Lecture 2 Section Questions 25. What is always true concerning the base composition of DNA?

In a molecule of double stranded DNA, the ratio of adenine residues to thymine residues equals the ratio of cytosine residues to guanine residues. For every adenine molecule there must be a thymine molecule to pair with in a molecule of double stranded DNA. So the A-T ratio is 1. The same goes for cytosine and guanine, their ratio is a molecule of double stranded DNA must equal 1. 26. An mRNA molecule that is translated at the rough ER is shorted that the gene from which it was transcribed from because in Eukaryotic organisms, introns are removed. Answer: introns in the primary transcript are excised. 27. When a DNA transcript is arranged in the 5' to 3' direction, what is the end of the molecule? The 3' end of course is the end of the molecule. We always read DNA from the 5' to 3' direction. In both DNA replication and transcription, the DNA strand used is read in the 3' to 5' direction and the new DNA or RNA is always synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction. 28. What do we know about DNA replication? Takes in place in the nucleus. We have leading strand and lagging synthesis. It involves Helicase which unwinds the DNA double helix, Primase which lays down RNA primers for the DNA polymerases, and ligase which links the okazaki fragments. Both strands are replicated! 29. The key point here is that a processed, mature mRNA will always be longer than the primary transcript in Eukaryotic cells because introns have to be removed. 30. Complementary strands of DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds. After H-bonds form, then the phosphodiester bonds are formed. 31. Eukaryotic mRNA production occurs in the following sequence: D. Translation from DNA in the nucleus followed by post-transcriptional processing in the nucleus. 32. As we discussed before in the Lecture 1 In class Exam. Gel electrophoresis uses an electrolytic cell where the anode is actually the positive terminal. So the negatively charged DNA molecules run towards the anode. 33. The main point of this question is what is the start codon? The start codon is AUG or ATG! 34. Translation in a eukaryotic cell is associated with each of the following organelles or locations except....? We have to be careful in answering this type of question. The specific process of translations which involves ribosomes reading an mRNA transcript and synthesizing a polypeptide sequence occurs where and is associated with which organelles? It occurs in the cytoplasm of course and involves ribosome. Let's look at our answer choices. A. Mitochondrial matrixthis in a sense is the cytosol, the cytosol of the mitochondria which contains ribosomes. B. the cytosolbingo we know it takes place here. C. Nucleusno!!!! We know that translation does not take place in the nucleus. This is the hallmark of eukaryotic organisms. Transcription takes place in the nucleus and translation takes place outside of the nucleus in the cell cytoplasm and mitochondrial matrix. D. The rough endoplasmic reticulum-we know it is called the rough ER because it is studded with ribosomes so translation is associated with this organelle. 35. They key point is maintaining what we know about the genetic code. So what do we know about the genetic code? 1). We know that it is degenerate meaning we have 64 codons that code for 20 amino acids. This means that more than one codon can code for an amino acid. 2). It is unambiguous because a single codon can code for one and only one amino acid. Answer choice A is incorrect because we know there are more codons than amino acids. B is also wrong because any change in the nucleotide sequence of a codon does not have to result in a new amino acid because we know the genetic code is degenerative. C. is incorrect because the genetic code is almost universal meaning that although some organisms may use it differently, they still all use the same code.

36. What is the large subunit of a 80S ribosome made from? What is an 80S ribosome? It is a eukaryotic ribosome. 60S+40S = 80S Euk 50S +30S= 70S Prok. We know ribosomes are composed of rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and proteins. 37. A tRNA molecule attaches to histidine. The anticodon on the tRNA is 5'-AUG-3'. Which of the following nucleotide sequences in an mRNA molecule might contain the codon for histidine? Since we are looking at an mRNA molecule, it should contain Uracil and not thymine. This helps us eliminate answer choices B and C which have Ts. So now we are stuck between A and D. We know that we are looking for 3'-UAC-5'. I initially tried splitting the answer choices into 3 reading frames from the 5' end but I did not find the answer in either answer choice. Then just simply look for 3'-UAC-5' 38. What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation? 1). Eukaryotic translations occurs in the cytoplasm separate from transcription. In prokaryotes both transcription and translation can occur simultaneously in the cytoplasm. They use differently sized ribosomes. Our answer is B- prokaryotic translation may occur simultaneously with transcription while eukaryotic translation cannot. Answer choice D is nonsensical because we are talking about translation. It doesn't matter that the prokaryotic DNA is circular because we are translating RNA. Furthermore, prokaryotic transcription does require a termination sequence. 39. The key point here is that during translation the growing polypeptide can be found attached to a tRNA at which site on the ribosome? It can be found in the P site or peptidyl transfer site. Starting with the start codon AUG which adds in a formylated methionine. The amine group of the peptide in the A site always attacks the peptide in the P site, initially transferring the growing polypeptide to the A site. Then translocation occurs and the growing polypeptide is moved to the P site and a fresh amino acid appears in the A site. 40. SRP or signal recognition particle that binds to a signal peptide that appears at the beginning of a peptide sequence and directs the ribosome to attach to the endoplasmic reticulum during translation. 41. They key point in this question is understanding what a primary spermatocyte is. A primary spermatocyte is a male gamete cell that has undergone replication in the S phase of interphase, meaning that is still diploid with 46 chromosomes. 42. In which of the life cycle phases does translation, transcription, and replication take place? Well in the life cycle the only phase where replication takes place is in the S phase and we also know that protein and organelle synthesis slows down in the S phase but still occurs. Therefore B. S phase is our answer. 43. This is a very difficult question. A scientist monitors the nucleotide sequence of the third chromosome as a cell undergoes normal meiosis. What is the earliest point in meiosis at which the scientist can deduce with certainty the nucleotide sequence of the third chromosome of each gamete. The key point here we have is that crossing over occurs in prophase 1 of meiosis. So after crossing over occurs in prophase then the scientist will be able to discern the nucleotide sequence of each gamete. 44. Key point is humans only the germ cells can undergo meiosis. Somatic cells or all the other cells of the body can only perform mitosis. Answer choices C and D are nonsensical because both germ and somatic cells undergo these processes. 45. A germ cell in metaphase 1 will have the tetrads aligned at the metaphase plate or the equator of the cell. In metaphase 2, sister chromatids would align at the metaphase plate. 46. What occurs in mitotic prophase? 1). Chromatin condenses into heterochromatin (closed chromatin). 2). Centrioles move to the poles of the cells and the spindle apparatus forms. 3). The nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear. Our answer is C. centriole migration to the cell poles.

47. What exactly occurs in Prophase 1 of Meosis? 1). Tetrad formations occurs as homologous sister chromatids bind with each other. 2). Once the tetrads form, crossing over or genetic recombination can occur. 3). Centrioles move to the poles of the cells and the spindle apparatus forms. 4). The nuclear envelope and nucleolus disappear. Thus our answer is that C. Chromosomal migration does not occur in Prophase 1 of meiosis. It occurs in metaphase 1. 48. This again goes back to definitions. An egg cell in its most basic form is called an oogonium. After undergoing the S phase of interphase, the oogonium becomes a primary oocyte. In females, replication occurs before birth and so all the gamete cells are arrested at the primary oocyte stage. Once puberty hits, the primary oocytes undergo Meiosis 1 and become secondary oocytes. So at the primary oocyte stage, the cells are arrested at Prophase 1 of Meosis 1. So our answer is B.