Lecture 8: Line Coding and Digital Modulation

ECE361S - Computer Networks Daniel Etiemble

Spring 2001

ECE361S Computer Networks

Line coding
Base-Band transmission Method used for converting a binary information sequence into a digital signal Various Codes

Spring 2001

ECE361S Computer Networks

Encoding Issues
DC component or not Power Frequency spectrum Timing recovery
1.2 1 power density 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.2 1.4 1.6 -0.2 1.8 2

NRZ Bipolar

Manchester

fT

Frequency spectrum Transmitter Receiver

CLK
Spring 2001 ECE361S Computer Networks

Timing recovery

CLK???
3

NRZ Encoding
1 Unipolar NRZ 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0

1: +A 0: 0
1 Polar NRZ 0

Power = A2 * n1s/nbits
1 0 1 1 1 0 0

1: +A/2 0: -A/2

Power = A2/4 DC Component (inefficient use of power) Timing recovery issues

ECE361S Computer Networks 4

Spring 2001

Bipolar Encoding
1
Bipolar Encoding

1: +A/2 and A/2 0: 0 Timing recovery issues

Power = A2 * n1s/nbits

Problem when systematic error in parity (Polar or bipolar encodings)

Spring 2001

ECE361S Computer Networks

NRZ inverted (differential encoding)

NRZ-Inverted (Differential Encoding) 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0

1: Transition at the beginning of bit time 0: No transition Timing recovery issues

Spring 2001

ECE361S Computer Networks

Manchester Encoding
1
Manchester Encoding

10
Differential Manchester Encoding

01

10

01

10

10

10

01

01

Manchester Encoding:

1: A/2 to A/2 in the middle of bit time 0: -A/2 to A/2 in the middle of bit time

Differential Manchester Encoding: Transition at the middle of bit time. 0: transition at the beginning of the interval. 1: no transition at the beginning of the interval
Spring 2001 ECE361S Computer Networks 7

Spectra for different line codes

1.2 1 power density 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 0 1 -0.2 2
8

NRZ Bipolar

Manchester

fT

Spring 2001

ECE361S Computer Networks

Modems and Digital Modulation

Band-pass channels

f1

fc

f2

Y(t) = A cos(2fct + )

Spring 2001

ECE361S Computer Networks

Band-Pass Transmission Modulation

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) fm changes while A and are fixed Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) A changes while fm and are fixed Phase Shift Keying (PSK) changes while fm and A are fixed Amplitude Phase Keying (APK) Both A and change while fm is fixed

Spring 2001

ECE361S Computer Networks

10

PSK Modulation
+A
Baseband Signal Xi(t) 0 T 2T 3T 4T 5T 6T

-A
(a) Modulate cos(2fct) by multiplying it by Ak for (k-1)T < t <kT: Ak

x
cos(2fct)

Yi(t) = Ak cos(2fct)

+A
(b) Modulated Signal Yi(t)
0 T 2T 3T 4T 5T 6T
11

-A
Spring 2001 ECE361S Computer Networks

PSK demodulation
Demodulate (recover) Ak by multiplying by 2cos(2fct) and lowpass filtering: Yi(t) = Akcos(2fct) Lowpass Filter with cutoff W Hz

x
2cos(2fct)

Xi(t)

2Ak cos2(2fct) = Ak {1 + cos(22fct)}

+2A
2Yi(t) cos(2fct) 0 T 2T 3T 4T 5T 6T

-2A

W symbols/sec
Spring 2001 ECE361S Computer Networks 12

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

Modulate cos(2fct) and sin (2fct) by multiplying them by Ak and Bk respectively for (k-1)T < t <kT: Ak

x
cos(2fc t)

Yi(t) = Ak cos(2fc t)

+
Yq(t) = Bk sin(2fc t)

Y(t)

Bk

x
sin(2fc t)

2W symbols/sec
Spring 2001 ECE361S Computer Networks 13

Detection
Y(t)

x
2cos(2fc t)

Lowpass Filter with cutoff W/2 Hz

Ak

2cos2(2fct)+2Bk cos(2fct)sin(2fct) = Ak {1 + cos(4fct)}+Bk {0 + sin(4fct)} Lowpass Filter with cutoff W/2 Hz

x
2sin(2fc t)

Bk

2Bk sin2(2fct)+2Ak cos(2fct)sin(2fct) = Bk {1 - cos(4fct)}+Ak {0 + sin(4fct)}

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14

Signal Constellations
2-D signal Bk Ak Bk 2-D signal Ak

4 levels/ pulse 2 bits / pulse 2W bits per second

2 2

16 levels/ pulse 4 bits / pulse 4W bits per second

Ak cos(2 f c t ) + Bk sin(2 f c t ) = ( Ak + Bk )1/2 cos(2 f c t + tan 1 Bk / Ak )

Amplitude Phase Keying (APK) Both A and change while fm is fixed

Spring 2001 ECE361S Computer Networks 15

Signal constellations
Bk

Bk Ak

Ak

4 levels/ pulse 2 bits / pulse 2W bits per second

16 levels/ pulse 4 bits / pulse 4W bits per second

Spring 2001

ECE361S Computer Networks

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