LT5 – Power Electronics I

Devices and Circuits

ELEC3205 - Power Electronics I: Devices and Circuits 1

 Announcement
• 3rd Tutorial this Wednesday/Thursday,
R261, 9AM
• Mid-semester exam on 9th Sept. (Tue)
at 9:30AM in EE351
• Mid-semester exam: mostly calculations
from LT1 to LT5 including TUT1-3
• Consultation: 12:30-13:30 on 5/9,
14:00-16:00 on 8/9

ELEC3205 - Power Electronics I: Devices and Circuits 2

 Power Electronics I
• Partial lecture slides prepared with content
from
– Mohan et al. Power Electronics: Converters, Applications,
and Design. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2nd Ed., 1995.

ELEC3205 - Power Electronics I: Devices and Circuits 3

 Copyright Notice
COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA
Copyright Regulations 1969
WARNING
Portions of this material have been reproduced and
communicated to you by or on behalf of The
University of Sydney pursuant to Part VB of the
Copyright Act 1968 (the Act). The material in this
communication may be subject to copyright under the
Act. Any further reproduction or communication of
this material by you may be the subject of copyright
protection under the Act.
Do not remove this notice.

ELEC3205 - Power Electronics I: Devices and Circuits 4

 UoS Quick-scan

LT3-4 LT5-6

Power Converter

LT8

LT7
ELEC3205 - Power Electronics I: Devices and Circuits 5
 Outline
• Power switching concept
• Power semiconductor devices as
switches
• Operation principle of buck converter
• Driving the transistor
– Losses mechanism
– Gate drive

ELEC3205 - Power Electronics I: Devices and Circuits 6

 Outcome
• After this lecture, you will be able to…
– Identify the properties of power diode and
MOSFET
– Analyse a buck converter in different
operation modes
– Apply circuit theory to analyse other
converters
– Describe the operation of gate drive for
MOSFET

ELEC3205 - Power Electronics I: Devices and Circuits 7

 Electrical Energy Conversion by
Switching
• Electrical energy can be generated,
transmitted and converted for the load
• Process electrical energy by power
semiconductor devices & storage elements.
• Enable efficiency enhancement, size and
weight reduction of electrical equipment.
• Based on switching on and off the power
source by power semiconductors.
• Applications: power supplies for computers,
communication equipment, machine drives,
lighting, automobile and many applications.
ELEC3205 - Power Electronics I: Devices and Circuits 8
 Electrical Energy Conversion by
Switching
• Electrical energy conversion can be classified
into the following four categories.

ELEC3205 - Power Electronics I: Devices and Circuits 9

 Power Semiconductor – Diode
• General properties: Example: 1N4004
– Forward voltage drop vD Example: MBR1045
– Blocking voltage
– Reverse saturation current, NTC
– Repetitive pulse current A switch
driven by
voltage

Source: Mohan et al. 1995, pp. 17

ELEC3205 - Power Electronics I: Devices and Circuits 10
 Power Semiconductor – Diode
• Voltage overshoot & reverse-recovery
transition

Switching Source: Mohan et al. 1995, pp. 535

Loss ELEC3205 - Power Electronics I: Devices and Circuits 11
 Power Semiconductor – Diode
Example: MUR820
• Power diodes used in
switching mode power Fast recovery/
Schottky
supply
Line frequency

ELEC3205 - Power Electronics I: Devices and Circuits 12

 Power Semiconductor – Diode
Diode/Rectifier
Single P-N Schottky
junction Barrier Diode
Symbol
Vf (Threshold) 0.6V 0.3V
Reverse 35ns - 2us Negligible
recovery trr
Breakdown > 1kV Up to 250V
voltage VT SBD favours
Leakage current ~2µA ~100µA low-voltage-
IR
high-current
Temp Coeff. PTC on IR & PTC on IR &
applications!
NTC on VT NTC on VT
Type Standard, UF, -
US
Example 1N4004 MBR1045
ELEC3205 - Power Electronics I: Devices and Circuits 13
 Solving Reverse-Recovery Related
Problem
• Modified power converter
– Critical / boundary mode of operation of the
inductors
– Input current is continuous

IEEE Transactions of Industrial Electronics, Vol. 50, No. 4, pp. 767-776August 2003

ELEC3205 - Power Electronics I: Devices and Circuits 14

Power Semiconductor – MOSFET
• N-Channel MOSFET
– Voltage-controlled device plus body diode
– Threshold voltage VGS(th) Example: IRF540
– On-state resistance R(on) (∝ T, ∝ 1/VDSS)
– Operating temperature

Source: IR
Source: Mohan et al. 1995, pp. 25
ELEC3205 - Power Electronics I: Devices and Circuits 15
Power Semiconductor – MOSFET
• Relationship between VGS and ID
ID = 20A VGS = 15V

VGS = ?

VGS = 4.5V

Source: IRF540
International Rectifier
ELEC3205 - Power Electronics I: Devices and Circuits 16
Power Semiconductor – MOSFET
• Example: In a power converter, the
maximum continuous current through
the MOSFET is 5A and the drain-to-
source voltage when off is 75V. If the
power dissipation due to MOSFET’s
conduction loss should be less than 3W.
Please calculate the required on-state
resistance and select a suitable
MOSFET for this application.
ELEC3205 - Power Electronics I: Devices and Circuits 17
 Buck (Step-down) Converter
• S. Ang 2005, pp. 17-27
• Circuit diagram

ELEC3205 - Power Electronics I: Devices and Circuits 18

 Buck Converter
Continuous
Conduction
Mode (CCM)

Key Switching
Waveforms

ELEC3205 - Power Electronics I: Devices and Circuits 19

 Buck Converter
• CCM voltage conversion ratio

• Critical inductance

• Output voltage ripple

ELEC3205 - Power Electronics I: Devices and Circuits 20

 Buck Converter
• Example: A buck converter has an input
voltage of 12V. The switching frequency is
50kHz. The load requires an average voltage
of 5V with a maximum ripple voltage of 20mV.
The maximum ripple current of the output
inductor is 0.2A. Determine: (a) the duty cycle,
(b) the output inductance, (c) the output
capacitance, and (d) the output inductance if
the switching frequency is increased to
100kHz.

ELEC3205 - Power Electronics I: Devices and Circuits 21

Discontinuous Conduction Mode
• Voltage conversion ratio

ELEC3205 - Power Electronics I: Devices and Circuits 22

Discontinuous Conduction Mode
• Example: A buck converter has the
following circuit parameters: Vs=24V,
L=150uH, R=25R, C=1000uF, f=10kHz,
D=0.4. Find the following:
(a) Show that the inductor is in
discontinuous mode
(b) Determine the output voltage

ELEC3205 - Power Electronics I: Devices and Circuits 23

 Conduction Loss
• Loss due to ohmic resistance of device

Example: A DCM buck converter

operates at 25kHz and duty
cycle at 25% with input voltage
equals 12V. The output voltage
is 5V and inductance is 10uH.
Calculate the conduction loss
of the MOSFET if R(on) is 0.1R.

ELEC3205 - Power Electronics I: Devices and Circuits 24

 Switching Loss
• Loss due to switching of current and
voltage

How
Source: Mohan et al. 1995, to reduce it ?
pp. 21-23
ELEC3205 - Power Electronics I: Devices and Circuits 25
 Gate Drive for MOSFET
• Totem-pole

ELEC3205 - Power Electronics I: Devices and Circuits 26

 Gate Drive for MOSFET
• Need of floating gate drive

ELEC3205 - Power Electronics I: Devices and Circuits 27

 Gate Drive for Buck Converter
• Floating gate drive

Source: IR2111
International Rectifier

ELEC3205 - Power Electronics I: Devices and Circuits 28

 Gate Drive for Buck Converter
• Floating gate drive

Source: IR2111
International Rectifier

ELEC3205 - Power Electronics I: Devices and Circuits 29

 Suggested Readings
• Ang and Oliva, 2005. Chapters 2.1-2.3.

ELEC3205 - Power Electronics I: Devices and Circuits 30

Size and Volume Reduction

SMPS

Output power = 380W

Linear regulator

ELEC3205 - Power Electronics I: Devices and Circuits 31

 Applications of SMPS

Lighting
Car adaptor
Motor Drives
Lighting Computer

Telecom
Power Amp AC Adaptor and More……
ELEC3205 - Power Electronics I: Devices and Circuits 32