*hypothalamus : release hormones that start and stop of pituitary hormones .

* thymus : important for normal immune function . *pituitary gland : -it consist of three lobes : 1-anterior lobe . 2- posterior lobe . 3- middle lobe . *hormone of anterior pituitary lobe : Hormone Site Of Action Action TSH Thyroid gland Release thyroid hormone ( T4 T3) ACTH Adrenal cortex Release of glococorticoid hormone ( cortisol ) GH Most body cells Growth of bone and muscles FSH Ovaries and testis Ovary :- promote maturation of ovum and production of estredol Testis :- production of sperm . LH Ovaries and testis Ovary :- Stimulate ovulation and formation of corpus luteum and release progesterone Testis :- release testosterone PRL Mammary gland Milk Secretion *hormone of posterior pituitary lobe : Hormone Site Of Action Action ADH Kidney Promote water re-absorption and blood pressure Oxytocin Mammary gland and uterus Mammary gland :- stimulate lactation . Uterus :- stimulate contraction * Hormone of middle Pituitary lobe :It is secret 1 hormone only :- Melanocytes stimulating hormone ( MSH ) , Which increase skin pigmentation ( secrete melanin dye ) * Pituitary dysfunctions :1- Gigantism :- hyper secretion of growth hormone in children . 2- Acromegaly :- hyper secretion of growh hormone in adult, specially in hand and feet . 3- Dwarfism :- hypo secretion of growth hormone in children . * Thyroid Gland :- it is the biggest gland in size . it secret 2 major hormones :1- Tri-iodothyronine (T3 ) 2- Thyroxine ( T4 ) -Thyroid gland increased the basal metabolism . -Thyroid dysfunctions :1- Hypothyrodism :- decrease of thyroid activity . 2- Hyperthyroidism :- increase of thyroid activity .

- If TSH increased the T3 & T4 decreased ( hypothyroidism ). - If TSH decreased the T3 & T4 increased (Hyperthyroidism ). * Parathyroid Gland :It secret 2 major hormone :-

1- PTH ( parathyroid hormone ) ----} increased calcium level . 2- Calcitonin . ----} decreased calcium level . Parathyroid dysfunctions :1- Hypoprarthyrodisim :- decreased PTH amount . Lab finding :a- hypocalcemia . b- phosphate in blood and no in urine . c- Alkline phosphates normal . 2- Hyperparathyrodissm :- increased PTH amount . Lab findings :a- Hypercalcemia b- No phosphate in blood and found in urine . c- alkaline phosphates increased . - Adrenal Gland :Consist of 2 parts :1- adrenal cortex ---- outer region ----- yellow color . and secret 3 steroid hormone :a- glucocorticoid ( cortisol ) . b- Mineralcorticoid ( Aldosteron ). c- Androgens ( testosterone ) 2- adrenal medulla ---- inner region ---- gray color . and secret 3 hormones called chatecholamines :a- dopamine b- epinephrine c- nor epinephrine - hypofunction of adrenal cortex :1- Addison disease :- it caused by dysfunction or destruction of adrenal gland resulting in deficiency of glucocorticoid & Mineralcorticoid . -Hyperfunction of adrenal cortex :1- Cushing's syndrome :- it caused by excessive of glucocorticoid . 2- Conn's syndrome :- it caused by excessive of Aldosterone . *Pencreas :- it secret 2 hormones :1- Insulin ( decreases glucose in blood ) 2- Glucagon ( Increasesd glucose in blood ) - the islet of langerhans containing 4 types od cells :1- Beta cells ----------} insulin + amyline 2- Alpha cells --------} Glucagon . 3- Delta cells ---------} Somatostatin . 4- Gamma cells ------} Unknown function . * Reproductive Endocrine Function : *the main type of sex hormone : 1-male sex hormone(testosterone) 2- female sex hormone (estrogen progesterone ) * Estrogen : stimulation contraction of uterus . * progesterone : essential during pregnancy .