10 year design period Vc = Vo[(1+r)x 1 ]/r

=9125[(1 + 0.05)10 1]/0.05 =1.15 X 105 iii. Total Equivalent Standard Axles

ESA = Vc x e = 1.15 x 105 (2.0) = 2.3 x 105

iv.

Maximum hourly one way traffic flow

c=IxRxT = 2000 x 0.69 x 0.95 = 655.5 vph

Table 3.6; I Table 3.7; R Table 3.8; T

= 1000, = 0.69 = 100/(Pc + 100) = 100/(5 +100) = 0.95

Assuming hourly capacity is 5% of daily capacity C=5xc C = 3277.5 veh/day/lane

v.

The estimated daily traffic Vx after 10 years is given by

Vx = V1(1 + r)x = ADT/2 (1+r)x

= 750(1 + 0.05)10/2 = 610.84 veh/day/lane

Check for C and Vx

C > Vx (OK!!!)

vi.

Selection of structural number, TA From Figure 3.5, the nomograph shows that for an ESA of 2.3 x 105, the required TA is 17.5 cm

vii.

Design of layer thickness TA = a1D1 + a2D2 + + anDn

Layer a1 a2 a3 1st Trial:

Material Asphalt concrete Mechanically stabilized Crushed aggregate Sand

Coefficient 1.00 0.32 0.23

Thickness allowable (cm) 9-15 10-20 10-30

D1 = 10 cm D2 = 12 cm D3 = 15 cm Then, TA = (1.0 x 10) + (0.32 x 12) + (0.23 x 15) = 17.29 cm < TA (17.7 cm) 2nd Trial D1 = 9 cm D2 = 15 cm D3 = 18 cm

Then, TA = (1.0 x 9) + (0.32 x 15) + (0.23 x 18) = 17.94 cm > TA Taking into consideration the minimum thickness requirements, the pavement structure then comprise of the following layer thicknesses: Wearing = 4 cm Binder = 5 cm Base = 15 cm Sub-base = 18 cm Total Pavement Thickness = 42 cm

Cross Section of the Flexible Pavement Design

Wearing Course Binder course Base course

4 cm 5 cm 15 cm

Sub base
course

18 cm

3.1.3 Minor road (two lanes)

Data: Class of road = R2

Initially daily traffic volume (ADT) = 750 Percentage of commercial vehicles Annual growth rate Equivalence factor Sub-grade CBR Rolling terrain = 1% = 3% = 2.0 = 2%

a) Initial annual commercial traffic for one way, Vo

Vo = ADT x Pc/100 x 0.5 x 1.0 x 365 = 750 x 0.05 x 0.5 x 1.0 x 365 = 6844 b) Accumulative sum of commercial traffic one way for 10 year design period Vc = Vo[(1+r)x 1 ]/r =6844[(1 + 0.05)10 1]/0.05 =8.61 X 104 c) Total Equivalent Standard Axles

ESA = Vc x e = 8.61 x 104 (2.0) = 1.72 x 103

d) Maximum hourly one way traffic flow

c=IxRxT = 1000 x 0.69 x 0.95 = 655.5 vph

Table 3.6; I Table 3.7; R Table 3.8; T

= 1000, = 0.69 = 100/(Pc + 100) = 100/(5 +100) = 0.95

Assuming hourly capacity is 5% of daily capacity C=5xc C = 3277.5 veh/day/lane

e) The estimated daily traffic Vx after 10 years is given by

Vx = V1(1 + r)x = ADT/2 (1+r)x = 750(1 + 0.05)10/2 = 610.84 veh/day/lane

Check for C and Vx

C > Vx (OK!!!)

f) Selection of structural number, TA From Figure 3.5, the nomograph shows that for an ESA of 1.72 x 103, the required TA is 17.5 cm g) Design of layer thickness TA = a1D1 + a2D2 + + anDn Layer a1 a2 a3 1st Trial: D1 = 10 cm D2 = 12 cm D3 = 12 cm Then, TA = (1.0 x 10) + (0.32 x 12) + (0.23 x 12) = 16.6 cm < TA (17.5 cm) Material Asphalt concrete Mechanically stabilized Crushed aggregate Sand Coefficient 1.00 0.32 0.23 Thickness allowable (cm) 9-15 10-20 10-30

2nd Trial D1 = 10 cm D2 = 12 cm

D3 = 16 cm Then, TA = (1.0 x 10) + (0.32 x 12) + (0.23 x 16) = 17.52 cm > TA Taking into consideration the minimum thickness requirements, the pavement structure then comprise of the following layer thicknesses: Wearing = 5 cm Binder = 5 cm Base = 12 cm Sub-base = 16 cm Total Pavement Thickness = 38 cm

Cross Section of the Flexible Pavement Design

Wearing Course Binder course Base course

5 cm 5 cm 12 cm

Sub base
course

16 cm

3.3

Traffic signs and pavement marking Traffic signs and pavement markings are pictures with specific meanings that help

regulate the flow of traffic and warn the road users about the conditions of the road ahead. They also inform them about routes, distances, and available services.

3.3.1 Traffic signs We have chosen a few traffic signs that should be providing for our road which is divided to three categories: a) Regulatory signs Regulatory signs indicate the laws and regulations affecting the use of the highway. b) Warning signs Warning signs indicates a hazard ahead on the road that may not be readily apparent to a driver c) Guidance signs Guidance signs provide information and directions including route numbers and distances.

Signs

Name

Traffic signal ahead

Two way traffic

One way traffic

Disable parking

Stop

No entry

Speed limit

No parking

Parking area

3.3.2

Pavement markings