mvitever
of
Alfred
Lord Tennyson
BY
ARTHUR TURNBULL
CO.,
LTD.
/r/
MA
iN.1
NOTE.
This Life of Lord
Tennyson
is
indebted to
the
for
Waugh,
Morton Luce.
numerous
in
334364
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER
I.
EARLY YEARS.
PAGE
Tennyson's place in English literature Tennyson born at
Somersby, 6th August 1809 Genealogy of the Tennysons Somersby and its Rectory Tennyson sent to Louih
Grammar School Returns to Somersby in 1820 and is
educated by his father The scenery round Somersby
and the Fen country and its influence on Tennyson
IMablethorpe and the sea coast of the neighbourhood
Its
fascination for Tennyson and its influence on his poetry
Tennyson's father
Arthur Tennyson's recollection of
him Alfred, along with Frederick (and Charles), published a volume, Poems by Two Brothers, in 1827
volume
CHAPTER
COLLEGE
n.
CAMBRIDGE.
LIFE,
Tennyson goes
Description of Tennyson at
"The
Cambridge The
Society of
vii
CONTENTS.
Leaves
PAGE
.10
in.
CHAPTER
46
IV.
" IN MEMORIAM."
Success of
Tennyson
Sara
Unfortunate
money
his
consequence Break-
Tennyson
Tennyson loses
Coleridge
on
wood-carving company
Tennyson's marriage postponed
in
down
of health
Its
Its
.....
C0.\
TENTS.
ix
J'AT.K
CHAPTER
V.
Tennyson
97
CHAPTER VL
"the
........
CONTENTS.
PAGE
CHAPTER
THE
HlilR
VI T.
OK AI.I/THK AGES,
Cauteretz
CHAPTER
.154
VHI.
THE DRAMAS.
The
ideal drama
Tennyson writes Queen Alary Beauties
and defects of the play Tennyson studies .Eschylus and
Sophocles before composing Harold Harold described
Becket commenced in 1876
By whom suggested as a.
theme for a drama Description of the play and Irving's
CHAPTER
IX.
THE AFTERMATH.
visits Gladstone at Hawarden New friendships
from Kenan Charles Tennyson Turner and his wife
die in 1879
Tennyson makes a tour on the Continent in
\%%0 Ballads and Poems published in 1880 Death of
Spedding and FitzGerald Tennyson goes with Gladstone
Tennyson
Visit
CONTENTS.
xi
J'AGK
Isles,
Tennyson accepts a peerage Vastness published Tircsias and other Poems Locksley Hall Sixty
Years After Tennyson as a theologian His patriotism
and cosmopolitanism His statesmen poems Death of
Lionel Tennyson in 1886 Cruise in the Stella, 1887, and
to his brother Frederick
Jersey Illness Cruise
Crossing the Bar,
in the Sunbeam Tennyson writes
October i2>^gDevieter a)id other Poems Death of Robert
Browning
1889 Tennyson and Browning Death
CEnoiie and other Poems published Tennyson's
Denmark
in
visit
in
oj
last illness,
180
CHAPTER X
LORD TENXYSON's PLACE IN LITERATURE.
......
215
Index
217
AND WRITINGS OF
ALFRED LORD TENNYSON.
LIFE
CHAPTER
I.
EARLY YEARS.
Among
supremacy
who
will
become
apparent.
A man
own age must have
more
and feelings of
of those
who
civilization,
his
own epoch
progress,
is
made up by
the
great
give to the multitude what the multitude crave for and desire to listen to. To re-assess
our indebtedness to Tennyson requires that his Life
Idealists
who
should be written,
in
order that
we may contemplate
the
was
Michael Tennyson,
his
Mary, Emilia,
Edward, Arthur, Septimus, Matilda, Cecilia, Horatio.
" Half-way between
Alfred was thus the fourth son.
Horncastle and Spilsby," says the Memoir, *'in a
land of quiet villages, large fields, grey hillsides, and
infancy), Frederick, Charles, Alfred,
nestles,
LORD TENNYSON.
last hours."
An
My
At
my whole
soul grieves
And
of
box beneath,
Over
its
grave
i'
tiger-lily."
much
had
their
all
They
children
ODE TO MEMORY.
the brook that loves
To
The
filler'd tribute
LIFE AiXD n'RITJNGS OF
was
And
over.
was a
when dinner
and loved
on winter evenings, with his
around him, recounting stones
Alfred
story-teller,
of
(Mem.
i.
p. 5.)
They
like-
drummed Horace
was learned
of the father.
He
worthy old
The
Roman
[Mem.
for life.
p. 16.)
Somersby Rectory was a good one,
the leading poets and prose writers
i.
library at
including
all
LORD TENNYSON.
blank
Charles,
my arms
that's
my
father
was a
poet,
i.
See
how he
lies at
y^
why
to avoid alliteration
also the reason
Milton says " the Gates of Azzar" for " the Gates of
Gaza." Already at this early age Tennyson was a
and
p. 9.)
LIFE
AND WRITINGS OF
delicate fun
i.
i.
kept
his.
LORD TENNYSON.
own
time.
Many
young
lad with
who
little
circle as the
coming
made
the
familiar in the
Lake
peculiarities of
Words-
Its richly
LIFE
AND WRITINGS OF
to the
shore,
for
a happy one;
they were of a highly cultured kind, and took an
interest in most of the things called the "march of
mind." Tennyson's father, of course, must have had
a heavy responsibility
children,
in bringing up
and must occasionally have had
his
twelve
to act the
and
and we have a glimpse of him in
the following culling from the
It
so good it cannot be omitted.
that capacity
in
Memoir^ which is
is by Arthur, the sixth son of the family.
before
me
He
says
of Frederick, Charles,
and Alfred having a regular scrimmage with lessonbooks, and of my father suddenly coming round the
corner.
I
didn't wait to see what happened, but
bolted our father's tall form appearing was gener:
ally
at
such
moments
the
signal
for
regular
scatter,' but,
LORD TENNYSON.
of croup.
his
somewhat
gruff
Indeed he was
a share in this new pleasure of his.
always a great reader, and if he went alone he would
take his book with him on his walk. One day in the
winter, the snow being deep, he did not hear the
Louth mail coming up behind. Suddenly Ho ho !'
from the coachman roused him. He looked up and
found a horse's nose and eyes over his shoulder as if
reading his book. Like my father, Alfred had a
great head, so that when I put on his hat it came
down over my face. He, too, like my father, had a
powerful frame, a splendid physique, and we used
to have gymnastics over the large beam in his attic
den, which was in the gable looking westward.
Alfred and I often took long rambles together, and
on one particular afternoon, when we were in the
home fields talking of our respective futures, he said
emphatically, Well, Arthur, I mean to be famous.'
(From his earliest years he felt that he was a poet,
and earnestly trained himself to be worthy of his
vocation.)
For our less active amusements we
*
LIFE
lo
carved
my
in
AND WRITINGS OF
and one of
watching him
the bole of an
clay,
and seventeen.
ing.
The little volume contains the following: i,
Memory ; 2, The Exile's Harp ; 3, *' Why should we
weep for those who die"; 4, Remorse; 5, The Dell
of
And ask
Friendship; 22,
Old Chieftain;
''
31,
32,
LORD TENNYSON.
ii
Song,
Memory
Why
dear enchanter,
Dreams
Why
was true?
present before
me
Dim
Days
By
in distance fly
of youth,
now shaded
Though bathed
in sorrow's tears
LIFE
12
AND WRITINGS OF
is
incidental to
all
young
poets.
Lake.
is
"Harp
*'
Why
the young"
p.
13,
poet's
is
North"
should we weep
of the
in
for
declaration
reminiscence of
his
faith
in
is
hailed as the
was always a
Land
The
Amid
of the
favourite
of
intro-
in
LORD TENNYSON.
13
Byron's
"The
p. 184.
*'
more the
Than
all
Hume, Racine,
Rollin,
LIFE
14
AND WRITINGS OF
The
publication of Poems by
mitted
after career.
To
life
before
selves put
it,
LORD TENNYSON.
15
6*'
In every rose of
Alas
life,
CHAPTER
COLLEGE
LIFE,
II.
CAMBRIDGE.
month.
of the
i.
coming
to
Cambridge
is in
some
of
the
They
hired
carriage with
to
their
2),
time
to
the
grandiose
Poem
subjects
selected
competition.
at
all
the Universities
The Oak of
the
of
in
the
16
is
LORD TENNYSON.
the
same
subject
as
Cowper's
ly
Yufdley Oak.
To
natural
in
to Alfred than
obvious from a perusal of the
brothers' respective contributions to the volume.
The future author of Letty's Globe is the writer of
all the witty and whimsical pieces in the Poems by
Two Brothers. These are mostly written in the
Heroic couplet, Sunday Mobs, p. 197, Phrenology^
p. 200, Imagination^ p. 204, On being asked for a
Sitnile, p.
The poem on
140, are by Charles.
Phrenology shows acquaintance with the scientific
problems of the time, and it is written with a vein
of waggery highly diverting.
Among the three
brothers Charles seems to have been the wit.
Three such young men as the Tennysons must
have been a welcome addition to the University life
of Cambridge, and, though they were shy, as highly
cultivated youths often are, they soon drew a genial
circle around them.
Among their friends were
Spedding (afterwards author of the Life of Bacon)
Milnes (afterwards Lord Houghton), a poet himself
and afterwards biographical editor of Keats Trench
(afterwards Archbishop of Dublin), also of poetical
ability
Alford (afterwards Dean of Canterbury)
W. H. Thompson (afterwards Master of Trinity)
the Hon. Stephen Spring Rice
Charles Merivale
of his
is
(afterwards
(Senior
AND WRITINGS OF
iS
LIFE
Arthur H.
i.
P- 35)-
at
No.
12
Rose
i.
i.
Fitzgerald says:
am
Shakespeare.
not sure
philosopher.
'
'
'
'
r.ORD TENNYSON.
19
taste.
'
to be.'"
(Mevi.
i.
p. 36.)
One
result.
is
that
of designed repetitions of
abound
employs
fourth
in
this device In a
book
well-known passage
oi Paradise Losty
"Sweet
is
in the
commencing
LIFE
20
AND WRITINGS^Or
To
sit
beside our
cot,
our
cot
it is
o'ergrown
but
at
"
;
1797,
until
able
ence.
In
to
Henry, relates
his
The passionate
fluctuations of the
story to
his
Earl
Sandoval.
a lover,
friend,
narrator's mind
employment of designed
repetitions of word and phrase.
The poet by this
means attains to the combined passion and restraint
is
the theme of
Earl Henry,
has filled all nature with his passion
the very stars above are implicated and suffused with
His love is too vast for man
the rapture of his joy.
and is feared as an alien.
Tennyson's Lover's Tale tells the story of the
passion of Julian for his cousin Camilla, who is in
and the scene of the
love with his friend Lionel
is
laid in a situation
LORD TENNYSON.
21
Night Scene.
fluctuations of his
mind are
To what
bridge
'
The
is
woeful
Had
man
loud,
went)
Belo-u>,
We
mounted slowly
The
joy of
came
ovarome,
and looking down
On all that had look'd dotvn on us and joy
In breathing nearer heaven
and joy to me,
And
life
in steepness
victories of ascent,
High overall
To
The following
with Love
is
if
in
heaven
itself."
all
Who
And
air.
Nature
LIFE
22
AND WRITINGS OF
syllables
breathes them
strait girth
Sooner Earth
of
Time
Did tremble
which
in their stations as I
is
The
stars
gazed,"
in
Nature
is
"like
line
unbeautiful,"
In Nature there
is
nothing melancholy."
(
The Nighiingale).
writing
it
is
not to be despised
to
verse style.
"was
six feet
LORD TENNYSON.
with deep eyelids,
spearian,
23
forehead ample,
his
tips,
What struck
and strength.
He was
35).
moods
subject to
of
(Mem.
i.
p.
melancholy,
the
university
life.
society
called
Apostles "
"The
Sterling,
Thompson,
p. 43).
sum up
deliver
it
himself.
From
all
this
it
is
evident that
LIFE
24
of university
life.
AND WRITINGS
He shone more
sation
attributed
partly
the
in
his
in private
and to
depth of his
Tennyson
poetical
Oh
this
conver-
may
friendship
like
be
for
minded with
was the
inclinations,
man
of his time.
On
poem
prize
medal
fact,
in
But
it
is
LORD TENNYSON.
25
it
is
vague
in its
Despite
distinguish great
greatness at this time could be augured
from the Lover's Tale rather than from Timhiictoo ; and,
of those
poetry.
was including
the Lover's
symptom
of future greatness.
classics.
{Mem.
i.
48.)
amusement with
coats.
Alfred
LIFE
26
AND WRITINGS OF
'
p. 48.)
Poems)
in the
the
IVesl^uifisler
Taller,
LORD TENNYSON.
27
Allan Cunningham,
James Hogg,
Mitford,
In these he did
rise
And
Shone out
their
One willow
And shook
Above
in
crowning snows.
over the river wept,
own
sigh
Chasing
itself at its
And
far
The
wild will,
still
28
LIFE
AND WRITINGS OF
locality suited to a
The Ballad of
Oriana is a fine rolling war piece founded on the
rhythm of one of his own boyish experiments i^The
Vale of Bones)^ which had deeply embedded itself in
his fancy.
A Dirge is an imitation of Chatterton's
style, interfused with his love of old English words,
which might serve for a dirge over the grave of the
marvellous boy of Bristol.
subject selected from Shakespeare.
Makes
thy
gift
memory
But
The
let
of speech abused
confused
them
rave.
LORD 7ENNYS0A\
29
in a
The
That
is
poet's
Then
of scorn,
love of love."
man which
is
The marvel
An open
Before him
ill,
Then
And
in that sunrise,
floating
dark upciirl'd
Freedom clothed
in
wisdom came
LIFE
30
AND WRITINGS OF
Relation
Ta?n
0'
Plant.
They appear
to
they
poems of
spontaneous emotion.
The Poet belongs to this
it is Tennyson's declamatory assertion of the
class
place of the poet as one of the civilising- forces of
;
the \vorld.
Isabel is the only one of his dainty women pictures
with any distinctive character it is Tennyson's first
expression of the w^orship of pure womanhood, to
;
in after years,
and
it is
The
other.''
{Supposed Confessions).
LORD TENNYSON.
the love of the
to
rhyme
weak ending
instance),
of Keats (used in
"The
my
rhyming scheme
the
in
31
lintwhite
''
Could
for
and the
outwear
the
gain,"
we have
" Pleached with her hair
"^
was sloping
poem
mind
not
in
harmony with
Itself.
The
doubtings
regarding the validity of the creeds and cravings
for a fuller life which Tennyson debated at fuller
length in hi Memoriam.
The poem need not be
taken as a confession of the poet's own mental state
already
at this time;
foreshadows
it is
all
those
semi-dramatic, written
in the
tone
LIFE
32
AND WRITINGS Of
fession of a sensitive
in
\v2iS
Shall
As
Of
we not look
And
two poems
Confessions
into juxtaposition
is
we
LORD TENNYSON.
33
and no very
the escapade.
This was
about
While
at college
new
new
idea,
and
may
with a
application which
"
as Mr. William
all
of transition,"
such, though in
some
than
It is at
in others.
"ages
a great university,
is
greater
among
the
LIFE
34
AND WRITINGS OF
men between
twenty and twenty-five that a man endowed with
any thinking capacity will assimilate the ideas
"tending to the birth," as Joubert puts it, and to
give expression to which is the province of the artist
in language.
He will thus help the birth of the new
This was the effect of Cambridge life upon
age.
Alfred Tennyson.
He w^as a young man of capacity,
endowed with an eye for beauty far above the
average, and gifted w^ith a sensitiveness of soul
responsive to all the budding ideas of the time; and
university life did him good socially and helped to
draw him out of that self-isolation to which he was
by nature prone.
Notwithstanding this he must, like all poets, have
his little grumble against his Alma Mater^ and wrote
consequently some denunciatory lines against her,
seething- speculative opinions of youni^
describing her as
" You
And
that
do profess
to teach,
Characteristically, like all other poets, Alfred Tennyson looked back to his days at Trinity as those
" daw^n-golden times " {Mem. i. 68), in which reversal
of feeling he was not singular, for it is the nature of
poets to feel cabined and confined by university life
and then look back upon it and transform it into a
dream
'*
dawn,"
In February 1831
his father
of the
LORD TENNYSON.
On
return home.
35
gave a
supper in his rooms in Corpus Buildings {Mem. 71).
He had not been long at Somersby when his father
passed away in March 1831. Somersb}^ however,
had not to be left by the Tennysons, the new incumi.
for foreigners.
They
went
i.
8^).
tour on
two
friends
the
LIFE
36
AND WRITINGS OF
to Thompson on
new volume by A. T. is
i8th July,
1832:
in
"
say, a
prepar-
year, but
tions of orthography of
its
the affecta-
1830.
down,"
In
1832-3 volume as
' Selfreverence, selfknowledge, selfcontrol
etc.
LORD TENNYSON.
yj
is
as a footnote.
had attained
Daughter was one of them.
The
nature.
Miller's
to
some
that
mill,
off all
in
with
its
was no sooner
let
loose than
especially
when
the
accompanying
mouth and
jug
in
LIFE
38
AND WRITINGS OF
and the
daughter flitting about amongst her poultr}-,
The scenery
give life and motion to the picture.
on the other side of the road was equally attractive.
Its principal feature v^^as the great farm of the
parish, an old manorial house, solid and venerable,
with a magnificent clump of witch elms in front of
the porch, a suburb of outbuildings behind, and an
old-fashioned garden, with its rose of espaliers, its
wide flower borders, and its close filbered walk,
stretching like a cape into the waters, the strawberry
beds sloping into the very stream so that the cows
which, in sultry weather, came down by twos and
by threes from the opposite meadows to cool themselves in the water, could almost crop the leaves as
carefully descending the out-of-door steps,
miller's
they stood."
Mary
Russell Mitford
Gilbert
White
of
Selborne,
William
Cowper the
Words-
worth,
Jefferies,
situation
is
of course,
LORD TENNYSON.
39
Upon
It
wandered
full fair
form, a
And two
warm
white arms
white neck,
his
stream image
is
disturbed by a handful of
but the
From
the
made
rapid strides
perusal of
it
in
her preface)
LIFE
40
AND WRITINGS OF
Daughter
Queen^
is
too,
fully adjusted.
'*
In
Mariana
in the
Moated Grange^''
and shadow, of
light
one
who
some
LORD TENNYSON.
Mariana
the South
in
the
is
41
same maid
of the
aching
placed
heart,
in
is
than 1832) which Tennyson has introhas the same effect of giving a sense of
completeness to the poem as those touches of
description of the sunrise in Coleridge's Alice Die
until later
duced.
It
poem
oncoming of
together.
The
descrip-
poetry in a couple of
in
lines
of Fair Women
and
1832-3 volume
from them w^e see what was Tennyson's attitude
towards culture in his twenty-third year. The composition of The Palace of Art arose out of some talk
and correspondence with Arthur Hallam, as we can
Dream
of the
'
Alas for
LIFE
42
AND WRITINGS OF
Remember
God has given you to see
your com-
for
fort that
the difference.
came
if
they
in
manner of the
Provengal poets.
In The Palace of Art Tennyson,
we feel, was attempting to give expression to the
largest and grandest conception of which his young
mind.
In
beauty in the world around him
as well as in woman, he was intensely religious and
never sacrificed or disparaged the Good for the sake
of the Beautiful.
This is the attitude he takes up to
art in The Palace of Art^ and this also betrays how
he stood toward Culture, which was now, in the
growing recognition of Goethe's greatness, invading
England. And the attitude he takes up toward the
new propaganda is one of antagonism, for in The
Palace of Art he describes a colloquy of a
spke of
his love of
in heart
and
brain,''
"
LORD TENNYSON.
43
is
This
rather strong)
but there
is
much
of that fine-phrasing
which
art
Tennyson's open-
whose
is
description
not
is
LIFE
44
going to leave
some
AND WRITINGS OF
his Palace of
future time he
*'
Yet
pull not
So
mav
be able to return to
down my
Perchance
When
may
it.
have purged
my
guilt."
its
LORD TENNYSON.
posing-
Leg-end
But
in
it is
early
all
great poets
and
Tannhaiiser,
of
characterised nearly
Keats,
45
in
is in
which
has
their youth.
the ascendant
is
was
CHAPTER
III.
own
who
intermediaries
what
Is
worthy of
He had some
of the justice of
some
self.
in the
best criticism
Westnii?ister
49.)
LORD TENNYSON.
47
show
Tennyson had " the secret of the transmigration
" He seems to obtain entrance into a
of the soul."
mind as he would make his way into a landscape; he
climbs the pineal gland as if it were a hill in the
looks around on all objects with
centre of the scene
their varieties of form, their movements, their shades
of colour, and their mutual shades and influences."
{Early Reviews^ Scott Library, pp. 311-312); and
general, of great ability and insight, went on to
that
Tennyson
love-lorn
lunatic
in reverie, is
Something
who wanders
alone
wishing
knows not of
among the rocks !"
that he
In winds or waters, or
for his
least
young poet's affectations of style, the employment of antiquated words and obsolete pronunciations.
the
The
review, nevertheless,
in the
LIFE
48
AND WRITINGS OF
wood's Magazine
After
"Thin
this
as
is
this
continues
its
be easy to extract from it much more unmeaningness but having shown by gentle chastisement that
;
we
Alfred
LORD TENNYSON.
49
and
in
chiefly Lyrical.
What
he does
slaughter
in the
directed
against the
critique
the
of
Westminster
AND WRITINGS OF
LIFE
50
rollicking sallies
it
that
is
Wilson was
just
one
of
silly in
his
Christopher's
taken seriously.
away
slashes
In the
at the
nor composed his short poem to "Crusty Christin which for once Tennyson lost his dignity,
A young man of twenty-three ought to have felt
flattered to have himself brought before the public by
Christopher North, for Wilson's criticism is a shrewd
opher,"
what
is
faulty
in
is
the
Many
of the passages,
LORD TENNYSON.
When Tennyson came
up
51
to Cambridg'e, Coleridge,
was
He
nightingale
" On moon-lit bushes
full
Glistening.'"'
From
Tale, he
now
He
for
is
before
Tennyson
may
be
In the fol-
LIFE
52
AND WRITINGS OF
The
its
strength
anew
which the
pause is made on a deeply sonorous word is always
the most musical, and verse having a predominant
number of such lines is the best; it attains to
before
it
sonority.
can
line
many
lines
in
gift
of
writing
and has
all
LORD TENNYSON.
53
blank
verse.
Coleridgfe's
constantly
" Searching the word-book
names,
Which
the old
Romans used
to
woo
withal,"
Miss Mitford in
of The
Gardener's Daughter was written, as we learn from
the Mefnoir (i. 103), in 1833, and was circulated
among Tennyson's friends for the next few years
realisrn of
The poem
in
MS.
Some
com-
to
corrected
much
of
my
In 1834 he
Apropos of faults, I have
last volume, and if you will
^^
"
I would insert my corrections
{Mem. i. 141); and again, "I do not wish to be
dragged forward again in any shape before the
reading public at present, particularly on the score
of my own poems, most of which I have so corrected
(particularly CEnone) as to make them much less imperfect, which you, who are a wise man, would own
''The
if you had the corrections."
(Me?n.
145.)
(Mem. i. 1 18.)
artist is known by his self-limitation."
" First the workman is known for his work, afterwards the work for the workman but it is only the
(Mem i.
concise and perfect work which will last."
send
me your copy
i.
LIFE
54
AND WRITINGS OF
**
There
is
path thro' steepdown granite walls belowMantled with flowering tendriltwine. In front
The cedar-shadowy valleys open wide.'"
There
lies
the glen,
This,
LORD TENNYSON.
55
setting
of his
classical
heroine.
QLjioiie
was
p.
activity,
youth.
Thus Tennyson
lost
was bound
his
ideal
when such
friend
and
a calamity
to strengthen his "obstinate questionings" and send him back into the primary problems
of existence. Arthur Hallam was buried at Clevedon
in a lonely church
which overlooks the Bristol
Channel.
From this event sprang up in Tennyson's
mind "short swallow flights" of song, as he called
LIFE
56
AND WRITINGS OF
\\\\.o
In Memorianu
'*
'*
With trembling
"
When
**
"
It
Lazarus
fingers did
left his
At
we weave."
charnel cave."
Tennyson
at the
in
LORD TENNYSON.
57
movement), and that there is something magical and of the innermost soul of poetry in
almost everything which he wrote." {Mem. i. 152.)
Tennyson in 1835 met Edward Fitzgerald, with
whom he stayed at the Lakes for some time enjoying
himself boating on Lake Windermere. He read
Fitzgerald the Morte D' Arthur and other poems recently written.
After this Tennyson visited London
and other parts of England, at which he occasionally
wrote a poem. At Torquay he composed Audley
had to leave
Court.
In 1837 the Tennysons
Somersby. They removed to High Beech, in Epping
Forest, and there they lived till 1840, when they
again removed to Tunbridge Wells, and from thence
originality of
to Boxley, near
i.
LIFE
58
habit
of
AND WRITINGS OF
"The Cock,"
his
well-known pieces
in
member
sq named
of
Tennyson was
a literary society
in
land,''
poem.
Tennyson,
istic
years,
now
of 1842.
The
1830 and
been touched with the file.
all
LORD TENNYSON.
59
The publication
of the
Poems
merit.
of
the volumes
of
1830 and
enter
into
the
idylls;
who
is
made
the proto-
knowledge.
LIFE
6o
AND WRITINGS OF
it
ii.
LORD TENNYSON.
idea
is
6i
The
piece seems
day
girl
against
ancestors.
in
has its
one of the aspects
of his many-sidedness.
through
all
grade
to
is
the
he has
result
of
The
manner in
strictures he passes
which he
own
criticises the
state of soul
and hint
his
Tennyson
rose of
dawn,"
own interpretation of
Day Dremn^ it is left to be
Like The
the allegory.
interpreted
how we
The Two
poems. In
Voices is another of
will.
Tennyson's problem
life worth living?"
The poem is introspective and peris considered.
sonal, not like The Vision of Sin, dramatic, though,
of course, we need not take the whole poem as being
experience.
fit
the question
it
It
was
"Is
written,
we
are informed, in a
62
and
Is
"of
the agita-
The
know-
is
infinite,"
life.
!
"
is
life,
dead
''
is
Arthur
LORD TENNYSON,
Hallam
is
probably referred to
63
passage com-
in the
mencing"
my
SO that Tennyson in The Two Voices was buildingupon his early reminiscences and his new experiences.
The reference to the Sabbath morn and the distant
the Easter-morn
creeds "
is
the
subject
of
Pantheistic
Shelley's
broodings.
Locksley Hally like TJie
early reminiscences.
Tim
Voices,
is
founded on
Two Brothers
In the Poetns by
it
is
the
germ
of the
greater poem:
"EPIGRAM.
"
saint
by soldiers
fetter'd lay
"The
man
who cramped
life,
and
forget
love
theme
for
poetical
treatment.
He employed
it
in
JJFE
64
The Tivo
used
it,
AND WRITINGS OF
as
we
shall see, in
Among
The
"
*'
in soul,
the tents
Maud:
and bold
and he again
of tongue,
and rung.
clear,
And
sitting, burnish'd
The
Waiting to
strive a
without fear
happy
strife.
the knife,
of
life
" As
far as
human
doubt.
**
At
But, having
weed.
seed.
LORD TENNYSON.
Whose
When,
eyes are
soil'd
dim with
glorious tears,
Then dying
65
thrill his
ears
of a mortal stroke,
longing after a better state of things than that existing under the present constitution of society, in
which an aristocracy rules by influence, if not by
statesmanship, over the destinies of men of genius
even, who are the flower of mankind.
The book,
written as a series of letters, exhales the finest
poetical sentiments, interblent with a subtle pessi-
mism
of the
most gloomy
kind.
tion.
to
LIFE
66
AND
U RITINGS OF
We
own
The
Manfred are only duplications of the original Lara, and they were all popular
because the symptoms of a spirit of revolt which had
''
shook the world." It was such poems that affected
the young men of the early decades of the nineteenth
century, and made Tennyson in his youth, on hearing
of the death of Byron, carve on a rock the words
'* Byron is dead."
{Mem. i. 4.)
Tennyson's Locksley Hall is the fourth of these
monumental masterpieces of the Poetry of Revolt.
its
grew
in
It
LORD TENNYSON.
brother Charles, uniting
Two
67
its
Voices.
Voices
artistic
conception,
full
of the
fire
and melodious
of
young manhood and its ideals are to be nonThe hero, consequently, plunges about in
present.
all
these three
Tennyson
creations
rings
felt in
predecessors.
from
predecessors
looking forward to
a time when the hopes of youth may be realised in
some practical ideal. It does not propose with Rene
to plunge into the primeval forests and find there a
refuge from unrest, though its hero dallies with this
differing
its
in
outlook on the
It has a
Future
it
;
68
LIFE
AND WRITINGS OF
have been able to adjust their jealousies and differences by a Federation of the World, establishing
permanent peace and abolishing war altogether. In
respect of which, Locksley Hall is as much a forerunner of the poetry of hope as the last poetical
It mediates
masterpiece of the literature of despair.
between the two kinds, and it becomes European and
It is one of the few poems in which
cosmopolitan.
Tennyson, always strongly national in his feeling,
adds something to the poetry of the higher aspiraIn writing it he allied
tions of Western Civilisation.
himself with the great intellectualists of the modern
movement, the object of which is only yet dimly
discerned, but which,
definite
Good,
called
we
its
life
LORD TENNYSON.
69
task.
The picture of the dying king sending Sir
Bedivere on his thrice repeated mission to throw away
Excalibur and the weird suggestiveness of the moonlit
scenery
in
is
enacted
in epic poetry.
is
one of the
That Tenny-
CHAPTER
IV.
" IN MEMORIAM."
The
unbounded.
his
originality
is
at first assailed
for
the
pecularities
now
silent.
70
LORD TENNYSON.
71
Tennyson about
now
Carlyle,
(1837),
this
Vv^ith
(1841),
poetry
the
when he
vague
tries to
come
in
the
Emerson, "Alfred
is
number
think)
human
who
soul,
massive,
aquiline
face,
most
massive,
yet
most
AND WRITINGS OF
LIFE
72
delicate
of sallow
smokes
clothes
looking-,
cynically
free-and-easy,
loose,
tobacco.
grow
to."
{Mem.
i.
187-8.)
Carlyle
till
1842,
FitzGerald, quoted in
Mem,
i.
188.)
loving and
full
strong as a
of music
what
LORD TENNYSON.
call
73
good humoured
banter
regarding the
futility
of
was
(A/em.
i.
188).
He
by making poetry"
LIFE
74
AND WRITINGS OF
*.*
tion, the
"dean
called.
LORD TENNYSON.
75
i.
76
LIFE
AND WRITINGS OF
crook wherever he could find it. From the informaby the Memoir (pp. 216-220), it is, of
course, hard to decide upon the merits or moral
character of the projector of *' The Patent Decorative
Carving and Sculpture Company ;" but the result was
a complete failure of the project, which swept away
the whole of Tennyson's money at a time when some
tion vouchsafed
tangible
reality
success
of
was
most
desirable.
life
to cover a
down
LORD TENNYSON.
77
credit.
The following account of how the Chelsea
sage characteristically went about matters is related
in The Life of Lord Houghton by Sir T. Wemyss
Reid.
The incident is given as Monckton Milnes
told
it
'''Richard Milnes,' said Carlyle one day, withhis pipe from his mouth, as they were
drawing
seated together
'
'
i.
have
it.
Peel
made
knew nothing
of either.
Houghton
{Me7n.
i.
Sir
225.)
LIFE A AW WRITINGS OF
78
We
i.
it
222.)
some
was always
upon
light
casts
his
career as poet.
Virgil
Thou
woodland
and vineyard, hive and horse and herd
All the charm of all the Muses
often flowering in a lonely word
Poet of the happy Tilyrus
piping underneath his beechen bowers
that singest wheat and
tilth
whom
I
salute thee,
Mantovana,
my day began,
measure
ever moulded by the lips of man.
I that
Wielder of the
stateliest
LORD TENNYSON.
79
have often
The study
poems
in
the composition of
swift
mind"
in
The
is
and science and modern doubt. The stanza, discovered by himself, had been employed by Ben
Jonson before him, but its full capabilities had not
been shown by any former versifier. The stanza
suited Tennyson's tone of mind admirably; it was the
appropriate measure for the dreamy contemplator,
withdrawn from the active life of his age, but
So
hearing of
intellectual
see
him
sitting in a
listening to
own
when
LORD TENNYSON.
Tennyson
too epigrammatic
8i
lie
deduced from the local situation, too promupon us. His axioms fall off him as if by
accident, naturally, without any undue straining to
be among the sayings of "the masters who know."
Carefully elaborated as they are, they do not importune to be heard so aggressively as the axioms of
truths,
inently
Pope.
The expression
of friendship for a
man
in
terms
woman
or
Alexis
is
life
only
same figure as Goethe's "BoyCharioteer" in the pageant of the Second Act of the
Second Part of Faust, and symbolizes the faultless
poetry which every young poet longs for.
Goethe
uses the character in his Alexis aiid Dora; but in
the ideal poet, the
order to
make
his
own
meaning of
is
This, too,
the reason
Milton's
Lycidas
is
not only
the ideal
it.
man
6
LIFE
82
who
is
AND WRITINGS OF
poem
the
speare's
sonnets
are
puzzles of literature.
v.).
Shakeone of the curiosities and
Their adulation of a male subii.
and
ject borders
me
behold
When
Upon
In
me
his
youth doth
fire
lie."
is
15).
Shake-
is
LORD TENNYSON.
l^
who
his
and
Muses
76),
(Sonnet
picture
it is
the
24).
work
"
Than
more
in
worth
(Sonnet 79).
who
is
poet
rival
it is
to immortalise
And
is
also
eulogising his
it
is
104,
108).
the
denial,
84
J-JTE
Christianity
was
AM) WRITINGS OF
being- discredited
by a large section
Tennyson
saw
Arthur Hallam, a perfect gentleman of the truly Christian kind, who, to him, was
the type of true manhood; Hallam's early removal by
death was a blow to his belief in the Divine Government of the World and yet he took his stand upon
Hallam's character, and through the manhood, the
beauty of character, and the firm faith of Hallam,
Tennyson reasoned himself back into a belief in the
divinity of the Founder of Christianity and the Divine
Government of the World. This is the argument of
In Alemoriam as made into a Theodicy and published
in 1850, and as such it was accepted in its time in
the same way as Pope's Essay on Man a century
before was accepted and regarded as a Justification
in his friend,
of the
Ways
of
God
Man.
to
closer consideration of
will
illustrate
all
how
The
this.
included
In Meynoriain arose
lines written on
the poem, run as
first
in
*'
Ah where
would press ?
Lo, the broad heavens cold and bare,
Where
is
the voice
Is that dear
The
hand
stars that
The vapour
loved
that I
know
not
my
distress
The shadow
And
We
(i
p.
of the
loved,
'
!
are indebted to
107) for
man
LORD TENNYSON.
85
feel
human, divine
Sweet human hand and lips and eye
Dear heavenly friend that canst not die,
Mine, mine, for ever, ever mine
;
*'
Loved
Behold,
And
mingle
The character
of
Hallam
is
61 Hallam
is
and 109.
In
is
"The
and he
perfect flower of
human
time,"
addressed
*'
loved thee,
The
spirit,
lived,
and he
LIFE
86
AND WRITINGS OF
In 85
Hallam
is
throned with
*'
The
*'
The
Spirits
Elegies were
Memoir^ p. 109, and Professor Churton Collins has admirably summarised
how the poem was written and put together:
composed
is
given
in the
many
of the sections.
composition were
Those
earliest in
28 (Life^ vol.
order of
i.
p. 109).
LORD TENNYSON.
87
and 104-5
1839
^o their settlement at
Section 86
Forest.
{/did., p. 313),
same key;
By Christmas 1841
sections in the
122.
progress
number
for
Edmund Lushington
of memorial
poems had
We
says,
'
The
rapidly increased,'
first
time 6 and 51
the sections
summer
In the
'
'
The Elegies Nos. 54, 55, and 56, in which Tennyson reasons on the Law of Evolution, and in which
Nature figures as '* so careful of the type,"
" So careful of the type she seems,
So carelebs of the single life,"
LIFE
88
are founded on
ii
AM)
W'JUTIAGS OF
passage
in
Senancour's Ohermann
''
(Letter 45).
General laws are no doubt very grand
laws, and I should willingly immolate at their shrine
a year of
but
my
entire being
it is all
life,
is
too
this
individuals.
reflections
LORD TENNYSON.
120.
89
*'
And
work
of
by right,
by his powerful saw."
is
Hence Tennyson's
*'
Who
trusted
And Love
Tennyson was
less
God was
love indeed,
dependent on modern
some
scientific
of his
mentators suppose.
Vestiges of Creation
and he preceded Darwin by years. Such
speculations were "in the air" as we say; but
Tennyson took his notions about them from his
favourite poets and prose writers, and rounded them
(1844),
beautiful
off into
Tennyson
in
lyrical
effusions.
The mood
of
In
Memoriam
Stael
is
///
Memoriam
yo
LIFE
AXD
ll'RJTINGS
OF
the Christmas poem which closes the whole argument, No. io6,
In
in the
New."
new
To
Be.*'
The
mind can
be traced. Tennyson betw^een 1832 and 1842 rehandled his poem called ''The Sleeping Beauty,"
One of the general
published in the 1830 volume.
results
of
the
scientific
treatment
of
subjects,
and political, was to dispel the old conception of a Golden Age or State of Nature, as the
seventeenth century philosophers and Pope and
Rousseau called it. Although this favourite phantasy
historical
"
LORD TENNYSON.
91
it
will
be realised,
The
very-
We
Future.
Heirs of
all
is in
the
" And
Year, a sequel to
in the
1846 edition.
Age
poem
Human
1835
In this piece
is
The Golden
of the Poets
This
in
is
Tennyson holds
ever imminent,
gives
Ideal
LIFE
92
AMJ WRITINGS OF
the conception of
a Fated Faery Prince, and substituted in lieu of it
of Christ would
roll
still
g^row from
more
to
more
in
the
of the ages
when
when
Till
each
in all
And
all
brotherhood,'
Christianity without
men's good,
bigotry
will
triumph,
{Memoir^
i.
326.)
indebtedness to the
Pope's Essay oji
poem
latter.
Man
is
were made.
Its
poem
same length
of the
style
is
numerous translations
heroic
couplets
its
LORD TENNYSON.
symmetry of design
has
the
Q3
beautiful evolution of
its
Without doing
abortive.
And
this
is
a Theodicy would be
what Pope has done, and
this
just
I^II'E
94
AM) WRITINGS OF
throes of
This
is
its
Man,
was no
philosophic
absolute
new theology
sequently
the intellectual
is
advent.
of The Essay on
the
all
difficulties
of the time,
masterpiece
Pope's
winds
became the
optimism which
ridicule
of
Voltaire in Candide.
is
but Art
unknown
to
Thee
becomes
*'
That
all,
Is toil,
Having
traversed
as in
see a part
co-operant to an end."
the
all
phases
and
happy
and winds
of
grief
To which
his
his
poem
into
new
for he
LORD TENNYSON.
95
and
at the
felt
the Divine
Will
**
And Tennyson's
pilgrim
far-off
To which
heaven and
all
through
the stars."
the
shades
of
in
wedding day,
Divine Event
factory.
was done
is
is
As a work
of art
The following
fied
115.
numbers
may
be speci-
20, 22, 27, 28, 30, 36, 40, 54, 69, 91,
CHAPTER
V.
Tennyson
in
LIFE
98
AND WRITINGS OF
of Exter
Prin-
Cheltenham
Colleg-e
Rashdall,
Dr, Acworth
and Frederick Robertson,
at this time Boyd's curate, but soon to become the
The Tennyg-enius of the Broad Church movement.
sons lived at Bellevue House, St. James' Square
His chief companion, when in Chel(Me?ti. i. 263).
tenham, for the best part of two years, was Dr. Ker's
Both were great walkers, and few
brother Alan.
near or distant places in this beautiful neighbourhood
were left unvisited by them {Meyn.
264).
From Cheltenham Tennyson made expeditions to
London, to see his old acquaintances. One day
Savile Morton called on the poet and found Thackeray
there, and a stack of shag tobacco with Homer and
Miss Barrett's poems on the Table. Both Thackeray
and Tennyson praised Miss Barrett, and the novelist
i^Mem. i. 266.)
If
and he became fast friends.
Tennyson was over-susceptible to criticism, he was
also abashed by flattery made to his face.
One
acquaintance at Cheltenham kept on assuring the
poet that it was the greatest honour of his life to
have met Tennyson. His answer to such praise was
" Don't talk damned nonsense," the only occasion
i.
i.
264.)
LORD TENNYSON.
99
Among
were
part he notes in
LIFE
loo
AND WRITINGS OF
great peasant
at once, as
this not a
it
LORD TENNY'SPN:
loi
was an
almost laughable impossibility, the loss of personality
(if so it were) seeming- no extinction but the only true
life."
This curious affection re(Me7n. i. 320).
sembles what Wordsworth described in his Ode on
Immortality as
weirdest, utterly beyond words, where death
Of
or Platonic natures
who
I02
With
i.
p.
176.)
LORD TENNYSON.
103
'*
To make the continuance of this
with public opinion, the Queen
office in
feels
harmony
that
it
is
Her Majesty,
in
the
first
to Warninglid in Sussex
and then to Chapel House, Montpelier Row, Twickenham.
Later, in March 1851,
Tennyson met the Duke of Argyll, who remained one
(J/rw. i. 339.)
of his most valued friends to the end.
for a brief time,
LIFE
I04
AND WRITINGS OF
Princess before
Iti
will
Meni07'ia7n in
be apparent
1850.
But
this is a mistake, as
when we remember
that In Memoriavi
generally
so
appropriate,
that
we
are
LORD TENNYSON.
nineteenth century.
The
first
105
out
among
tinguished
it.
Tennyson's Princess
of art of the
is
one of the
works
Tennyson
last great
Romantic Movement,
for
describes
scene of semi-feudalism,
in
introductory picture.
One
interludes,
too,
*'
is
And
>C
LIFE
io6
AND WRITINGS OF
therefore, the
outcome oi what
and the
and ring
scientific
it
is
time.
It is,
called a transition
coming
it
meant
the new.
in
women's
rights.
It
relief,
thus to
afiix
was
the best
means
Princess" in strong
her name to a subject engaging
'*
New
champion of the
another object
in
mystery.
We
shall
best
appreciate
the
meaning o(
is
The
to the
Germany during
LORD TENNYSON.
107
knowledge
is
and
extend-
audible
in
By holding up a high
ideal to
An
crowd
'"'
LIFE
io8
AND WRITINGS OF
should be conserved.
Unfortunately, however, it is
not always the case that the name of nobleman is
synonymous with culture.
For occasionally the
English nobleman is associated with the jockey
club and the gambling saloon
tendency
is
an age whose
attached to the
and
democratic, a stigma
in
is
bilities are,
to buttress
up
new
era
may
decline
there
is
it
its
removal
a literary
LORD TENNYSON.
the sentiments of the
them
109
and transform
old nobility,
The Romantic
a prelude to the
all
who
has united
in
When
the general
son assumes
is
we may be
in
upper
class,
the ideal of
Viewed
in
the
light
of these suggestions.
is
The
is
plain.
Ida
is
woman
The Princess
whose
of the future,
title
of nobility
College.
Tennyson hoped
thought and help on the advent of the
"Crowning Race" of which he speaks at the close
The character is exaggerated for
of In Memoriam,
the purpose of vividly impressing the reader, for,
torian qualities of his Princess Ida,
to stimulate
no
LIFE
AM) WRITINGS OF
is
The
child,
in spite
of Ida's
still
The
time intended to be poems emphasising the importance of the child, but Tennyson was unable to
satisfy himself with some of his child poems, and so
inserted the lyrics " The splendour falls " and "Ask
me no more."
explain this
came out
Before the
first
the
Child.
The
child
is
sitting
down
"
LORD TENNYSON.
in
jubilant
women
" The child wis sitting on the bank
Upon a stormy day,
He loved the river's roaring sound
The river rose and burst his bound,
Flooded fifty leagues around.
Took the child from off the ground,
And bore the child away.
O the child so meek and wise,
Who made us wise and mild,"
-{Mem.
i.
254-255).
forth
in
delicate
to
1892, says,
"The
and beautiful
accentuate the
in
insertion of the
themselves,
artificiality
songs,
serves
of the whole
only
work
LIFE
112
to
assign
medley
is
is
unity
artistic
to
show a
methodical."
It
AND WRITINGS OF
evident
to
[Life of Alfred
that
what
spirit a little
neither
confessedly a
is
Waugh
The meaning
is
scenery of Lady
*'
The
Women
movements may
eternal
requirements of
(iv.
but the
civilisation,
endure.
467-8),
in
will
his
And
For
all
empty masks,
-(HI.
167-173.)
LORD TENNYSON.
113
in
the
works
Magazine
No.
34,
does
in
it
again emphasised
in the
crowd
"
(Prologue),
Epilogue
The
This
Yet
To
fine old
in the go-cart.
learn
its
me
fill
world of ours
limbs
is
Patience
;
there
is
with a failh
but a child
!
Give
it
time
poem
the
in fact,
made
114
/'
poem is
JFE A ^ 'D
1 1
'RrnXCS OF
mock
heroic,
On
2oth April
1851,
Tennyson's
birth.
first
child
was
where
and
That man's the true Conservative
Who
friends.
LORD TENNYSON.
115
i.
summer
the Tennysons
made
In
a tour to York,
Whitby, Redcar, Richmond, and Grasby; and, leaving Mrs. Tennyson at Richmond to return to Grasby,
Palgrave and the poet went to Glasgow, thence to
Carstairs to visit Robert Monteith, an old college
On
friend.
his
in
poem
entitled
Edinburgh.
years.
forty
Here Tennyson
settled
down
to
great
simmering
made
in
life
task
in his
Sir
Meanwhile
Maud was
during
1S55.
In
LIFE
Ii6
AND WRITINGS OF
composed
at this time,
and other
and transwere
classic poets
De
"in a
Northampton for
had struck him in
tion made by Sir
Vere,
poem
sary.
consequence,
John Simeon
fully intelligible,
He wrote
it;
It
a preceding one
was neces-
work was
written,
it
angry at
LORD TENNYSON.
Of
117
12
are new.
girl,
and the
commenced with
his
fanciful
maidens
the essential
charm
the
in
rivalry to
Coleridge's
LIFE
ii8
AND WRITINGS OF
ness of summer.
scenery,
with
its
deep-uddered kine,
its
environment
in
its
assisted
lished
transcript
Mitford's description of
''
Katy
the
LORD TENNYSON.
119
faults,
its
made Katy's
face, with
A comand a cheek
her namesake, on
lip,
brown
hair of
turning
gold.
of the village."
ened the
realistic
heroine
is
significant.
Tennyson
is
enhanced by
into
Divides threefold to
when
the shell
within."
The
LIFE
izo
AXD WRITINGS OF
To
life,
who
is
burning through the calm exterior of those conventionalities of demeanour demanded by society,
is not so easy a task as
painting May queens,
gardeners' daughters, and charming meadow-girls
like Katie Willows.
And this is what Tennyson has
done in Maud. She is the representative of this
She is the incarnation of the highest product
type.
of civilisation, the )'0ung girl of accomplishments
who is on the verge of stepping into the serious
duties of
life,
with
all
She
is
just
opened.
Maud, though of
in
conventionalism.
But
LORD TENNYSON.
passion
if
not the
virility of
121
drawn with
nicest art
by the poet.
Maud
lover
is
is
Her
placed against a dark background.
Werther of Locksley Hall redepicted
just the
Herein
as a foil to her beauty and subtle charm.
Tennyson showed great artistic judgment; if Maud's
lover had been a happy squire or a successful poet
half the effect of her character would have been lost.
As she is, she shines like a rainbow in a storm-cloud.
That her lover is the hero of the Locksley Hall of
1842
is
identical.
In
the
mansion described as
" Locksley Hall
rest,
In
to
Now
to the
wave,
Walk'd
The
in
Compare
LIFE
122
AND WRITINGSIOF
to the
in the
West."
home
of the hero.
In the
LORD TENNYSON.
123
character
but
it
seems,
of
the
contrasting
it
A
the
with his
persistence
of
the
type
in
124
J/a^(Part
II.
i.
I.)
This interpretation of the character saves Tennyson from the charge which was preferred against
him by a hasty criticism on the appearance of the
poem coeval with the outbreak of the Crimean War,
of having composed Maud as a vindication of war,
and the engagement in war as a cure for national
stagnation.
The poet oi Locks ley Hall who desired
that a court for the establishment of universal
peace might be the final outcome of international
exhibitions and a more brotherly intercourse among
the nations, could not be validly held to have
.advocated any such views.
Tennyson's ruling idea
is the wish to
^
'*
(Unpublished Poem,
Mem.
i.
307.)
CHAPTER
"the
VI.
Morle D'A^-thur
old romance,
as
/;/
Memoriam
to the subject of
LIFE
126
AND WRITINGS OF
intimate friend.
smitten
with
the
called
Vivien^ in
February
Forest {Mem.
March
31st.
April and
all
New
414).
Welsh
literature
[Mem.
i.
is
416).
June 1857 Bayard Taylor, one of the best transof Faust^ stayed at Farringford and enterAmong other things
tained Tennyson with his talk.
he told Tennyson that " the most beautiful sight in
the world was a Norweigan forest in winter^ sheathed
in ice, the sun rising over it and making the whole
landscape one rainbow of flashing diamonds."
[Memoir i. 418.) On the 9th of July Tennyson
wrote the first tentative lines of Guinevere [Mem. i.
419), which was composed between the first weeks
In July of the
of January and 15th March 1858.
same year was begun Lancelot and Elaine^ at first
The writing of
called The Fair Maid of Astolat.
this idyll was interrupted by a visit to Norway, for
which Tennyson started from Hull on 23rd July.
In
lators
LORD TENNYSON.
On
127
simile in Lajicelot
November
were
himself
in
1859.
gradually
the
proper
{Mem.
11.
125.)
LIFE
128
AND WRITIXGS OF
{Mem.
ii.
57, 83).
It
was
tion of
follows
1.
The Coming
2.
4.
5.
6.
3.
of Arthur.
7.
8.
The Holy
Grail.
10.
11.
Guinevere.
The Passing of Arthur.
12.
LORD TENNYSON.
129
Hence
some works such as
so to speak.
Don
authorities
ascribe
it
and
in
to
the
sixth
The
century.
fifth
century.
LIFE
I30
AND WRITINGS OF
is
that
came
leader
supremacy against
from
its
descriptions
of
is
eagles each,
LORD TENNYSON.
131
Arthur
intending to
country.
amid
great
festivities.
demand made by
''
Shortly
after
we
find
This
calls
Romans,
and
is
JJFE
132
AND WRITINGS OF
Modred,
in
into Cornwall,
The conquest
style,
manner
of
Agamemnon and
his
confederate chiefs.
appearance.
Wace was
the
next
to
LORD TENNYSON.
legend;
it
the
133
Round
Table.
He wrote about
human
soul.
It
was
re-
Christ,
wards applied
article
in
says:
*'
surely
the
romance as
to Barbarosso.
Dean
it
was
after-
Alford, in an
May
1873,
shall
the
AND WRITINGS OF
LIFE
134
which flourished
for generations,
its
of Sir
together without
much regard
to consistency, but
history of
Round Table,
as holding his
in
is
represented
This history
contains
I.
III.
The Book
The Book
of Merlm.
of the
Three Quests.
the
LORD TENNYSON.
IV.
le
135
Fay and
the
Three Damsels.
V. The Book of the Emperor Lucius.
VI. The Book of Sir Launcelot du Lake.
VIII. The First Book of Sir Tristram de
Lyones.
King.
of the
Morte D'Arthur.
Modred, who
Arthur by treachery,
nephew
Geoffrey of
in
Monmouth
figures as the
said to be
of the King,
is
with his sister. This moral delinquency, required by the moral instincts of the time as the crux
of the story of Arthur to account for his overthrow,
tion
of the
monarch of Geoffrey's
too,
depicted
with
guilty
to
intensify
as
the
ideal
Queen
catastrophe.
who
the
love for
beautiful
LIFE
136
AND WRITINGS OF
become
thirteenth
of
XI. The Book of Sir Launcelot du Lake.
XIII.
The Book
of Sir Percivale.
LORD TENNYSON.
I37
Sir Launcelot,
gave
The
in spiritual vision.
who surpassed
depicted as the
his father
making Elaine
knight was forced upon the
necessity of
unwedded
lover of
still
to be
Queen Guinevere,
left
in
sisting of
The Book
Book
Book
XVII. The Book
II.
VII. The
XII. The
The scene
hood.
in
Romance A
in
138
LIFE
AND WRITINGS OF
it is
is
Mayings
in
order to connect
LORD TENNYSON.
139
Malory,
Malory,
i.
in
17.
cementing
his
documents, wrote
bits
regarding King
they were
When
written
is
nogion^ called
depicts
LIFE
I40
AND WRITINGS OF
Faery Queen.
of
the
to the rescue
temperance,
and the other virtues, when they are in
Spenser exalted Arthur to the highest pinnacle
representatives
of
holiness,
chastity,
straits,
The
Coming
Tennyson's
the
King
of Arthur^
epic,
is
finely
the
opening idyll of
Leodogran,
conceived.
fairest
of
heathen hosts.
The Roman
away
in
Britain,
he
moment an opportune
the wife of Lot,
Arthur, arrives
event happened.
Bellicent,
all
the
LORD TENNYSON.
141
*'
From
who had
among
flowers of
The second
idyll,
among
the
idylls
into
a whole,
saw
that
some
AND WRITINGS OF
LIFE
142
depiction of the
dawn
of Arthur's reign
In composing
of romance.
Tennyson was challenging comparison with one of
the most beautiful of the books of Malory.
The idyll
is
a feeling as of a
something
He
the world.
"
fly
wishes to
discaged to sweep
In ever-highering eagle-circles up
To
Down upon
A knight
To
all
swoop
them dead,
upon him
^o and serve
and a day in
however, only
serves to bring out in relief the genuine character
The maiden Lynette, who at
of his knighthood.
first scorns his succour and taunts him as unworthy
to be her champion, is more pertinently drawn than
in the original of Malory.
Arthur's
"
to
This
kitchen.
for a year
indignity,
LORD TENNYSON.
143
is
somewhat
story of the
fantastic
Enid
is
one of Tennyson's
of imaginative
noted.
mounts her on
One
colouring.
After Geraint
fairest creations.
Welsh
the
story,
of
a fine touch
these may be
reconciled
is
to
Enid,
yet, since
high
and
makes
Welsh account
one of
many
Paradise
in
first
roses blew,
Came
Than
But
o'er her
meek
eyes
came
happy mist
This
^-IFE
F44
AND WRITINGS OF
home was
of
may
and
in the epic
be a question
others displaying
if
more
fully the
happiness of the
Round Table.
The tragic note seems to come in too early; and
Tennyson may have at one time intended to interpose
reign of Arthur and the success of the
another
idyll here,
tion in 1888,
to
when he sub-divided
LORD TENNYSON.
his place,
and
145
like
And sowing
one
ill
his hall."
of
'
Ah,
little rat
Thy
hole by night to
Down upon
Or dream
These
far-off cities
dyke
and dream
was mine-
ride,
to me
"
!
This
LIFE
T46
AND WRITINGS OF
tunity
of describing- in
all
its
Ye
In
\.\\Q,
Holy
my
Queen's."
Gr<?z7 Tennyson
ment.
knight,
LORD TENNYSON.
Me
'*
you
The
Now
call great
truer lance
crescent
No
it
to
is
will
come
and
in
greatness, save
Of greatness
147
is
but there
who
And overcome
mine
me
many
a youth
to all I
am
there dwells
it
know
well I
am
not great."
many
knights
fair
who
in which a
goes forth upon
She is a
an adventure and meets with Ettarre.
female voluptuary like Vivien, but she has not the
mental qualities of Vivien, who, overcoming Merlin,
the wisest
man
she
Sir Gareth
of his time,
is
is
painted as of a higher
is not an intellectual
merely representative of the woman
Ettarre
contributes
to
the dissolution
of the
AXD WRITINGS OF
LIFE
148
The destruction of
woman
also
is
woman who
utterly
When
become such
gones,
the
the idyll
the
Anti-
'
And Mordred
thought,
'
The lime
is
hard at hand.'
"
LORD TENNYSON.
149
is
which
for their
who disparage
loves her
"
Had
still
*
Let no
man dream
but that
love thee
still.'
we might
wc have not
better.
In the idylls
LIFE
ISO
AND WRITINGS OF
time while
show,'
their bane,'
and
'
used to play,
Not knowing,'
and ending
'*
'
So
far,
that
my doom
is,
love thee
still,'
it may be
It is too literal
thought, but not expressed.
I do not believe that
the imagination would have permitted it, if it had
not been half-blinded by the sermon that precedes
it.
first is
in the flesh."
LORD TENNYSON.
151
This
critic
Geoffrey of
tion
of
Arthur's
the delinea-
character as given in
Spenser's
young manhood
of the greatest
untimely nipped by death, and the character of *' The Christ that is to be " of In Memoriam.
All these fleeting generalities pass through and blend
in Tennyson's poetic imagination in his re-depiction
of King Arthur.
Like the phases of the moon, the
character of the king of old legend runs into and is
possibilities
High Romance.
bridge,
so
to
speak,
century.
Tennyson's
King Arthur
is
not the
Arthur of
AXD WRITINGS OF
LIFE
152
as
figures
Arthur's
illegitimate
son,
while
in
the
nephew.
This momentous
distinction divides the Arthur of Tennyson from the
Arthur of Malory, from whom, however, the poet
took many incidents, details, and expressions to
Chroniclers
he
is
his
is,
fact,
who
Round
Tennyson's
moral
the break up
source.
not
so
affected
portions of the
with the
work
of Malory,
lax
made
him
which are
morality of
other
who
could
decadence.
When we
in
take
all
we
are
LORD TENNYSON.
son's Arthur which
would denude
153
Leg-ends.
was
own
to delineate to his
"The
dimly,
Christ that
ence
in
to
is
it
came dimly
into exist-
And
deep he goes."
And
to the great
Queen
at
the
made
we do not know very
of his char-
to
Romance.
is
part
of
his
tole
as
the
Christ
of
CHAPTER
VII.
"
his
in
makes
description
of Cleon,
Greek
Nor swept
like
Homer, no
no nor carved
and his friend
I am not great as they are, point by point.
But I have entered into sympathy
And
painted
With
men
like Phidias
Who,
Say,
is it
nothing that
know them
all?"
LORD TENNYSON.
155
whom we
xxxii.
217).
It
made Tennyson
was probably
is
the
"We
as the quintessence of all past ages " {MaxBlackwood's Magazine, January 1822), and
embodies the idea that our civilisation is the sifted
intellect of all the epochs, the rich deposit of all the
The phrase applies
former efforts of mankind.
our
own
iJlan,
men of large brain and comprehensive outlook on the world as Browning in poetry
and George Meredith in prose romance. Only men
peculiarly to such
136
LIFE
AND WRITINGS OF
men may
Ages.
great
versatility of talent cherished and enriched by a wide
acquaintance of the thinking of the Past. His art
of expression owes something to almost every one
of his predecessors in poetry, Greek, Latin, French,
and German, as w^ell as English he has creamed
them all for phrases and imagery.
Tennyson's versatility of talent is shown in the
number of poems on so many diverse subjects which
he treats so well and beautifully, and to which he
gives a new turn of the kaleidoscope of the imagination.
His variety of subject, and his ability to
handle almost every kind of metre are astonishing.
When seemingly exhausted in one department of
subjects, he excelled in others.
One of the criticisms
of his Idylls of the King that by Mr. J. M. Ludlow
in Macmillan's Magazine for November 1859
had
an important effect in making Tennyson turn to new
subjects.
The writer complained that Tennyson as
a poet was too idealistic.
He said, "There is yet
room amongst us, surely, for a poet who, in plain
but not too archaic Saxon, choosing some subject
;
J.
OR I) TEWYSON.
157
mass of
his
subject Elaine.""
influenced Tennyson;
istic
AND WRITINGS OF
LIFE
15S
consisted
Dreams^
son's activity.
his career.
We
may
at the zenith of
consider the period between
when he wrote
originality than he
appeared
1863.
in
the
December
ii.
6).
Enoch Arden
LORD TENNYSON,
foreign
German
tongues.
The following
translations
and
is
159
1869,
1875,
1880,
1883,
2.
1883,
of the
list
editions
their
of
R.
Enoch
Wald-
1885,
1891,
it is
possible for a
man
to
make.
self-
The
LIFE
i6o
AND WRITINGS OF
is
own
one of the
Annie Lee,"
wife
finest
touches
in the
his
whole
range of poetry.
simplicity
is
obvious
in
and have
endure the most poignant of human grief in conTennyson then painted Enoch Arden as
a hero, and hence the words,
to
sequence.
Some
him
for
LORl-i
is
just a
the
two
little
TENNYSON.
i6i
last lines
Dreams Tennyson
In Sea
than
tive height
in
Huge
Grave,
One
after
one
And
fell
And
others,
have
Then
My
wistful eyes
on two
fair
"
!
fall'n."
fixt
images,
stars,
Till she
Clung
began to
totter,
to the mother,
II
LIFE
i62
Thus Tennyson
AND WRITINGS OF
depicts
in
mystical
much
in
the
in
language the
same way
as
some men
But Tennyson
adds to the picture the idea of the Virgin and the
Child as the permanent principle of Christianity
which is to survive the crashing of the creeds or
temporary forms of faith. And the Virgin and the
still
drift
is
Redemptive principle
The poet
Religion.
LORD TENNYSON.
163
and here, as
in
for art's
his
poetical
lecture his
and
countrymen on
Cowper
to
in
He
creed.
in the
mar.ner
TJie Grandmother.,
two
son's many-sidedness.
of their
in
by culture, a dramatic
gift
Beggars.
In the Valley of Cauteretz is
Tennyson's solitary poem in the heroic couplet, reminiscent of Arthur Hallam.
The Northern Farrner
was written in February 1861, "All Along the
Valley " in August of the same year.
The 'Voyage
and The Sailor Boy are two of Tennyson's best sea
his Jolly
lyrics
Tenny-
64
LIFE
AND WRITINGS OF
condemned
Field
is
as
spoiling the
praised
highly,
poem; but
although
the
LORD TENNYSON.
Germany.
He seems
to
165
German
spirit.
He was
Romantic
LORD TENNYSON.
66
thing
to
him.
He was
hesitated to accept
it.
offered
He made
baronetcy,
but
{Mem.
ii.
valley,'"'
159).
CHAPTER
VIII.
THE DRAMAS.
to
forth an exhibition of
the
contact.
In the
first
whom
they
come
into
personce appear
167
LIFE
68
AND WRITINGS OF
which
or embroil private
By
implicating
individuals
some
in
ruin or scandal.
yet brought
against
object of the
first
act.
men
is
In
the
third
new
characters
LORD TENjVYSON.
169
must be avoided.
A drama may also be divided
Queen Mary
subordinate
characters
discuss the
merits of
the
historic
sense.
question of the
The
subject
Princess Elizabeth,
discussed
is
the
legitimacy of the
LIFE
I70
AND WRITINGS OF
become the
topic of conversation,
and the
triumphant, exclaiming,
*'
My
foes are at
my
feet
and
am
queen.'"
paganda
Papal
is
called
Legate,
the "
Cardinal
3
New
Pole,
Rome.
chronicle.
LORD TENNYSON.
171
is
clumsily
Act IV., dealing with Cranmer's martyrdom, depicts the beginning of Mary's unpopularity.
The fifth act is also too long. Instead of drawing
together the threads of the story in a concise manner,
introduced.
it
Pole,
of
the
triumph
of
Protestantism
over
Roman
of the grandeur
is
age predicted.
Philip
Some
is
Courtenay
is
a " Prince of
fluff
5.
I.,
LIFE
172
AND WRITINGS OF
is
touch.
135).
As
it
is,
the action of
Armada
Queen Mary
(Luce,
is
too
And hence
who wrote:
us the greatest of
all
LORD TENNYSON.
{Mevi.
181).
ii.
flattering terms.
it
had a
173
similar
exactly
brief representation
many modern
The
drama
which
fifth
listens to
act,
witness viewing
174
I^'^FE^
AND WRITINGS OF
tion.
in
LORD TENNYSON.
Queen Eleanor
of Henry's
175
a creation.
at the
his character
must
LIFE
176
AND WRITIXGS OF
liold a
kind.
Racine's Athalic
is
tlie
dramas
of
this gciue,
its
"As
Lyceum.
at the
'
John^'''"
An
fifty
nights.
[Mem,
ii.
195-6.)
Century for
February 1893 by Agnes Lambert, points out that
Tennyson's drama is one of the best historical
He views the Archbishop
appreciations of Becket.
"from the standpoint of the twelfth century, when
one faith governed all, and the appeal to Rome, the
able
centre of
it,
article
was
in
the
Nineteenth
Christendom
from
of view, but
tist,
category of drama.
play,
was produced
LORD TENNYSON.
by Mr. and Mrs. Kendal
in
177
It is characterised by
a run of sixty-seven nights.
poem in
little
exquisite
"an
as
Fanny Kemble
action."
As
capabilities,
apart
literature,
the Falcon
from
its
dramatic
composition. There is
whole consisting of
introduced into the dialogue
by means of which
although
its
motive
is
not
weighty
LIFE
178
AXD
U'RI TINGS
OF
Theatre
in
intrusion of
ii.
for five
*'
Well, then, I must make her
Love Harold first, and then she will forgive
Edgar for Harold's sake. She said herself
She would forgive him by-and-bye, not now
For her own sake ilicn^ if not for mine not now
But by-and-bye."
LORD TENNYSON.
179
masterpieces.
CHAPTER
IX.
THE AFTERMATFI.
him.
In
new
Biblical
Tennyson was
ii.
215).
In January
1877
Burns
180
LORD TENNYSOX.
i8i
On
221).
to
(Mem.
ii.
222),
Among
period
finest
LIFE
iS2
AND WRITINGS OF
His
Tennyson wrote his Prater Ave atquc Vale.
volume of miscellaneous pieces called Ballads and
Poems was published in 1880, containing the tragic
poems, The First Quarrel and Rmpah and The
Sisters; also The AWthern Cobbler^ a character
sketch almost as good as The Northern Farmer;
The Story of the Revenge^ a ballad celebrating the
and the
heroic deeds of Sir Richard Grenville
splendid siege piece, The Defence of Luckiiow, in
which Tennyson rivals Homer as a painter of battle.
Regarding this poem Tennyson said: " The old flag,
used during the defence of the Residency, was
;
hoisted on the
LORD TENNYSON.
183
At
thence to Norway, Sweden, and Denmark.
Kirkwall Tennyson and Mr. Gladstone received the
freedom of the burgh, Mr. Gladstone returning
At Copenhagen the Kings of
thanks for both.
Denmark and Greece with their Queens, with the
Czar and Czarina came on board, and Tennyson
read by request the Bugle Song of The Princess^
On the
and The Grandmother [Mem. ii. 2^'^.
Pembroke Castle Tennyson was broached on the
acceptance of a peerage, and after some reluctance
Sir Edward Hamley
he accepted it {Mem. ii. 298).
and Mr. Locker Lampson visited Aldworth in
November (1883), and Tennyson and Sir Edward
discussed The Charge of the Heavy Brigade^ which
had been published in Macmillan's Magazine for
March, 1882 {Mem. ii. 297). In December of the
same year Tennyson's elder son was engaged to
Miss Audrey Boyle (married 25th June, 1884). The
poet took his seat in the House of Lords in March,
He gave a
1884, and sat on the cross benches.
extension of the Franchise in July,
1884 {Mem. ii. 305), but he did not sit often in the
House.
Tenn3son's promotion to the peerage shows one
of the defects of our Upper House.
The hereditary
principle of the House of Lords is modified by the
constant accession of men who have become eminent
in some department of literary or civil activity; but
in many cases the promotion of these non-hereditary
members is made at a time oi life when they are in
vote for the
84
LIFE
AND WRITINGS OF
House
The addition
men
as
If Tenny-
it
LORD TENNYSON.
185
is fire
much
is
" You
I
tell uie,
doubt
is
Devil born.
Who
" Perplext
to
make
it
first,
true
Along with
i86
*'
This
is
in
Harold
we again have
"
Oh God
cannot help
it,
but at times
Act III.,
This
it is
scene
2.
of Harold.
is
He
occasionally
puts
them
into
concrete
form.
Despair caused some pangs to his friends when published in the Nineteenth Century in 1881.
Some d\d
not accept
the
germ
it
as dramatic.
The
No
over
LORD TENNYSON.
1S7
things,
and
it
manency of
the soul.
along with
Browning,
And Tennyson
accordingly,
antagonise these
pessimistic doctrines.
After the composition of ///
Meinoriani there was a lull for a time in the discussion
of these questions in Tennyson's mind
but they
broke out afresh in his later poetry.
Tennyson's attitude to science has been ably outlined by Mr. Knowles in the Ni7ieteenth Century for
While it is true as the writer proves that
1893.
Tennyson had a rare and intimate knowledge of
science and insight into scientific questions, it can
scarcely be admitted that he accepted all the dictates
of scientific men.
On the contrary, he is sometimes
opposed to science as in Elegy No. 120 of In
tried
to
AND WRITINGS
LIFE
i88
OF
scientific
Tennyson's
game
Cosmos, Chacs
once
again
sickening
the
P^reedom, free to slay herself, and dying while they shout her
name.
Step by step we gained a freedom
known
Europe, known
to
to
all;
may
fall.
You
that
woo
Teach your
the Voices
flatter'd
tell
them
'
old experience
is
a fool.'
who cannot
read can
rule.
seat,
but set no
meek ones
in their
place
Pillory
Wisdom
Tumble Nature
in
heel
o'erhead,
and,
offal at
yelling
her face.
with
the
yelling
street,
Set the feet above the brain and swear the brain
is
in the feet.
LORD TENNYSON.
189
Bring the old dark Ages back without the faith, witho ut the hope
Break the State, the Church, the Throne, and roll their ruins
down
Authors
the slope.
essayist,
your
part,
symptom
ment
culture.
in
first
order
in the
Aids
to
LIFE
I90
But
if
AND WRITINGS
Ob
to the intellectual
Who
saw
life
steadily
and saw
it
whole,"
dreamt of
voice
in
rich in
good,"
the
kingdom
he was
of culture,
a weighty
still
and
the
repre-
He
still
cosmopolitan programme of a
federation among the nations, a universal peace promoted by the union of the Christian element in
nursed
his
large
as
a cosmopolitan,
My
friends
count them
and brother
all
souls,
LORD TENNYSON.
191
Involving ours
To make
man
he needs must
fif'^ht
own,
But
let
worse:
in verse."
thought of England
*'
The Ode on
the
May blowing
over
is,
"
Statesmen, guard
us,
AM^
LIFE
192
]]'R/77i\GS
OF
mankind
wrong be crumbled into dust,
the raw world for the march of mind,
And
Till
drill
crowds
at
Of
old sat
Freedom on
in
much
the
lines
the heights,"
"A
The
strength of
llalh time
to fulness
some
and space
to
wrought,
diffusive thought
utterances.
Lionel,
LORD TENNYSON.
the Saturday Review.
He had been
193
married
eig-ht
13
AND WRITINGS OF
I^IFF'
194
367).
poem
of
all
editions of his
In December, he published
and
Persephone
is
is
to the
in
December 1889
They had been
greatly
friends
LORD TENNYSON.
195
all
went
forth
papal pronouncement.
The three last years of Tennyson's life were spent
in quiet and leisurely ease, but he continued to write
showed liltle or no
The Death of
CEnone can scarcely be ranked as good as its pre-
some
of which
poems
to the last,
signs
of intellectual enfeeblement.
blank verse.
"As we
Our sons
will
And
still,
at
Farringford
during the
summer
LIFE
196
AND WRITINGS OF
we
felt
'
it
all
'
to
our
LORD TENNYSON.
197
*'Some
He
'
taken you,
Farewell!'"
prince
of
men
CHAPTER
LORD TEXXVSON's PLACE
Tennyson
X.
IN LITERATURE.
the
Is
nineteenth
two
articulate arts.
LORD TENNYSON.
the
first
199
expression
in
the
couplet, the
exacting.
One
exigencies
of which
are very
200
/.//'/;
AND
IVh'ITIiVGS
OF
work
chiselled
to
the
work of
public.
His
verse
is
like
the
which he intended to
them.
Now,
the
career and
he brought to perfection
all
LORD TENNYSON.
heroic
And
201
of the Lock.
like
and monotony.
Pope, that he had
smoothness
*'
its
"creamy
What Cowper
said of
heart,"
LIFE
202
AND WRITINGS OF
intricate
frequent
metaphysics,
lapses
from
the
popular
with
dulge,
are
taste.
equally
the
people
of
Tennyson has
we
at death,
the
foamy
agitation,
beautiful
it
may
be,
is
of the
Such
LORD TENNYSON.
a view of
life
203
it is,
after
human
Memoriam
all
this.
Tennyson's poetry
The views of /;/
scheme
Pantheism was written
perhaps to controvert it and inculcate the opposite
doctrine of Immanence. Tennyson's creations, too,
are the men and women, the girls and youths of the
actual world.
The hero of Locksley Hall is a modern
reality.
The gardener's daughter and the miller's
daughter and Katie Willows are not idealised phantasms like the Witch of Atlas and the *'Lady" of
Maud is an
the garden of the Sensitive Plant.
English girl, clear cut as a cameo, and Dora and
are a direct antithesis to Shelley's
The
of
belief.
the
May Queen
creations
Higher
are
human
Lady Clara
harmony of verse
LIFE
204
beat,
to
AND WRITINGS OF
preserve
eig-hteenth century
from
monotony.
harmony was
During
in the
the
ascendant,
but
*'
That shadowy
in the
moonlight shone."
Here the "a" in the second line and the last syllable
shadowy" are flying syllables and add melody to
the harmony of the verse.
Read the following, too,
from Wordsworth:
of "
*'
The
The
Gave back
That overpowered
their
natural green.
Here
the words
"encircling,"
"overpowered,"
"natural," and "strenuous" have each a flying
syllable, which, employed in the build of the verse,
LORD TENNYSON.
205
To
did not
know
say what was not true, for both Pope and Gray
employed flying syllables. Gray's
*'
Now
is
born
to blush
unseen,"
examples:
*'
Order
Some
More
Heaven's
are,
this
happiness
happiness increase
all
sense.
Nature's peace."
LIFE
2o6
verse,
of Shelley's
Coleridge.
AND WRITINGS OF
and reverted to the music of
Coleridge's
in
deep discourse"
employment of
movement
*'He
is
reproduced
is
in
"Thy
Elegy
voice
is
etc.,
130,
in the rolling air.'
Shelley's
of the
and writes
in
the
sumptuous
style in
which Tennyson
LORD TENNYSON.
207
is
whom
is
not a
compare Tennyson.
When we come to compare Tennyson with \'irgil,
we have some basis of a real parallel, and Virgil, we
feel,
resembles
in his
to
Virgil
is
Homer's Iliad
is
the pure
with echoes of antiquity, echoes of the phrases, expressions, images, and cadences of other poets. The
^neid is an epic of culture, and follows Homer in
design, but not in execution.
LIFE
2o8
AM)
order after
Virg-il until
He
is
UA'/T/XGS OF
nothing- original of the first
we come
method of
to Ariosto,
who
per-
and wrote
in
his
playful
v^ein
about
epic
subjects,
F^nrioso is
style.
poem
Ariosto's
is
the
He closely resembles
style in which he describes.
Tennyson when Tennyson wrote The Princess.
The next poet to develop the epic into a new form
was Spenser, whose Faery Queen, converting all the
human virtues into allegorical figures, and making
them fight like the knights of the chivalrous romances,
was a development upon the method of Ariosto.
Spenser selected, to be the sovereign of
world, the Arthur of romance,
in
his fantastic
whom was
portrayed
hands of
was not
its
enemies.
carried out in
written of
its
entirety, but
it
209
most
what was
original epic
romances.
Milton was the next to develop epic narrative
and although dallying at one time with the Arthurian
legend as the best subject for an epic poet, he chose
the more stupendous problem of the Fall of Man.
This gave Milton an opportunity to roll off, like great
billows of lingual music, that sublime sense of harmony behind all the evils in the world which pervaded
his lonely soul and made him dwell apart, and sing in
a grandiose style composed of echoes from all his predecessors well suited to his titanic subject. Like
Virgil, he was a sedulous gleaner from the Greeks;
but he has a cadence of his own in his verse well
adapted to his lofty tone of thought, though not
suited to non-Miltonic themes, and the employment
of which led to the corruption of English in his
imitators.
its
native
commenced
his
14
LIFE
2 10
He
the
is
fifth
AND WRITINGS OF
in
succession
to
Virgil,
Ariosto,
4iad
down
epic of culture.
to
Homeric age there was no difficulty in bedescent of the gods among men as
depicted in the Iliad; and in Virgil's time the supernaturalism of Homer was acquiesced in.
But with
In the
lieving
in the
belief into
their
than actualities. The epic of Ariosto has the advantage over the Iliad and the yEjieid in this respect.
Though he employs the wild supernaturalism of the
middle ages as a means of overcoming difficulties of
plot, the light and sportive vein with which he writes
reduces to a minimum the drafts upon our credulity
in his supernaturalism.
The same applies to Spenser,
whose magic wonders we accept readily as playing
into his allegorical
his airy
LORD TENNYSON.
211
we know are to be
taken in a contrary sense.
The same, however,
cannot be said of Milton he loses our credence by
carrying us into regions whither we cannot follow.
Tennyson's Idylls of the King labours under none of
the disadvantages that the great epics labour under,
now that unbelief in their *' machinery," as Pope, the
poet of an artificial age, called it, has sapped, except
in the case of Ariosto and Spenser, the foundations
on which they are reared. With the exception of a
few mystic touches here and there to indicate the
idea of the infinite, the poet of the idylls makes no
demands upon our credulity. The Idylls of the Khig
is now almost the only serious epic which can be
accepted entirely. The work is the last product of a
form of intellectualism which is passing away in
favour of drama and the modern novel, and Tennyson is its last poet.
This, I presume, is Tennyson's place in the history
of English literature, and in the literature of the
hits at unbelievers in his fancies
world.
1828-29
1829
1829-30
1830
1830-32
published.
Timbuctoo.
Mariana in the Moated Grange.
Supposed Confessions of a Second-rate Sensitive
Mind.
The Poet.
The Mystic.
The Dying Swan.
The Ballad of Oriana.
"Poems, chiefly Lyrical,"
The Lady of Shallot.
Mariana
The
in the
Miller's
CEnone
(first
published.
South.
Daughter.
version).
A Dream
"
of Fair
1842).
Women.
tho'
ill
at ease."
1S32-33
1833
i<^33-34
heights.
"
214
1835
INDEX
A.
Acworth, Dr., 98
Albert, H.R.H. Piince, 103, 151
Aldrich, P. B., 193
Aldworth purchased, 165
Alexandra,
Welcome to, 158
Alford, Dean, 17, 133
Allen, Dr., his wood-carving
business, 75-6
'* All things will die,"
44
Ancient Sage, The, 184
" Apostles, The," a Society at
Cambridge, 23, 58
His Grace the eighth
Argyll,
of,
Field,
158,
Browning,
201
98, 114
162,
164
Tennyson
Brassey, Lord, 193
Bridge, Dr., 197
Brook, The, 118, 203
on
Brooke,
Rev.
Stopford,
Tennyson, 28-30, 147, 150
Brookfjeld, W. H., 23
Ay liner's
poems
Thomas,
35, 58
58, 71 ; on the
of 1842,
103, 113, 181
Catullus, 181
72,
76,
98,
INDEX.
Cautcrelz, In the Valley
of\
158,
Cervantes, 6, 35
Chambers, William, his Vestiges
of Creation, 87, 89
Charge of the Heavy Brigade,
183, 190, 191
Charge of the Light Brigade, 1 1
Chateaubriand, 65, 88, 89, 92,
155
Dawn,
The, 195
The, 60, 61,91
Defence of Lucknow, The, 182,
Day Dream,
163, 166
Tennyson and,
59,
191
De Profoundis, 182
Despair, 184, 186
De Vere, Aubrey, 100, 1 16
Dickens, Charles, 58
Dirge, A, 2"], 28, 62
Disraeli, B., 166
Dobell, Sidney, 98
Dobson, Principal, 98
Dora, 56, 59, 74
Dramas, Tennyson's, 167-179
Dream of Fair Women, I he,
41, 44
Dreamer, The, 195
Drew, John, 179
Duft'erin and Ava, Marquis
of,
194, 197
Dying
207
75
Professor J. Churton,
his edition of the Early Poems,
Collins,
Colu/nbus, 182
E.
74, 127
Morris, 59
Elaine, 203
Eleanore, 36
Elegiacs, 30
Eliot, George, 170
Elmhirst, Miss Jenny, present
at Tennyson's marriage, 102
Edwin
Enoch Arden,
Erskine
of
158, 159
Linlathen,
D.
F.
his
fluence on Tennyson, 35
Experiments in Metres, 158
m-
1;
INDEX.
First Quarrel.^ The, 182
Edward, friend of
Tennyson, his character, etc.,
Fitzgerald,
of,
19
182
H.
Hallam,
Foxton, Frederick, 98
Frater Ave atqiie Vale, 182
Freiligrath, F., on Tennyson's
Poems, 74
Froude, J. A., on Queen Mary,
172, 197
Fuller, Margaret, 74
Fytche, Elizabeth,
mother of
Tennyson, 2; death of, 164
German
of
Enoch
Field,
Holy
158
Homer's
210
Horace, Tennyson and, 4
(Richard
Lord
Houghton,
/
Monckton
Milnes),
17,
25,
76-77, 116
159
Gilpin,
W., 38
189
Tennyson
Hugo,
Victor, 198
compared
King, 99 origin
and estimate of, 125-153, 160
Idylls of the
their place
among
the epics of
INDEX.
220
Literary
119
Locker
on Bccket^
176-7
Isabel^
30
Souvenir,
Lampson,
1827,
37,
Frederick,
Lord of Burleigh, 56
Jebb, Professor, iSi
Richard, 38
Johnson, Dr., 80
Jowett, Rev. B., 195, 197
Jeffries,
at,
K.
Kemble,
Ludlow,
165, 1S7
L.
J.
M., on Tennyson,
156
Lushington,
87, 94, 102
Edmund,
23,
57,
4.0
M.
revised,
Toiii-natiient,
Layamon,
133, 151-2
Lecky,
W.
Madeline, 27
Making of Man, The, 195
Malory,
Sir
Thomas,
his
Arthurian Romance analysed,
134-139. 152
Manajia in the Moated Grange,
27, 28,
Mariana
40
INDEX.
Man-iage of Geraint^ The, 128,
143
Marshall, Mrs,, 102
Maude, 1 1 5- 1 24, 203
Maurice, F. D., 184
May Queen, The, 60, 117, 203
Mechanophilus, 195
Memo?-}', an early poem, 11, 15
Memory, Ode to, 3, 27, 28
Meredith, George, 155
Merimee, Prosper, 170
Merivale, Dean, declaims Tennyson's Tiuibuctoo, 25
Merlin, his character, 144
AIe>lin and the Gleam, 193-4
Merlin
and
Vivien,
written,
Mertnaid, The, 47
Merman, The, 47
Miller'' s Daughter, The, 37 ; revised, 55, 117, 203
Milton, his Samson Agonistes, 5,
30, 35, 56, 81, 209, 211
Mitford, Miss, 37
56, 118
Moliere, 129, 166, 169
Monteith, R., friend of
son, 17
44
O.
Oberman)?, 88
the
Death
of Wellington,
191
P.
Tenny-
125,
see
79,
of,
75.
will die,"
51, 53,
Passing of A rth ur
Morton, Savile, friend of Tennyson, 77, 98, 114
Moxon, Edward,
" Nothing
her ptory of
Ode on
221
publisher, 55,
97
Mystic, The, 32, 44
N.
Nennius, his Arthurian history,
129
26
INDEX.
222
Revieiv,
'The,
and
Tennyson, 50, 59, 127
Queen Majy, 169, 179
Queensberry, the Marquis of, on
the Promise 0/ May, 178
Quarterly
202-6
Silent Voices, The, 197
Simeon, Sir John, 115, 116
Sir Galahad, 56
R.
Racine, 176
Rashdall, the Vicar of Malvern,
Sleeping Beauty,
90, 91, 207
98
Rawnsley, Canon, ^"j
Rawnsley, Misses Mary and
Margaret, present at Tennyson's marriage, 102
Reece, Mr., 98
Rehan, Miss Ada, 179
Renan, E. visits Tennyson, iSi
Somersby, Tennyson
Requiescat, 158
Ring,
the, 182,
at, 7, 35
Sophocles, 190
Southey, R., \\\'~> Joan of Arc
210
Spanish Affair, The, 32-3
Spedding,
of
friend
James,
Tennyson, 17, 23, 36, 74, 182
Spenser, 12, 30, 35, 86, 88, 139,
151, 208, 211
Spinoza, 189
Stael,
77ie,
Madame
de, 80, 89
Saint Simeon
Slylites,
59
"The
Apostles," 17
Tenny-
T.
etc.,
30,
;
;;
INDEX.
Taylor, Bayard, 126, 165
Tennant, Rev R. J., 17
l^ennysoUy Alfred^ Lord: his
biith and ancestors, 2; description of his childhood and
home
2-9
life,
ambition
boyish
his
be a poet, 9
along with his
to
publishes,
'>
Arthur H.
Hallam to the Pyrenees to
assist Torrijos, the Spanish
goes along with
insurgent, 32-3
writes yJ/ar,
ana in the South, 33 effect
of Cambridge life on, 34
leaves Cambridge, 34
loses
;
his
father,
35
Hallam on tour
with
goes
to the Rhine,
35
Edward
moves
Epping
Fitzgerald, 57
reHigh Beech in
to
Eorest, 57 ; to Tun-
bridge
Wells,
etc,
57;
223
member
58
his
lishes
poems
third
volume
of
in
75
down
breaks
in
77-8
his conversation,
his
INDEX.
:24
worth, 165 ; visited by Longfellow, 165; made an Honorary Fellow of Trinity College,
Cambridge, 165
goes by
command
Tennyson, Arthur
The
Foresters,
179;
visits Fitzgerald, 180 ; asked
to stand as Lord Rector of
Glasgow
University,
181 ;
goes on tour to the Continent
again, 181 ; publishes i?a//a^'i-
178;
visits
Dove-
goes on a cruise
among the Western Isles with
Gladstone and Sir Donald
dale,
182
and to Copenhagen,
182 ; meets the Kings of
Denmark and Greece, and
Currie,
their queens,
offered
and
196
his place
211
in
Literature,
197
of
(sister
of
A.
IL
2, 8,
10;
to
Ilallam, 35
in
his share
16-17, 193
death
of A.
of,
T.),
2,
6,
35
Tennyson,
Tennyson,
death
of,
Tennyson
Lionel, 180,
192-3, 194
Turner,
181
Charles
Trench, Archbishop,
Abbey,
of
(sister
Tennyson, Frederick,
at Cambridge, 16;
Westminster
(brother
A. T.), 8
Tennyson, Cecilia
A. T.), 57,
J02
Tennyson,
Emily
A. T. ), engaged
U.
17,
23
1
1
INDEX.
225
Waite, Rev.
V.
J., of
Louth, early
teacher of Tennyson, 4
to the
Mr.
Princess,
Trincess,
Wellington,
of,
Ode on
164
the death
191
Wordsworth,
his
Tht
1 1
Weimar, visited by A. T.
Weld, Charles, 102
210
Vivien, 144
THE WALTER
on
Percy,
1 1
103, 165
(twelfth
Mail, 59
Wace
Waiking
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I
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