Paris, le 08/04/2013

UTILISATION DES SOLS TRAITES A LA CHAUX ET AU CIMENT POUR LE RENFORCEMENT DES SOLS AVEC INCLUSIONS RIGIDES Prsent par Umur Salih OKYAY

Institut pour la recherche applique et l'exprimentation en gnie civil (IREX)

ISBN : 978-2-85978-462-1, 2012 - 384 p., 17 x 24 cm, broch, Presses des Ponts

Use of lime and cement treated soils as pile supported load transfer platform

Okyay, U.S., Dias, D., 2010., Use of lime and cement treated soils as pile supported load transfer platform, Engineering Geology, Volume 114, Issues 12, 23 June 2010, Pages 3444, DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2010.03.008

3 Tons of Goderville silt Particle size distribution of Goderville soil

Particles smaller than 0.063 mm and larger than 0.002 mm constitute 70% of the soil. 25% of the particles are smaller than 0.002 mm.

oil

L
3% 3%

ime

ement

SL

SC
2%

6%

SLC1
2%

SLC2
5%

Proctor tests & Treatment formulations

The addition of cement/lime has an influence in increasing the optimum water content and decreasing the maximum dry unit weight of the naturel soil.

Variation of reduction in water content due to hydration at different curing time

Notation of the tested materials and optimum Proctor values

Mechanical performance of treated soil : Laboratory tests

In the experimental program, the Goderville soil was characterised by laboratory tests and appropriate treatment formulations were chosen. Mechanical soil tests were conducted to deduce the strength characteristics of soils at 7, 28, 90 and 350 days after treatment.

250 tests at 7, 28, 90 and 350 days

Direct shear tests

The shearing tests were carried on normal stress range from 50 to 100 kPa.

The value of the cohesion reaches at least 25 kPa at the first week treatment and above 60 kPa at 28 days after the treatment in presence of cement. The evolution of cohesion for the soil treated with lime is quite slow and the cohesion does not exceed 45 kPa in long term. Evolution of cohesion

The tests were performed with 50mm height and 60 mm diameter cylindrical specimens at constant shearing speed (0.1 mm/min).

Unconfined compressive strength test : uniaxial compression

Evolution of compressive strength Stress vs strain @ 90 days

In presence of cement, more than 80% of the final compressive strength was obtained at 90 days after the treatment. This ratio is 70% for the treatment with only lime. The highest strength value is obtained with the combined treatment SLC2.

The untreated soil (S) has ductile strain hardening failure behaviour. On the other hand, ductile strain softening behaviour is observed for lime treated soil (SL). Addition of cement ----- specimens become more brittle. For the cement treated soil (SC), the failure occurs suddenly at the end of the test. The addition of lime to the treatment provides a residual resistance at the end of the test and the specimens behave in a more ductile manner.

The tests were carried out with 100 mm height and 50 mm diameter cylindrical specimens at a constant loading speed of 0.1 mm/min.

Bending test on 4 x 4 x 16 cm specimens

3% Lime 6% Cement

Evolution of tensile strength

Evolution of Young's modulus

Bending resistance of the specimen is equal to 3FL/2a3 where a is the section of the specimen. Then the Young's modulus of the specimen is calculated E=FL3/48Iy where I is the second moment of area and y is the deflection at the centre of the beam.

Summary of the results at 90 days after the treatment and comparisons

The tests indicate that almost 90% of total resistance is gained at 90 days of curing after treatment.

Numerical analysis of treated soils with rigid piles

Total principal stresses under 60 kPa of loading on the foundation

Differential settlements

Pile

Soft soil

Pile

Soft soil

Pile

Soft soil

Variation of the material characteristics

Pile

Soft soil

Pile

Soft soil

Total principal stresses for 60 kPa of loading on the foundation. Influence of platform height SLC2

Pile

Soft soil

Pile

Soft soil

Influence of pile spacing SLC2 h=60 cm

Pile Soft soil Pile Soft soil

90%

Bending moments and shear forces in the foundation.

55%

Geotechnical centrifuge of LCPC Nantes

12 x g & 20 x g

Experimental Apparatus

Fabrication des galettes du sol trait :

MALAXAGE

TRAITEMENT

COMPACTAGE

COMPACTAGE

STOCKAGE

TRANSPORTATION

SL & SC

Diamtre = 90 cm

Hauteur = 42 cm 60 cm

18

ESSAI TYPE : Droulement dun essai

0 Dplacement vertical (mm) -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 -14 -16 -18 0
12xg - 20xg Descente du plateau

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 15 30 45 60 75 90 Temps coul (min)

Fin de remplissage

105

120

0 135

Fin de lessai

Pression (kPa)

Efficacit avec un matelas trait la chaux ( = 1,23%)

100 Efficacit normalise (%) 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0,00 E = 85 % Emax = 100 %

12 x g
D = 30 cm s = 240 cm
E > 85%
E = 86 %

E31 - H/s = 0,25 E32 - H/s = 0,18 0,10 0,20 0,30 0,40 Ratio Tassement / Diamtre (z/D)

H = 60 cm H = 42 cm

0,50

La valeur defficacit ne descend pas en dessous de 85% pour les 2 hauteurs de matelas testes. La baisse defficacit seffectue plus tt avec une hauteur de matelas faible quavec une hauteur de matelas plus importante.

Efficacit avec un matelas trait au ciment( = 1,23%)

100 Efficacit normalise (%) 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0.00

12 x g
D = 30 cm s = 240 cm
E > 90%

E33 - H/s = 0,18 E34 - H/s = 0,25 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 Ratio Tassement / Diamtre (z/D)

H = 42 cm H = 60 cm

0.50

Pour les deux hauteurs de matelas testes, lefficacit maximale de 100% est atteinte au cours des essais. Lefficacit maximale est atteinte rapidement pour une hauteur de matelas faible. La moyenne des contraintes en tte des inclusions rigides est denviron 6 MPa.

Cycles de chargement / dchargement

1600 1400 1200 Force (N) 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 100 200 300 Temps coul (min) 400 500 cyclique
z/D = 0,15 z/D = 0,52

monotone

z/D = 0,28

Cycles de chargement / dchargement

1600 1400 1200 Force (N) 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0,00 0,10 0,20 0,30 0,40 0,50 E28 monotone E29 cyclique 0,60 0,70 0,80

Ratio Tassement / Diamtre (z/D)

Dun point de vue global, la courbe de chargement cyclique prsente la mme allure que celle du chargement monotone. A la fin de chaque srie, les valeurs deffort issues dun chargement cyclique finissent par atteindre les valeurs deffort de lessai monotone.

Rupture dans le matelas

Effet de vote

Chapiteaux en tte des inclusions rigides

Surfaces de rupture sur les chapiteaux en tte des inclusions rigides

Dcollement entre les couches de compactage

Conclusions Chaux : comportement mcanique souple et radoucissant

Lefficacit augmente progressivement Les contraintes sont rparties entre les inclusions rigides et le sol compressible par flexion du matelas

Ciment : comportement mcanique fragile et cassant

Lefficacit augmente rapidement Comme une dalle sur les ttes des inclusions rigides

E > 85% aprs la rupture Le matelas de faible hauteur se fissure et se dtruit plus facilement quun matelas pais. Malaxage et compactage

Merci pour votre attention.

Paris, le 08/04/2013

UTILISATION DES SOLS TRAITES A LA CHAUX ET AU CIMENT POUR LE RENFORCEMENT DES SOLS AVEC INCLUSIONS RIGIDES Prsent par Umur Salih OKYAY