Anda di halaman 1dari 77

1

P
a
r
t

A
U
n
i
t

3
9
Topic 11 Chemical Equilibrium
Part A Unit-based exercise
Unit 39 An introduction to
chemical equilibrium
Fill in the blanks
1 Chemical reaction that take place in one direction
only are known as irreversible reactions.
2 The reaction between ethanoic acid and ethanol
does not go to completion no matter how long
the reaction mixture is heated under reflux. This
is known as a reversible reaction.
3 A dynamic equilibrium is reached when
the forward and backward reactions occur at the
same rate.
4 In an aqueous solution of potassium chromate,
the following equilibrium system is established:
2CrO
4
2
(aq) + 2H
+
(aq) Cr
2
O
7
2
(aq) + H
2
O(l)
a) When a little dilute sulphuric acid is added to
the system, the colour of the solution changes
from yellow to orange . This
indicates that the concentration of Cr
2
O
7
2
(aq)
ions has increased while the concentration
of CrO
4
2
(aq) ions has decreased.
b) When a little dilute sodium hydroxide solution
is added to the resulting solution, the colour
of the solution changes from orange
to yellow . This indicates that the
concentrati on of CrO
4
2
(aq) i ons
has i ncreased whi l e the concentrati on
of Cr
2
O
7
2
(aq) ions has decreased.
5 The direction in which a net reaction will proceed
to achieve equilibrium can be predicted by
comparing reaction quotient (Q
c
) and equilibrium
constant (K
c
).
a) When Q
c
< K
c
, a net forward reaction
must occur until equilibrium is reached.
b) When Q
c
> K
c
, a net backward reaction
must occur until equilibrium is reached.
True or false
Decide whether each of the following statements is
true or false.
6 A dynamic equilibrium is reached when T
the forward and backward reactions occur
at the same rate.
7 For a system at equilibrium, the F
concentrations of the reactants and the
products must be the same.
8 Equilibrium can only be established in an F
open system.
9 The value of K
c
for a reaction can be F
used to judge the rate at which
equilibrium is attained.
10 If Q
c
is greater than K
c
, the system is not T
at equilibrium.
2
P
a
r
t

A

U
n
i
t

3
9
Multiple choice questions
11 Which of the following statements is true for a
reaction system at equilibrium?
A All reactions cease.
B The reactions have gone to completion.
C The rates of the forward and backward
reactions are equal.
D The amount of products equals the amount
of reactants. C
12 Consider the following reaction:
2SO
3
(g) 2SO
2
(g) + O
2
(g)
Initially, SO
3
(g) is placed in an empty flask. How do
the rates of the forward and backward reactions
change as the system proceeds to equilibrium?
Forward Backward
reaction rate reaction rate
A Increases increases
B Increases decreases
C Decreases decreases
D Decreases increases D
13 Consider the following equilibrium system:
2NH
3
(g) N
2
(g) + 3H
2
(g)
Which of the following graphs represents [H
2
(g)]
after equilibrium has been established?
[
H
2
(
g
)
]
Time
A
[
H
2
(
g
)
]
Time
B
[
H
2
(
g
)
]
Time
C
[
H
2
(
g
)
]
Time
D
B
14 Two experiments were performed involving the
following equilibrium. The temperature was the
same in both experiments.
H
2
(g) + I
2
(g) 2HI(g)
In experiment A, 1.00 mol dm
3
H
2
(g) and 1.00
mol dm
3
I
2
(g) were initially added to a flask and
equilibrium was established. In experiment B, 2.00
mol dm
3
HI(g) were initially added to a second
flask and equilibrium was established. Which of
the following statements is always true about the
equilibrium concentrations?
A [H
2
(g)] equals [HI(g)] in experiment A.
B [HI(g)] equals 2[H
2
(g)] in experiment A.
C [HI(g)] in experiment A equals [HI(g)] in
experiment B.
D [HI(g)] in experiment A equals
1
2
[I
2
(g)] in
experiment B. C
15 Which of the factors below is NOT a condition
necessary for equilibrium?
A A closed system
B A constant temperature
C Equal forward and backward reaction rates
D Equal concentrations of reactants and
products D
Directions: Questions 16 and 17 refer to the following
information.
Consider the following reaction:
2NH
3
(g) N
2
(g) + 3H
2
(g)
A 1.00 dm
3
container is initially filled with NH
3
(g).
16 What are the changes in the rate of the forward
reaction and the concentration of N
2
(g) as the
system approaches equilibrium?
Rate of
forward reaction Concentration of N
2
(g)
A Decreases increases
B Decreases decreases
C Increases increases
D Increases decreases A
3
P
a
r
t

A
U
n
i
t

3
9
17 At equilibrium, there is 0.0400 mole of N
2
(g)
present. What is the concentration of H
2
(g)?
A 0.0400 mol dm
3
B 0.0600 mol dm
3
C 0.0800 mol dm
3
D 0.120 mol dm
3
D
18
Time
0
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
Which of the following chemical reactions is
consistent with the above graph?
A X(g) Y(g) + 2Z(g)
B X(g) Y(g) + 3Z(g)
C 2X(g) Y(g) + Z(g)
D 2X(g) 2Y(g) + Z(g) B
19 Consider the hypothetical reaction:
2A(g) + B(g) 3C(g)
What is the equilibrium constant, K
c
?
A K
c
=
[C(g)]
3
[A(g)]
2
[B(g)]
B K
c
=
[A(g)]
2
[B(g)]
[C(g)]
3
C K
c
=
[C(g)]
3
[A(g)]
2
+ [B(g)]
D K
c
=
[A(g)]
2
+ [B(g)]
[C(g)]
3
A
20 What is the equilibrium constant, K
c
, for the
reaction below?
2S(s) + 3O
2
(g) 2SO
3
(g)
A K
c
=
2[SO
3
(g)]
2[S(s)] + 3[O
2
(g)]
B K
c
=
2[SO
3
(g)]
3[O
2
(g)]
C K
c
=
[SO
3
(g)]
2
[S(s)]
2
[O
2
(g)]
3
D K
c
=
[SO
3
(g)]
2
[O
2
(g)]
3
D
21 CO
2
(g) + 3H
2
(g) CH
3
OH(g) + H
2
O(g)
What is the equilibrium constant, K
c
, for this
reaction?
A K
c
=
[CH
3
OH(g)][H
2
O(g)]
[CO
2
(g)][H
2
(g)]
3
B K
c
=
[CO
2
(g)][H
2
(g)]
3
[CH
3
OH(g)][H
2
O(g)]
C K
c
=
[CH
3
OH(g)] + [H
2
O(g)]
[CO
2
(g)] + 3[H
2
(g)]
D K
c
=
[CO
2
(g)] + 3[H
2
(g)]
[CH
3
OH(g)] + [H
2
O(g)]
A
22 Consider the following equilibrium system:
CaCO
3
(s) + 2HF(g)
CaF
2
(s) + H
2
O(g) + CO
2
(g)
Which of the following expressions represents the
equilibrium concentration of CO
2
(g)?
A [CO
2
(g)] =
K
c
[H
2
O(g)]
[HF(g)]
2
B [CO
2
(g)] =
K
c
[HF(g)]
2
[H
2
O(g)]
C [CO
2
(g)] =
K
c
[CaCO
3
(s)][HF(g)]
2
[H
2
O(g)]
D [CO
2
(g)] =
K
c
[CaCO
3
(s)][HF(g)]
2
[CaF
2
(s)][H
2
O(g)]
B
23 For which of the following systems does K
c
=
[O
2
(g)]?
A O
2
(l) O
2
(g)
B 3O
2
(g) 2O
3
(g)
C 2O
2
(g) + N
2
(g) N
2
O
4
(g)
D 2Hg(s) + O
2
(g) 2HgO(s) A
24 1 mole of N
2
O
4
(g) was placed in an empty 1 dm
3

container and allowed to reach equilibrium
according to the following equation:
N
2
O
4
(g) 2NO
2
(g)
At equilibrium, x mole of N
2
O
4
(g) had dissociated.
What is the value of the equilibrium constant, K
c
,
at the temperature of the experiment?
A
2x
(1 x)
B
2x
(1 x)
2
C
4x
2
(1 x)
2
D
4x
2
(1 x)
D
4
P
a
r
t

A

U
n
i
t

3
9
25 An equilibrium mixture at constant temperature
and pressure,
SO
3
(g) + NO(g) SO
2
(g) + NO
2
(g)
was analyzed and found to contain 0.0800 mole
of SO
2
(g), 0.200 mole of NO
2
(g), 0.250 mole of
NO(g) and 0.480 mole of SO
3
(g) in a 10.0 dm
3

container. What is the equilibrium constant, K
c
,
for this reaction?
A 7.52
B 1.14
C 0.302
D 0.133 D
26 The reaction below reaches equilibrium in a closed
reaction vessel of volume 2.50 dm
3
.
2NO(g) + O
2
(g) 2NO
2
(g)
At equilibrium, there are 2.83 moles of NO(g),
3.00 moles of O
2
(g), and 18.0 moles of NO
2
(g).
What is the equilibrium constant, K
c
, for the
reaction?
A 0.218 dm
3
mol
1
B 1.83 dm
3
mol
1
C 13.4 dm
3
mol
1
D 33.7 dm
3
mol
1
D
27 NO(g) and CO
2
(g) react according to the following
equation:
NO(g) + CO
2
(g) NO
2
(g) + CO(g)
In an experiment, 4.00 moles of NO(g) and 0.900
mole of CO
2
(g) are placed in a 2.00 dm
3
reaction
vessel.
At equilibrium, 0.100 mole of CO
2
(g) is present.
What is the equilibrium constant, K
c
, for the
reaction?
A 0.500
B 1.60
C 2.00
D 5.00 C
Directions: Questions 28 and 29 refer to the following
information.
2.00 moles of each of H
2
(g) and I
2
(g) are allowed to
react in a 1.00 dm
3
container at a certain temperature.
3.50 moles of HI(g) are present at equilibrium.
28 What is the value of the equilibrium constant,
K
c
?
A 5.10 x 10
3
B 3.74
C 56.0
D 196 D
29 Which of the following graphs shows how the
rates of the forward and backward reactions
change when hydrogen and iodine are mixed?
R
a
t
e
Time
forward reaction
backward reaction
key:
A
R
a
t
e
Time
B
R
a
t
e
Time
C
R
a
t
e
Time
D
A
30 X
2
(g) and Y
2
(g) react according to the following
equation:
X
2
(g) + Y
2
(g) 2XY(g)
A mixture containing 4.00 moles each of X
2
(g)
and Y
2
(g) is heated in a closed container. The
system is allowed to reach equilibrium. The graph
shows how the number of moles of each gas
varies with time.
5
P
a
r
t

A
U
n
i
t

3
9
Time
X
2
(g) and Y
2
(g)
XY(g)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

m
o
l
e
s
What is the equilibrium constant, K
c
, for the
reaction?
A 0.0278
B 0.167
C 6.00
D 36.0 D
31 Consider the following reaction:
Fe
3+
(aq) + SCN

(aq) [Fe(SCN)]
2+
(aq)
50.0 cm
3
of 0.100 mol dm
3
Fe
3+
(aq) are added
to 30.0 cm
3
of 0.200 mol dm
3
SCN

(aq). At
equilibrium, the concentration of [Fe(SCN)]
2+
(aq)
is found to be 0.0500 mol dm
3
.
What is the equilibrium constant, K
c
, for the
reaction?
A 6.25 x 10
3
dm
3
mol
1
B 0.400 dm
3
mol
1
C 2.50 dm
3
mol
1
D 160 dm
3
mol
1
D
Directions: Questions 32 and 33 refer to the following
information.
Equal volumes of two 1.00 mol dm
3
solutions of
W and X are mixed. The reaction rapidly reaches
equilibrium.
W(aq) + X(aq) Y(aq) + Z(aq)
The concentration of Z(aq) is found to be 0.300
mol dm
3
.
32 What is the equilibrium concentration of
W(aq)?
A 0.100 mol dm
3
B 0.200 mol dm
3
C 0.500 mol dm
3
D 0.700 mol dm
3
B
33 What is the value of K
c
for the reaction?
A 9.00
B 2.25
C 0.360
D 0.184 B
34 PCl
5
(g) decomposes to form PCl
3
(g) and Cl
2
(g)
according to the equation:
PCl
5
(g) PCl
3
(g) + Cl
2
(g)
Four different flasks, A, B, C and D, at the same
temperature, contain a mixture of PCl
5
(g), PCl
3
(g)
and Cl
2
(g). The concentration, in mol dm
3
, of
these components in each of the flasks is shown
below. In three of the four flasks, the mixture of
gases is at equilibrium.
In which one is the mixture of gases NOT at
equilibrium?
[PCl
5
(g)] [PCl
3
(g)] [Cl
2
(g)]
A 0.10 0.40 0.10
B 0.15 0.20 0.30
C 0.20 0.30 0.15
D 0.30 0.60 0.20 C
35 For which system does the equilibrium constant,
K
c
, have units of dm
3
mol
1
?
A H
2
(g) + I
2
(g) 2HI(g)
B 2NO
2
(g) N
2
O
4
(g)
C 2SO
3
(g) 2SO
2
(g) + O
2
(g)
D CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
(l) + H
2
O(l)
CH
3
COOH(l) + C
2
H
5
OH(l) B
36 For which system does the equilibrium constant,
K
c
, have NO units?
A C(s) + H
2
O(g) CO(g) + H
2
(g)
B SO
3
(g) + NO(g) SO
2
(g) + NO
2
(g)
C Cu
2+
(aq) + 4NH
3
(aq) [Cu(NH
3
)
4
]
2+
(aq)
D N
2
O
4
(g) 2NO
2
(g) B
6
P
a
r
t

A

U
n
i
t

3
9
37 The equilibrium constant, K
c
, for the reaction
N
2
O
4
(g) 2NO
2
(g)
is 6.10 x 10
3
mol dm
3
at 25 C. What is the
K
c
for the following reaction?
NO
2
(g)
1
2
N
2
O
4
(g)
A 327 dm
3
2
mol

1
2
B 164 dm
3
2
mol

1
2
C 12.8 dm
3
2
mol

1
2
D 3.05 x 10
3
dm
3
2
mol

1
2
C
38 Consider the following hypothetical equilibrium
systems:
A(g) B(g) K
c
= 2.00
B(g) C(g) K
c
= 0.0100
What is the value of K
c
for the following
reaction?
2C(g) 2A(g)
A 2 500
B 200
C 50.0
D 4.00 x 10
4
A
39 Starting with equal concentrations of reactants,
which of the following will be closest to
completion at equilibrium?
A CO(g) + Cl
2
(g) COCl
2
(g) K
c
= 22
B 2H
2
O(g) + 2Cl
2
(g) 4HCl(g) + O
2
(g)
K
c
= 5.0 x 10
4
C 2HBr(g) H
2
(g) + Br
2
(g)
K
c
= 7.0 x 10
20
D N
2
(g) + O
2
(g) 2NO(g)
K
c
= 1.0 x 10
31
A
40 An equal number of moles of methane and steam
are placed in a closed container at 800 C. The
following reaction occurs.
CH
4
(g) + H
2
O(g) CO(g) + 3H
2
(g)
K
c
= 1.78 x 10
3
at 800 C
Which of the following is correct at equilibrium
at this temperature?
A [CO(g)] > [CH
4
(g)]
B [CH
4
(g)] > [H
2
(g)]
C [CH
4
(g)] = [CO(g)]
D [CO(g)] = 3[H
2
(g)] B
41 At a particular temperature, the equilibrium
constant, K
c
, for the reaction below is 65.0
dm
3
mol
1
.
2NO(g) + O
2
(g) 2NO
2
(g)
At equilibrium, the concentration of NO(g) is 0.600
mol dm
3
and that of O
2
(g) is 0.300 mol dm
3
.
What is the equilibrium concentration of
NO
2
(g)?
A 19.0 mol dm
3
B 3.44 mol dm
3
C 2.65 mol dm
3
D 0.526 mol dm
3
C
42 1.50 moles of CS
2
(g) and 3.00 moles of Cl
2
(g)
are mixed and the following equilibrium is
established:
CS
2
(g) + 3Cl
2
(g) S
2
Cl
2
(g) + CCl
4
(g)
At equilibrium, 0.300 mole of CCl
4
(g) is found.
How much Cl
2
(g) is present?
A 0.900 mole
B 1.80 moles
C 2.10 moles
D 2.70 moles C
43 At a certain temperature, the equilibrium constant,
K
c
, for the reaction
2NH
3
(g) + Cl
2
(g) N
2
H
4
(g) + 2HCl(g)
is 4.00.
An equilibrium mixture in a 1.00 dm
3
container
has 2.60 moles of NH
3
(g), 4.00 moles of Cl
2
(g)
and 5.90 moles of N
2
H
4
(g).
What is the equilibrium concentration of
HCl(g)?
A 4.28 mol dm
3
B 5.34 mol dm
3
C 10.7 mol dm
3
D 12.0 mol dm
3
A
7
P
a
r
t

A
U
n
i
t

3
9
44 When 1.00 mole of phosphorus pentachloride
was heated to 523 K in a closed vessel, 50.0%
dissociated as shown.
PCl
5
(g) PCl
3
(g) + Cl
2
(g)
How many moles of gas were present in the
equilibrium mixture?
A 0.50
B 1.00
C 1.50
D 2.00 C
45 Consider the following reaction:
2NOCl(g) 2NO(g) + Cl
2
(g)
Initially, some NOCl(g) was placed in a 1.00 dm
3

container. At equilibrium, there were 0.860 mole
of NOCl(g), 0.0300 mole of NO(g) and 0.0150
mole of Cl
2
(g). How many moles of NOCl(g) were
initially added to the container?
A 0.785 mole
B 0.815 mole
C 0.890 mole
D 0.905 mole C
46 Consider the following equilibrium system:
2O
3
(g) 3O
2
(g) K
c
= 1
Which of the following correctly compares the
equilibrium concentrations of the two species?
A [O
3
(g)] = [O
2
(g)]
B [O
3
(g)] = [O
2
(g)]
3
2
C [O
3
(g)] = [O
2
(g)]
2
3
D [O
3
(g)]
3
2
= [O
2
(g)] B
47 Consider the following equilibrium system:
N
2
O
4
(g) 2NO
2
(g) K
c
= 4.50
Initially, 0.500 mole of N
2
O
4
(g) and 0.500 mole
of NO
2
(g) are placed in a 1.00 dm
3
container.
Which of the following describes the changes in
concentrations as the system proceeds towards
equilibrium?
[N
2
O
4
(g)] [NO
2
(g)]
A Decreases decreases
B Decreases increases
C Increases decreases
D Increases increases B
48 Consider the following reaction:
2SO
2
(g) + O
2
(g) 2SO
3
(g)
In an experiment, 0.10 mole of O
2
(g) and 0.10
mole of SO
3
(g) are added to an empty 1.0 dm
3

flask and then the flask is sealed. The reaction
goes backward to establish equilibrium. Which
of the following must be true at equilibrium?
A [SO
2
(g)] = [O
2
(g)] = [SO
3
(g)]
B [O
2
(g)] < [SO
3
(g)]
C [O
2
(g)] = [SO
2
(g)]
D [SO
3
(g)] < [O
2
(g)] D
49 Propanone can be made from propan-2-ol.
C
3
H
8
O(g) C
3
H
6
O(g) + H
2
(g) K
c
= 0.0100
In an experiment, 6.00 moles of C
3
H
8
O(g), 0.150
mole of C
3
H
6
O(g) and 0.100 mole of H
2
(g) are
placed in a 1.00 dm
3
container and allowed to
establish equilibrium.
Which of the following change(s) will occur as
the system proceeds towards equilibrium?
A [C
3
H
6
O(g)] increases while [H
2
(g)] decreases.
B [C
3
H
6
O(g)] and [H
2
(g)] both increase.
C [C
3
H
8
O(g)] and [H
2
(g)] both increase.
D [C
3
H
8
O(g)] and [C
3
H
6
O(g)] both decrease. B
50 Consider the following reaction:
3NO
2
(g) N
2
O
5
(g) + NO(g)
K
c
= 1.0 x 10
11
dm
3
mol
1
Initially, some NO
2
(g), N
2
O
5
(g) and NO(g) are placed
in a container and allowed to reach equilibrium.
When equilibrium is established, it is found that
the pressure has increased. Which of the following
combinations is correct as the system proceeds
towards equilibrium?
Reaction Direction
quotient Q
c
of net reaction
A Q
c
> K
c
net forward reaction
B Q
c
< K
c
net forward reaction
C Q
c
> K
c
net backward reaction
D Q
c
< K
c
net backward reaction C
8
P
a
r
t

A

U
n
i
t

3
9
Directions: Questions 51 and 52 refer to the following
information.
The equilibrium constant for the following reaction is
K
c
= 2.50 x 10
4
at 25 C.
N
2
(g) + C
2
H
2
(g) 2HCN(g)
In an experiment, a mixture of N
2
(g), C
2
H
2
(g) and
HCN(g), all of initial concentrations 1.00 mol dm
3
,
are allowed to reach equilibrium.
51 Which of the following statements is correct as
the system proceeds towards equilibrium?
A A net forward reaction occurs because Q
c
<
K
c
.
B A net backward reaction occurs because Q
c

< K
c
.
C A net forward reaction occurs because Q
c
>
K
c
.
D A net backward reaction occurs because Q
c

> K
c
. D
52 What i s the concentrati on of HCN(g) at
equilibrium?
A 0.0158 mol dm
3
B 0.0235 mol dm
3
C 1.28 mol dm
3
D 1.53 mol dm
3
B
53 Consider the following:
(1) Constant temperature
(2) Equal concentrations of reactants and
products
(3) Equal rates of forward and backward
reactions
A system at equilibrium must have
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) B
54 Consider the following reaction:
2ICl(g) I
2
(g) + Cl
2
(g)
Initially, some ICl(g) is placed in an empty flask.
Which of the following statements describe(s)
the change(s) occurring as the system proceeds
towards equilibrium?
(1) The rate of the backward reacti on
increases.
(2) Concentration of ICl(g) increases.
(3) Concentration of Cl
2
(g) increases.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only C
55 Consider the following reaction:
2SO
2
(g) + O
2
(g) 2SO
3
(g) K
c
= 4.00
In an experiment, 0.600 mole of SO
2
(g), 0.300
mole of O
2
(g) and 0.600 mole of SO
3
(g) are placed
in a 1.00 dm
3
container. The system is allowed
to reach equilibrium. Which of the following are
correct as the system approaches equilibrium?
(1) Concentration of SO
2
(g) increases.
(2) Concentration of O
2
(g) decreases.
(3) Concentration of SO
3
(g) increases.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) C
9
P
a
r
t

A
U
n
i
t

3
9
Directions : Each question (Questions 56 60) consists of two separate statements. Decide whether each
of the two statements is true or false; if both are true, then decide whether or not the second
statement is a correct explanation of the first statement. Then select one option from A to D
according to the following table :
A Both statements are true and the 2nd statement is a correct explanation of the 1st statement.
B Both statements are true but the 2nd statement is NOT a correct explanation of the 1st statement.
C The 1st statement is false but the 2nd statement is true.
D Both statements are false.
1st statement 2nd statement
56 All equilibrium systems have equal concentrations At equilibrium, the rate of the forward C
of reactants and products. reaction and the rate of the backward
reaction are equal.
57 When a small amount of dilute sulphuric acid When a small amount of dilute sulphuric acid A
is added to an equilibrium system containing is added to the equilibrium system, the
CrO
4
2
(aq) ions and Cr
2
O
7
2
(aq) ions, the colour concentration of CrO
4
2
(aq) ions decreases while
of the system changes from yellow to orange. that of Cr
2
O
7
2
(aq) ions increases.
58 When H
2
(g) and I
2
(g) are allowed to react in a At equilibrium, both the forward and D
closed container, the rate of the reaction between backward reactions stop.
H
2
(g) and I
2
(g) becomes zero when equilibrium
is attained.
59 A reaction with a large K
c
can attain equilibrium The value of K
c
can be used to predict the D
rapidly. rate at which equilibrium is reached.
60 If Q
c
is greater than K
c
, the system will undergo If Q
c
is greater than K
c
, the system is not C
a net forward reaction until equilibrium is at equilibrium.
reached.
10
P
a
r
t

A

U
n
i
t

4
0
Unit 40 Factors affecting
chemical equilibrium
systems
Fill in the blanks
1 When the concentration of a reactant in an
equilibrium system is increased,
a) a net forward reaction will occur;
b) the position of equilibrium will shift to the
right .
2 When the concentration of a product in an
equilibrium system is increased,
a) a net backward reaction will occur;
b) the position of equilibrium will shift to the
left .
3 An increase in pressure (i.e. a / an decrease
in volume) will bring about a net reaction
that decreases the number of moles of gas,
i.e. the position of equilibrium will shift to the
side of the equation with a fewer number
of moles of gas.
4 A decrease in pressure (i.e. a / an increase
in volume) will bring about a net reaction
that increases the number of moles of gas,
i.e. the position of equilibrium will shift to the
side of the equation with a greater number
of moles of gas.
5 When the temperature of an equi l i bri um
system with an exothermic forward reaction is
increased,
a) a net backward reaction will occur;
b) the position of equilibrium will shift to
the left ;
c) the val ue of equi l i bri um constant, K
c
,
will decrease .
6 When the temperature of an equi l i bri um
system with an endothermic forward reaction is
increased,
a) a net forward reaction will occur;
b) the position of equilibrium will shift to
the right ;
c) the val ue of equi l i bri um constant, K
c
,
will increase .
True or False
Decide whether each of the following statements is
true or false.
7 If the position of equilibrium lies close F
to the product side, the value of K
c
is
small.
8 When the concentration of a reactant in T
an equilibrium system is increased, a net
forward reaction will occur.
9 At a constant temperature, increasing F
the concentration of a reactant in an
equilibrium system will cause K
c
to increase.
10 Removing some CaCO
3
(s) from an F
equilibrium system of CaCO
3
(s), CaO(s)
and CO
2
(g) will cause the position of
equilibrium to shift to the CaCO
3
(s) side.
11 An increase in volume of an equilibrium T
system involving gases will bring about
a net reaction that increases the number
of moles of gas.
12 For an equilibrium system with an T
exothermic forward reaction, decreasing
the temperature will shift the position of
equilibrium to the right.
13 Decreasing the temperature will cause F
K
c
for an endothermic reaction to
increase.
11
P
a
r
t

A

U
n
i
t

4
0
14 In the conversion of sulphur dioxide to F
sulphur trioxide in the Contact process,
a pressure of 200 atmospheres is usually
used.
15 The optimum conditions for the Haber F
process are 10 atm and 500 C.
16 A catalyst will not affect the percentage T
of the product in an equilibrium mixture.
Multiple choice questions
17 Consider the following equilibrium system:
N
2
H
4
(g) + 2O
2
(g) 2NO(g) + 2H
2
O(g)
Which of the following actions can cause the
position of equilibrium to shift to the right?
A Adding N
2
H
4
(g)
B Adding H
2
O(g)
C Removing N
2
H
4
(g)
D Removing O
2
(g) A
18 Consider the following equilibrium system:
CO(g) + H
2
O(g) CO
2
(g) + H
2
(g)
Which of the following actions would cause the
concentration of H
2
(g) to decrease?
A Adding CO(g)
B Adding H
2
O(g)
C Removing CO
2
(g)
D Removing H
2
O(g) D
19 Consider the following equilibrium system:
2KClO
3
(s) 2KCl(s) + 3O
2
(g)
Which of the following actions will cause the
position of equilibrium to shift to the left?
A Adding O
2
(g)
B Adding KCl(s)
C Removing KClO
3
(s)
D Removing KCl(s) A
20 Consider the following equilibrium system:
N
2
(g) + 3H
2
(g) 2NH
3
(g)
Some NH
3
(g) is added to the system. Which of
the following combinations is correct?
Net change of [H
2
(g)] Value of K
c
A Decreases increases
B Decreases remains constant
C Increases increases
D Increases remains constant D
21 Consider the following equilibrium system:
Ca(OH)
2
(s) Ca
2+
(aq) + 2OH

(aq)
Adding which of the following substances will
cause the equilibrium concentration of Ca
2+
(aq)
ions to increase?
A H
2
O(l)
B HCl(aq)
C KOH(s)
D Ca(OH)
2
(s) B
22 Consider the following system at equilibrium:
H
2
O(g) + CO(g) CO
2
(g) + H
2
(g)
The position of equilibrium shifts to the right as
the result of the addition of some extra H
2
O(g).
How will this shift affect the concentrations of
the other gases?
[CO(g)] [CO
2
(g)] [H
2
(g)]
A Increases decreases decreases
B Increases increases decreases
C Decreases decreases increases
D Decreases increases increases D
23 Consider the following equilibrium system:
2CrO
4
2
(aq) + 2H
+
(aq) Cr
2
O
7
2
(aq) + H
2
O(l)
A solution of Ba(NO
3
)
2
is added, and a BaCrO
4

precipitate forms. Which of the following
combinations is correct?
Shift of
position of equilibrium Value of K
c
A To the left remains constant
B To the left increases
C To the right remains constant
D To the right decreases A
12
P
a
r
t

A

U
n
i
t

4
0
24 Consider the following equilibrium system:
H
2
(g) + I
2
(g) 2HI(g)
Which of the following graphs represents what
happens when some HI(g) is removed and a new
state of equilibrium is established?
[
H

(
g
)
]
Time
A
[
H

(
g
)
]
Time
B
[
H

(
g
)
]
Time
C
[
H

(
g
)
]
Time
D
B
25 Consider the following equilibrium system:
C
2
H
6
(g) C
2
H
4
(g) + H
2
(g)
Some H
2
(g) is injected into the system. Which of
the combinations is correct?
Shift of position Change of [H
2
(g)] relative
of equilibrium to previous equilibrium
A To the left increases
B To the left decreases
C To the right increases
D To the right decreases A
26 Consider the following equilibrium system:
CO
2
(g) + H
2
(g) CO(g) + H
2
O(g)
Which of the following, when added to the system
above, would result in a decrease in [H
2
O(g)]
relative to the previous equilibrium?
A CO(g)
B CO
2
(g)
C H
2
(g)
D H
2
O(g) A
27 The following equilibrium exists in aqueous
bromine.
Br
2
(aq) + H
2
O(l) Br

(aq) + 2H
+
(aq) + OBr

(aq)
yellow-brown colourless colourless
The yellow-brown colour of aqueous bromine
would fade on adding a few drops of a
concentrated solution of
A HCl.
B KBr.
C AgNO
3
.
D NaOBr. C
28 Consider the following equilibrium system:
H
2
(g) + I
2
(g) 2HI(g)
How will the rates of the forward and backward
reactions change when the volume of the reaction
vessel is increased?
Rate of Rate of
forward reaction backward reaction
A Increases increases
B Increases decreases
C Decreases increases
D Decreases decreases D
29 Consider the following equilibrium system:
2NO(g) + O
2
(g) 2NO
2
(g)
An equilibrium mixture of NO(g), O
2
(g) and NO
2
(g)
is transferred from a 1 dm
3
container to a 2 dm
3

container.
Which of the following combinations describes
what happens as the system proceeds towards
a new state of equilibrium?
Shift of position Number of
of equilibrium moles of NO
2
(g)
A To the right increases
B To the right decreases
C To the left increases
D To the left decreases D
13
P
a
r
t

A

U
n
i
t

4
0
Directions: Questions 30 and 31 refer to the following
information.
At room temperature, N
2
O
4
(g) and NO
2
(g) exist in
equilibrium as follows:
N
2
O
4
(g) 2NO
2
(g)
pale yellow dark brown
A gas syringe is filled with a pale brown mixture of
N
2
O
4
(g) and NO
2
(g) at equilibrium.
N
2
O
4
(g)
+ NO
2
(g)
plunger
gas syringe
rubber cap
30 What would be observed when the plunger is
quickly pushed in at time t?
A The mixture first lightens, and then becomes
colourless.
B The mixture first darkens, and then becomes
colourless.
C The mixture first darkens, and then lightens.
D The mixture first lightens, and then darkens.
C
31 Which of the following graphs represents how
the concentration of NO
2
(g) in the mixture varies
until a new state of equilibrium is established?
[
N
O
2
(
g
)
]
Time
A
[
N
O
2
(
g
)
]
Time
B
[
N
O
2
(
g
)
]
Time
C
[
N
O
2
(
g
)
]
Time
D
U
U U
U
C
32 Consider the following equilibrium system:
PCl
5
(g) PCl
3
(g) + Cl
2
(g)
Which of the following combinations describes
the effect of decreasing the pressure by increasing
the volume?
Shift of position Number of
of equilibrium moles of PCl
3
(g)
A To the right increases
B To the right decreases
C To the left increases
D To the left decreases A
33 Consider the following equilibrium system:
FeO(s) + H
2
(g) Fe(s) + H
2
O(g)
Which of the following combinations describes the
effect of decreasing the volume of the system?
Shift of position
of equilibrium Concentration of H
2
(g)
A To the right increases
B To the right decreases
C No change increases
D No change decreases C
34 Consider the following equilibrium system:
H
2
(g) + I
2
(g) 2HI(g) H < 0
colourless purple colourless
Which of the following combinations describes the
effect of increasing the pressure of the system?
Colour intensity
of the mixture Value of K
c
A Decreases decreases
B Decreases unchanged
C Increases unchanged
D Increases decreases C
14
P
a
r
t

A

U
n
i
t

4
0
35 In which of the following systems will the position
of equilibrium shift to the right when the pressure
is increased at constant temperature?
A CaCO
3
(s) CaO(s) + CO
2
(g)
B 2NO
2
(g) 2NO(g) + O
2
(g)
C H
2
(g) + I
2
(g) 2HI(g)
D PCl
3
(g) + Cl
2
(g) PCl
5
(g) D
36 In which of the following would the position of
the equilibrium NOT be affected by a volume
change at constant temperature?
A 2NF
2
(g) N
2
F
4
(g)
B C
2
H
6
(g) C
2
H
4
(g) + H
2
(g)
C 2NOCl(g) 2NO(g) + Cl
2
(g)
D CO(g) + H
2
O(g) H
2
(g) + CO
2
(g) D
37 The value of equilibrium constant for a gaseous
reaction will change when
A a catalyst is used.
B the temperature changes.
C the concentrations of products change.
D the volume changes. B
38 Consider the following equilibrium system:
N
2
(g) + 3H
2
(g) 2NH
3
(g) H < 0
Which of the following sets of conditions will
favour the formation of the product?
A Low pressure and low temperature
B Low pressure and high temperature
C High pressure and high temperature
D High pressure and low temperature D
39 Consider the following equilibrium system:
2SO
2
(g) + O
2
(g) 2SO
3
(g) H = 197 kJ
Which of the following combinations describes
the effect of increasing the temperature of the
system?
Shift of
position of equilibrium Value of K
c
A To the left increases
B To the left decreases
C To the right increases
D To the right decreases B
Directions: Questions 40 and 41 refer to the following
information.
The hydrogen used in the Haber process is made by
the following reaction:
CH
4
(g) + H
2
O(g) CO(g) + 3H
2
(g) H > 0
40 Which of the following combinations describes the
effect of increasing the pressure of the system?
Equilibrium yield of H
2
(g) Reaction rate
A Decreases decreases
B Decreases increases
C Increases decreases
D Increases increases B
41 Which of the following combinations describes
the effect of increasing the temperature of the
system?
Equilibrium yield of H
2
(g) Reaction rate
A Decreases decreases
B Decreases increases
C Increases decreases
D Increases increases D
42 Consider the following graph which relates to
this equilibrium system:
Fe
3+
(aq) + SCN

(aq) [Fe(SCN)]
2+
(aq) H < 0
Time
Fe
3+
SCN
-
[Fe(SCN)]
2+
U
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
Which of the following actions would cause the
concentration changes at time t?
A Addition of Fe
3+
(aq) ions
B Removal of [Fe(SCN)]
2+
(aq) ions
C Increase in temperature
D Increase in pressure C
15
P
a
r
t

A

U
n
i
t

4
0
43 Consider the following equilibrium system:
Co
2+
(aq) + 4Cl

(aq) CoCl
4
2
(aq)
pink blue
When the temperature is increased, the solution
turns dark blue. It can be deduced that the
forward reaction is
A exothermi c and the val ue of K
c
has
increased.
B exothermi c and the val ue of K
c
has
decreased.
C endothermi c and the val ue of K
c
has
increased.
D endothermi c and the val ue of K
c
has
decreased. C
44 Consider the following system at fixed pressure:
CH
4
(g) + H
2
O(g) CO(g) + 3H
2
(g) H > 0
What is the effect of a small increase in
temperature on the rate of the forward reaction
(R
f
), rate of the backward reaction (R
b
), and the
equilibrium constant (K
c
)?
R
f
R
b
K
c
A Lower higher lower
B Higher lower unchanged
C Higher higher higher
D Higher higher lower C
45 Consider the following equilibrium system:
2H
2
O(g) + 2Cl
2
(g) 4HCl(g) + O
2
(g) H > 0
The temperature of the system is lowered and
the amount of Cl
2
(g) changes by 1 mole. Which
of the following combinations is correct?
Amount Amount Amount
of Cl
2
(g) of HCl(g) of O
2
(g)
A Increase by decrease by decrease by
1 mole 0.5 mole 2 moles
B Increase by decrease by decrease by
1 mole 2 moles 0.5 mole
C Decrease by increase by increase by
1 mole 0.5 mole 2 moles
D Decrease by increase by increase by
1 mole 2 moles 0.5 mole
B
46 Consider the following reaction:
2NO
2
(g) 2NO(g) + O
2
(g)
The value of the equilibrium constant for the
reaction is 1.45 x 10
6
at 227 C and 0.938 at
727 C.
Which of the following combinations concerning
the forward reaction is correct?
Product yield as
Sign of H temperature increases
A + increases
B + decreases
C increases
D decreases A
47 Methanol can be produced by the reaction
between carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
CO(g) + 2H
2
(g) CH
3
OH(g)
Two experiments were conducted.
Experiment 1: Some CO(g) and H
2
(g) were placed
in a sealed vessel and the reaction allowed to
proceed at constant temperature.
Experiment 2: Experiment 1 was repeated, but
at a different temperature.
The graph below shows the amount of methanol
produced over the course of Experiments 1 and
2.
Time
Experiment 1
Experiment 2
A
m
o
u
n
t

o
f

C
H
3
O
H
(
g
)
These results show that Experiment 2 was
conducted at a
A lower temperature than Experiment 1 and the
forward reaction is endothermic.
B lower temperature than Experiment 1 and the
forward reaction is exothermic.
C higher temperature than Experiment 1 and
the forward reaction is endothermic.
D higher temperature than Experiment 1 and
the forward reaction is exothermic. D
16
P
a
r
t

A

U
n
i
t

4
0
48 Consider the following graph which relates to
this equilibrium system:
N
2
(g) + 3H
2
(g) 2NH
3
(g) H < 0
Time
[N
2
(g)]
[H
2
(g)]
[NH
3
(g)]
U
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
Which of the following actions will cause the
concentration changes at time t?
A Addition of N
2
(g)
B Removal of H
2
(g)
C Decrease in temperature
D Decrease in volume A
Directions: Questions 49 and 50 refer to the following
information.
Consider the following equilibrium system:
CO(g) + 2H
2
(g) CH
3
OH(g) H = 91 kJ
49 Which of the following actions will each cause the
position of equilibrium to shift to the right?
A Increase temperature, increase volume
B Increase temperature, decrease volume
C Decrease temperature, decrease volume
D Decrease temperature, increase volume C
50 Which of the following graphs represents the rate
of the forward reaction when the temperature of
the system is increased at time t?
U
U
R
a
t
e
Time
A
R
a
t
e
Time
B
R
a
t
e
Time
C
R
a
t
e
Time
D
U
U
B
51 In which of the following systems will the position
of equilibrium shift to the left upon an increase
in pressure, but to the right upon an increase in
temperature?
A CO
2
(g) + H
2
(g) CO(g) + H
2
O(g)
H > 0
B C
2
H
6
(g) C
2
H
4
(g) + H
2
(g) H > 0
C C
2
H
4
(g) + H
2
O(g) C
2
H
5
OH(g) H < 0
D 2SO
2
(g) + O
2
(g) 2SO
3
(g) H < 0
B
52 Phosgene (COCl
2
(g)) is manufactured by passing
carbon monoxide and chlorine through a bed of
carbon which acts as a catalyst.
CO(g) + Cl
2
(g) COCl
2
(g) H < 0
Which of the following sets of conditions will
favour the formation of phosgene?
A Low pressure and low temperature
B Low pressure and high temperature
C High pressure and low temperature
D High pressure and high temperature C
53 Consider the following equilibrium system:
N
2
(g) + 3H
2
(g) 2NH
3
(g) H < 0
Which of the following graphs shows the effect
of temperature and pressure on the percentage
of NH
3
(g) in the equilibrium mixture?
%

o
f

N
H
3
(
g
)
Temperature (C)
500 atm
400 atm
300 atm
200 atm
A B
C D
%

o
f

N
H
3
(
g
)
Temperature (C)
200 atm
300 atm
400 atm
500 atm
%

o
f

N
H
3
(
g
)
Temperature (C)
200 atm
300 atm
400 atm
500 atm
%

o
f

N
H
3
(
g
)
Temperature (C)
500 atm
400 atm
300 atm
200 atm
D
17
P
a
r
t

A

U
n
i
t

4
0
54 Consider the following equilibrium system:
PCl
3
(g) + Cl
2
(g) PCl
5
(g) H < 0
Which of the following graphs shows the
relationship between concentration and time as
a result of adding a catalyst at time t?
U
U
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
Time
PCl
5
(g)
PCl
3
(g),
Cl
2
(g)
PCl
5
(g)
PCl
3
(g),
Cl
2
(g)
PCl
5
(g)
PCl
3
(g),
Cl
2
(g)
PCl
5
(g)
PCl
3
(g),
Cl
2
(g)
A
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
Time
B
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
Time
C
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
Time
D
U
U
C
Directions: Questions 55 and 56 refer to the following
information.
Consider the following reaction:
2SO
2
(g) + O
2
(g) 2SO
3
(g) H < 0
55 How can the number of moles of O
2
(g) at
equilibrium in the system be increased?
A Adding a catalyst
B Decreasing the temperature
C Decreasing the volume of the system
D Adding SO
3
(g) to the system D
56 Which of the following graphs shows the rate of
the backward reaction when a catalyst is added
to the equilibrium system at time t?
U
U
R
a
t
e
Time
A
R
a
t
e
Time
B
R
a
t
e
Time
C
R
a
t
e
Time
D
U
U
B
57 Consider the following equilibrium system:
PCl
3
(g) + Cl
2
(g) PCl
5
(g) H < 0
Which of the following will NOT cause the position
of equilibrium to shift to the right?
A Adding more Cl
2
(g)
B Adding a catalyst
C Increasing the pressure
D Decreasing the temperature B
58 Consider the following equilibrium system:
Ag
+
(aq) + Cl

(aq) AgCl(s)
Which of the following actions will increase the
amount of solid silver chloride of the equilibrium
system?
(1) Adding NaCl(aq)
(2) Adding AgNO
3
(aq)
(3) Removing Cl

(aq)
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) A
59 Consider the following equilibrium system:
N
2
H
4
(g) + 2O
2
(g) 2NO(g) + 2H
2
O(g)
Some O
2
(g) is added to the equilibrium system
and a new state of equilibrium is established.
Which of the following substances have a net
increase in concentration, relative to the previous
equilibrium concentrations?
(1) N
2
H
4
(g)
(2) O
2
(g)
(3) NO(g)
(4) H
2
O(g)
A (1) and (3) only
B (2) and (4) only
C (1), (2) and (3) only
D (2), (3) and (4) only D
18
P
a
r
t

A

U
n
i
t

4
0
60 The dissociation of a weak acid in aqueous solution
is represented by the following equation:
HA(aq) H
+
(aq) + A

(aq)
When the above system is at equilibrium, which
of the following statements are correct?
(1) Both HA(aq) and H
+
(aq) are present in the
system.
(2) More HA(aq) dissociates upon the addition
of NaOH(aq).
(3) Decreasing the pressure shifts the position
of equilibrium to the right.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) A
61 For which of the following equilibrium systems
will a decrease in volume at constant temperature
cause a decrease in the amounts of products?
(1) CaCO
3
(s) CaO(s) + CO
2
(g)
(2) CH
4
(g) + H
2
O(g) CO(g) + 3H
2
(g)
(3) HCl(g) + H
2
O(l) H
3
O
+
(aq) + Cl

(aq)
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) A
62 The following reaction reaches equilibrium in a
closed reaction vessel.
C
2
H
4
(g) + H
2
O(g) C
2
H
5
OH(g) H < 0
Which of the following action(s) will increase the
mass of C
2
H
5
OH(g) in the equilibrium mixture?
(1) Adding a catalyst
(2) Decreasing the volume of the reaction
vessel
(3) Increasing the temperature
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only B
63 Consider the following equilibrium system:
NH
4
Cl(s) NH
3
(g) + HCl(g) H > 0
Which of the following actions would favour the
formation of NH
3
(g)?
(1) Adding a small amount of NH
4
Cl(s)
(2) Increasing the temperature
(3) Increasing the pressure
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only B
64 Consider the following graph which relates to
this equilibrium system:
N
2
O
4
(g) 2NO
2
(g) H > 0
Time
NO
2
(g)
N
2
O
4
(g)
U
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
Which of the following would cause the
concentration changes at time t?
(1) A change in temperature
(2) A change in pressure
(3) A change in the concentration of NO
2
(g)
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only A
19
P
a
r
t

A

U
n
i
t

4
0
65 Hydrogen iodide is formed when hydrogen
and iodine react according to the following
equation.
H
2
(g) + I
2
(g) 2HI(g) H = 10 kJ
Which of the following statements about the
equilibrium system is / are correct?
(1) The use of a catalyst would have no effect
on the yield of HI(g).
(2) Increasing the total pressure increases the
yield of HI(g).
(3) Increasing the temperature increases the
yield of HI(g).
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only A
66 Which of the following statements concerning a
catalyst is / are correct?
(1) It decreases the enthalpy change of the
reaction.
(2) It increases the rate of formation of the
products.
(3) It increases the concentration of the
products.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only B
Directions : Each question (Questions 67 74) consists of two separate statements. Decide whether each
of the two statements is true or false; if both are true, then decide whether or not the second
statement is a correct explanation of the first statement. Then select one option from A to D
according to the following table :
A Both statements are true and the 2nd statement is a correct explanation of the 1st statement.
B Both statements are true but the 2nd statement is NOT a correct explanation of the 1st statement.
C The 1st statement is false but the 2nd statement is true.
D Both statements are false.
1st statement 2nd statement
67 At a constant temperature, increasing the Increasing the concentration of a reactant C
concentration of a reactant in an equilibrium will cause the position of equilibrium to shift
system will cause K
c
to increase. to the product side.
68 Adding some H
2
(g) to an equilibrium system of When some H
2
(g) is added to the equilibrium A
H
2
(g), I
2
(g) and HI(g) will cause a net decrease system, a net reaction will occur to consume
in the concentration of I
2
(g). some of the H
2
(g).
69 When the pressure of an equilibrium system When the pressure of an equilibrium system C
involving gases is increased, the position of involving gases is increased, the rate of the
equilibrium must shift to the right. forward reaction will increase.
20
P
a
r
t

A

U
n
i
t

4
0
70 At a constant temperature, changing the The value of K
c
for a reversible reaction C
pressure of an equilibrium system of N
2
(g), H
2
(g) depends only on temperature.
and NH
3
(g) has no effect on the position of
equilibrium.
71 Decreasing the pressure of an equilibrium system Decreasing the pressure will bring about a A
of N
2
O
4
(g) and NO
2
(g) will cause more NO
2
(g) net reaction that increases the number of
to form. moles of gas.
72 Increasing the volume of the reaction vessel of Increasing the volume of the reaction vessel D
an equilibrium system of H
2
(g), I
2
(g) and HI(g) of the equilibrium system of H
2
(g), I
2
(g) and
will cause the rate of the reaction between HI(g) will cause the position of equilibrium to
H
2
(g) and I
2
(g) to increase. shift to the right.
73 When the temperature of an equilibrium system For an equilibrium system with an exothermic D
with an exothermic forward reaction is increased forward reaction, increasing the temperature
by 10 C, the equilibrium constant K
c
doubles. will shift the position of equilibrium to the
right.
74 Using iron as a catalyst in the Haber process can A catalyst can increase the rate of the reaction C
increase the yield of ammonia. between nitrogen and hydrogen.
21
P
a
r
t

B
Part B Topic-based exercise
Multiple choice questions
1 Phosphorus reacts with chlorine according to the
following equation:
P
4
(s) + 6Cl
2
(g) 4PCl
3
(g)
What is the equilibrium constant, K
c
, for the
reaction?
A
4[PCl
3
(g)]
[P
4
(s)]6[Cl
2
(g)]
B
4[PCl
3
(g)]
6[Cl
2
(g)]
C
[PCl
3
(g)]
4
[P
4
(s)][Cl
2
(g)]
6
D
[PCl
3
(g)]
4
[Cl
2
(g)]
6
D
2 Nitrogen dioxide decomposes on heating according
to the following equation:
2NO
2
(g) 2NO(g) + O
2
(g)
When 6.80 moles of NO
2
(g) were put into a
1.00 dm
3
container and heated, the equilibrium
mixture contained 1.20 moles of O
2
(g).
What is the equilibrium constant, K
c
, for the
reaction?
A 0.357 mol dm
3
B 0.655 mol dm
3
C 1.53 mol dm
3
D 2.80 mol dm
3
A
3 Which of the following statements is INCORRECT
for a system at equilibrium?
A The system has a constant mass.
B The system acts so as to oppose
disturbances.
C The forward and backward reactions proceed
at the same rate.
D The reactant and product concentrations vary
with time.
D
Directions: Questions 4 and 5 refer to the following
information.
Consider the following reaction:
CO
2
(g) + H
2
(g) CO(g) + H
2
O(g)
1.00 mole of CO
2
(g) and 2.00 moles of H
2
(g) are
placed in a 2.00 dm
3
container. At equilibrium, the
concentration of CO(g) is 0.280 mol dm
3
.
4 What is the equilibrium concentration of
CO
2
(g)?
A 0.220 mol dm
3
B 0.360 mol dm
3
C 0.440 mol dm
3
D 0.720 mol dm
3
A
5 What is the equilibrium constant, K
c
, for the
reaction?
A 0.00810
B 0.495
C 2.02
D 123 B
Directions: Questions 6 and 7 refer to the following
information.
In a reversible reaction, propanoic acid and ethanol
react producing an ester and water.
propanoic acid + ethanol ester + water
In an experiment, 1.00 mole of propanoic acid, 1.00
mole of ethanol and 2.00 moles of water were mixed.
At equilibrium, 2.40 moles of water were found to
be present.
6 The equilibrium constant, K
c
, for the reaction in
this experiment has the value
A 2.67.
B 1.56.
C 0.643.
D 0.375. A
22
P
a
r
t

B
7 Which of the following graphs best represents
how the rates of the forward and backward
reactions change over time?
R
a
t
e
Time
forward reaction
backward reaction
key:
A
R
a
t
e
Time
B
R
a
t
e
Time
C
R
a
t
e
Time
D
C
8 Equal volumes of 1.00 mol dm
3
solutions of
W and X are mixed. The reaction below rapidly
reaches equilibrium.
W(aq) + X(aq) Y(aq) + Z(aq)
At equilibrium, the concentration of Y(g) is found
to be 0.400 mol dm
3
. What is the value of K
c

for the above reaction?
A 0.250
B 0.440
C 4.00
D 16.0 D
9 Consider the following reaction:
N
2
(g) + 2O
2
(g) 2NO
2
(g)
Equal number of moles of N
2
(g) and O
2
(g) are
placed, under certain conditions, in a closed
container. Which of the following describes the
changes which occur as the system proceeds
towards equilibrium?
Rate of Concentration
backward reaction of NO
2
(g)
A Increases increases
B Decreases increases
C Increases decreases
D Decreases decreases A
10 Consider the following equilibrium system:
2O
3
(g) 3O
2
(g) K
c
= 36.0 mol dm
3
What is the concentration of O
3
(g) when the
equilibrium concentration of O
2
(g) is 5.80 x 10
2

mol dm
3
?
A 2.32 x 10
3
mol dm
3
B 4.54 x 10
3
mol dm
3
C 3.87 x 10
2
mol dm
3
D 8.70 x 10
2
mol dm
3
A
11 An equal number of moles of steam and chlorine
are placed in a closed container at 375 K. The
following reaction occurs.
2H
2
O(g) + 2Cl
2
(g) 4HCl(g) + O
2
(g)
K
c
= 5 x 10
4
mol dm
3
at 375 K
Which of the following relates [Cl
2
(g)] and
[HCl(aq)] at equilibrium?
A [Cl
2
(g)] < 2[HCl(g)]
B 2[Cl
2
(g)] > [HCl(g)]
C [Cl
2
(g)] = 2[HCl(g)]
D 2[Cl
2
(g)] = [HCl(g)] B
12 Propanoic acid and ethanol react producing an
ester and water.
propanoic acid + ethanol ester + water
At a certain temperature, the equilibrium constant,
K
c
, for the reaction is 2.45.
In an experiment, 2.00 moles of propanoic acid,
2.00 moles of ethanol and 2.40 moles of water
are mixed. What is the equilibrium concentration
of the ester?
A 0.900 mol dm
3
B 1.10 mol dm
3
C 1.47 mol dm
3
D 3.30 mol dm
3
A
23
P
a
r
t

B
13 2SO
2
(g) + O
2
(g) 2SO
3
(g)
K
c
= 4.50 dm
3
mol
1
In an experiment, a mixture of 4.00 moles of
sulphur dioxide and 1.50 moles of oxygen is
allowed to reach equilibrium.
The amount of sulphur trioxide present at
equilibrium would be
A 5.50 moles.
B 4.00 moles.
C 3.00 moles.
D less than 3 moles. D
14 Given the following equilibrium constants:
H
2
S(aq) H
+
(aq) + HS

(aq)
K
c
= 9.50 x 10
8
mol dm
3
HS

(aq) H
+
(aq) + S
2
(aq)
K
c
= 1.00 x 10
19
mol dm
3
What is the equilibrium constant for the following
reaction?
S
2
(aq) + 2H
+
(aq) H
2
S(aq)
A 9.50 x 10
27
B 9.75 x 10
14
C 9.50 x 10
11
D 1.05 x 10
26
D
15 Consider the following reaction:
N
2
(g) + 3H
2
(g) 2NH
3
(g)
K
c
= 64.0 dm
6
mol
2
A 1.00 dm
3
container is filled with 0.280 mole
of N
2
(g), 0.600 mole of H
2
(g) and 0.540 mole
of NH
3
(g). The system is allowed to reach
equilibrium.
Which of the following combinations is correct
as the system proceeds towards equilibrium?
Direction
of net reaction Pressure of system
A Forward increases
B Forward decreases
C Backward increases
D Backward decreases B
16 Consider the following equilibrium:
2NOCl(g) 2NO(g) + Cl
2
(g)
A flask is filled with NOCl(g), NO(g) and Cl
2
(g).
Initially there is a total of 5.00 moles of gases
present. When equilibrium is reached, there is a
total of 6.00 moles of gases present. Which of
the following explains this observation?
A A net forward reaction occurs because Q
c
<
K
c
.
B A net forward reaction occurs because Q
c
>
K
c
.
C A net backward reaction occurs because Q
c

< K
c
.
D A net backward reaction occurs because Q
c

> K
c
. A
17 Consider the following equilibrium system:
Fe
2
O
3
(s) + 3CO(g) 2Fe(l) + 3CO
2
(g)
Which of the following actions will cause the
position of equilibrium to shift to the right?
A Adding Fe
2
O
3
(s)
B Adding Fe(l)
C Removing CO(g)
D Removing CO
2
(g) D
Directions: Questions 18 and 19 refer to the following
information.
CaCO
3
(s) CaO(s) + CO
2
(g)
K
c
= 0.100 mol dm
3
18 Which of the following changes will cause the
position of equilibrium to shift to the left?
A Adding more CaO(s)
B Removing CaCO
3
(s)
C Decreasing the volume
D Increasing the surface area of CaO(s) C
19 Initially, 30.0 g of CaCO
3
(s) were placed in a 2.00
dm
3
container. What mass of CO
2
(g) would be
present at equilibrium?
(Relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, O = 16.0)
A 0.100 g
B 2.20 g
C 8.80 g
D 15.0 g C
24
P
a
r
t

B
Directions: Questions 20 and 21 refer to the following
information.
Consider the following equilibrium system:
2CrO
4
2
(aq) + 2H
+
(aq) Cr
2
O
7
2
(aq) + H
2
O(l)
A little dilute sulphuric acid is added to the above
equilibrium system.
20 What would be observed?
A The mixture first becomes orange in colour,
and then colourless.
B The mixture first becomes yellow in colour,
and then colourless.
C The mixture becomes orange in colour.
D The mixture becomes yellow in colour. C
21 Which of the following graphs represents how
the concentration of CrO
4
2
(aq) ions in the
mixture varies until a new state of equilibrium is
established?
U
U
[
C
r
O
4
2
-
(
a
q
)
]
Time
A
[
C
r
O
4
2
-
(
a
q
)
]
Time
B
[
C
r
O
4
2
-
(
a
q
)
]
Time
C
[
C
r
O
4
2
-
(
a
q
)
]
Time
D
U
U
B
Directions: Questions 22 and 23 refer to the following
information.
The following equilibrium exists in aqueous bromine.
Br
2
(aq) + H
2
O(l) Br

(aq) + 2H
+
(aq) + OBr

(aq)
A little dilute sodium hydroxide solution is added to
the above equilibrium system.
22 What would be observed?
A The mixture first darkens, and then lightens.
B The mixture first lightens, and then darkens.
C The mixture gets lighter.
D The mixture get darker. C
23 Which of the following graphs represents how the
concentration of Br

(aq) ions in the mixture varies


until a new state of equilibrium is established?
U
U
[
B
r
-
(
a
q
)
]
Time
A
[
B
r
-
(
a
q
)
]
Time
B
[
B
r
-
(
a
q
)
]
Time
C
[
B
r
-
(
a
q
)
]
Time
D
U
U
C
24 Tooth enamel, Ca
5
(PO
4
)
3
OH, establishes the
following equilibrium:
Ca
5
(PO
4
)
3
OH(s)
5Ca
2+
(aq) + 3PO
4
3
(aq) + OH

(aq)
Which of the following, when added to the
above equilibrium system, will cause the position
of equilibrium to shift to the right?
A H
+
(aq)
B OH

(aq)
C Ca
2+
(aq)
D Ca
5
(PO
4
)
3
OH(s) A
25 Each of the following equilibrium systems is
disturbed by increasing the pressure as a result
of decreasing the volume.
In which of the systems will the number of moles
of products increase?
A 2CO
2
(g) 2CO(g) + O
2
(g)
B N
2
F
4
(g) 2NF
2
(g)
C Si(s) + 2Cl
2
(g) SiCl
4
(g)
D N
2
(g) + C
2
H
2
(g) 2HCN(g) C
25
P
a
r
t

B
Directions: Questions 26 and 27 refer to the following
information.
The diagram below shows a gas syringe containing
a pale brown mixture of N
2
O
4
(g) and NO
2
(g) at
equilibrium at room temperature:
N
2
O
4
(g) 2NO
2
(g)
pale yellow dark brown
N
2
O
4
(g)
+ NO
2
(g)
plunger
gas syringe
rubber cap
Some N
2
O
4
(g) is added to the gas syringe at time t
while the volume and the temperature of the mixture
are both kept constant.
26 What would be observed?
A The mixture first darkens, and then lightens.
B The mixture first lightens, and then becomes
colourless.
C The mixture gradually gets darker.
D The mixture gradually becomes colourless.
C
27 Which of the following graphs represents how
the concentration of NO
2
(g) in the mixture varies
until a new state of equilibrium is established?
U
U
[
N
O
2
(
g
)
]
Time
A
[
N
O
2
(
g
)
]
Time
B
[
N
O
2
(
g
)
]
Time
C
[
N
O
2
(
g
)
]
Time
D
U
U
C
28 The system below reaches equilibrium in a closed
reaction vessel.
4HCl(aq) + MnO
2
(s)
Cl
2
(g) + 2H
2
O(l) + Mn
2+
(aq) + 2Cl

(aq)
H < 0
Which of the following actions will increase the
mass of Cl
2
(g) in the equilibrium mixture?
A Adding some MnO
2
(s)
B Increasing the temperature
C Decreasing the volume of the reaction vessel
D Adding something that precipitates the
Mn
2+
(aq) ions D
29 Consider the following graph which relates to
this equilibrium system:
CH
3
COOH(aq) + H
2
O(l)
CH
3
COO

(aq) + H
3
O
+
(aq) H < 0
Time
U
[
H
3
O
+
(
a
q
)
]
Which of the following actions caused the change
in the concentration of H
3
O
+
(aq) at time t?
A Addition of HCl(aq)
B Decreasing the temperature
C Addition of CH
3
COO

(aq) ions
D Increasing the volume of the container C
26
P
a
r
t

B
Directions: Questions 30 and 31 refer to the following
information.
The hydrogen used in the Haber process is made by
the following reaction:
CH
4
(g) + H
2
O(g) CO(g) + 3H
2
(g)
H
O
= +206 kJ
30 Which of the following sets of conditions will
favour the formation of hydrogen?
A Low pressure and low temperature
B Low pressure and high temperature
C High pressure and low temperature
D High pressure and high temperature B
31 Equal amounts of CH
4
(g) and H
2
O(g) are placed in
a reaction vessel and allowed to react. After 10
minutes, equilibrium has been reached. At that
time, some H
2
(g) is added to the mixture and a
new state of equilibrium is established.
Which of the following graphs represents the
changes in the concentrations of CH
4
(g) and H
2
(g)
in the reaction mixture?
[CH
4
(g)]
[H
2
(g)]
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
o
l

d
m
-
3
)
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
o
l

d
m
-
3
)
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
o
l

d
m
-
3
)
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
o
l

d
m
-
3
)
Time
(min)
Time
(min)
Time
(min)
Time
(min)
10
[CH
4
(g)]
[H
2
(g)]
10
[CH
4
(g)]
[H
2
(g)]
10
[CH
4
(g)]
[H
2
(g)]
10
A B
C D
B
32 Consider the following equilibrium system in a
closed reaction vessel:
CH
3
CHO(g) CH
4
(g) + CO(g) H > 0
What would happen if some CH
4
(g) is added to
the system?
A The amounts of all substances increase, relative
to their previous equilibrium amounts.
B The value of K
c
increases.
C The amounts of CH
3
CHO(g) and CO(g) both
increase, relative to their previous equilibrium
amounts.
D The amounts of CH
3
CHO(g) and CH
4
(g) both
increase, relative to their previous equilibrium
amounts. D
33 The graph below shows the effect of temperature
and pressure on the equilibrium yield of the
product in a gaseous equilibrium system.
Temperature
10 atm
30 atm
50 atm
Y
i
e
l
d

o
f

p
r
o
d
u
c
t

(
%
)
Which of the following reactions would have the
relationship between the yield, temperature and
pressure shown in the graph?
A H
2
(g) + I
2
(g) 2HI(g) H > 0
B PCl
3
(g) + Cl
2
(g) PCl
5
(g) H < 0
C N
2
O
4
(g) 2NO
2
(g) H > 0
D CH
3
CH(OH)CH
3
(g)
CH
3
COCH
3
(g) + H
2
(g) H < 0 C
27
P
a
r
t

B
Directions: Questions 34 and 35 refer to the following
information.
Methanol is manufactured by the reaction of carbon
monoxide with hydrogen in the presence of a ZnO /
Cr
2
O
3
catalyst:

ZnO / Cr
2
O
3
CO(g) + 2H
2
(g) CH
3
OH(g)
34 Which of the following combinations describes the
effect of increasing the pressure of the system?
Equilibrium yield Reaction rate
A Decreases increases
B Decreases decreases
C Increases increases
D Increases decreases C
35 Which of the following combinations describes
the effect of removing the catalyst from the
system?
Equilibrium yield Reaction rate
A Decreases decreases
B No change decreases
C No change no change
D Decreases no change B
36 Transport of oxygen in the body involves
the compl ex mol ecul es haemogl obi n and
oxyhaemoglobin.
haemoglobin + oxygen oxyhaemoglobin
If carbon monoxide (CO) is present in the air,
poisoning can occur because
A the equilibrium constant for the reaction is
reduced.
B CO reacts with oxygen to form CO
2
, driving
the equilibrium to the left.
C the position of equilibrium shifts to the left
because haemoglobin bonds strongly with
CO.
D CO cat al yzes t he decomposi t i on of
oxyhaemoglobin into haemoglobin and
oxygen. C
Directions: Questions 37 and 38 refer to the following
information.
The equilibrium constant, K
c
, for the thermal
decomposition of calcium carbonate is 2.70 x 10
3

mol dm
3
at 1 000 K.
CaCO
3
(s) CaO(s) + CO
2
(g) H > 0
15.0 g of CaCO
3
(s) are introduced into a 5.00 dm
3

evacuated vessel, and the system is allowed to attain
equilibrium at 1 000 K.
37 What is the percentage of decomposition of
CaCO
3
(s) in the equilibrium system?
(Relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, O = 16.0, Ca
= 40.1)
A 1.80%
B 4.05%
C 9.00%
D 13.9% C
38 Which of the following actions will cause the
percentage of decomposition of CaCO
3
(s) of the
equilibrium system to increase?
(1) Adding some CaCO
3
(s)
(2) Increasing the temperature
(3) Removing some CaO(s)
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only B
39 Consider the following reaction:
2NOCl(g) 2NO(g) + Cl
2
(g)
Initially, some NOCl(g) is placed in an empty flask.
Which of the following statements describe the
changes which occur as the system proceeds
towards equilibrium?
(1) The rate of the backward reacti on
increases.
(2) The concentration of NOCl(g) increases.
(3) The concentration of NO(g) increases.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) B
28
P
a
r
t

B
40 Consider the following equilibrium system:
NO
2
Cl(g) + NO(g) NOCl(g) + NO
2
(g)
Adding which of the following substances will
cause the equilibrium concentration of NO
2
(g) to
increase?
(1) NOCl(g)
(2) NO(g)
(3) NO
2
Cl(g)
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only D
41 Consider the following equilibrium system:
2SO
2
(g) + O
2
(g) 2SO
3
(g)
K
c
= 1.20 x 10
4
dm
3
mol
1
Some SO
2
(g) is added to the equilibrium system.
Which of the following statements are correct?
(1) The position of equilibrium shifts to the
right.
(2) The rate of the forward reacti on
increases.
(3) The value of K
c
increases.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) A
42 Consider the following equilibrium system:
N
2
O
4
(g) 2NO
2
(g) H = +58 kJ
pale yellow dark brown
Shifting the position of equilibrium to the left is
accompanied by
(1) an increase in the volume of the system.
(2) a release of heat by the system to the
surroundings.
(3) a decrease in the average relative molecular
mass of the gas molecules in the system.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only B
43 Consider the following equilibrium system:
PCl
3
(g) + Cl
2
(g) PCl
5
(g)
Which of the following statements is / are correct
when the volume of the system is decreased?
(1) The position of equilibrium shifts to the
right.
(2) The rate of the backward reaction is greater
than that of the forward reaction.
(3) The value of K
c
decreases.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only A
44 For which of the following equilibrium systems
will the amounts of reactants increase with an
increase in the container volume?
(1) C(g) + CO
2
(g) 2CO(g)
(2) N
2
(g) + 3H
2
(g) 2NH
3
(g)
(3) 2NO(g) + O
2
(g) 2NO
2
(g)
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only D
45 Chlorine trifluoride, a colourless gas, can be
decomposed into its element.
2ClF
3
(g) 3F
2
(g) + Cl
2
(g) H
O
= +159 kJ
Which of the following statements is / are
correct?
(1) The decomposition is a redox reaction.
(2) When an equilibrium mixture is heated,
its colour fades.
(3) When the volume of the container of
an equilibrium mixture is increased, more
Cl
2
(g) will form.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only C
29
P
a
r
t

B
46 Consider the following equilibrium system:
2NO(g) + Br
2
(g) 2NOBr(g) H < 0
Which of the following actions will cause the
position of equilibrium to shift to the right?
(1) Adding some NO(g)
(2) Increasing the volume
(3) Decreasing the temperature
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) B
47 Consider the following equilibrium system in a
closed reaction vessel:
CO(g) + 2H
2
(g) CH
3
OH(g) H < 0
Which of the following action(s) can cause an
increase in the value of K
c
?
(1) Adding some CO(g)
(2) Decreasing the temperature
(3) Transferring the reaction mixture to a vessel
of larger volume
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only B
48 Consider the following equilibrium system:
Cu
2+
(aq) + 4Br

(aq) CuBr
4
2
(aq)
blue colourless green
Cooling the system changes its colour from green
to blue.
Which of the following statements is / are
correct?
(1) The forward reaction is exothermic.
(2) The value of K
c
decreases when the system
is cooled.
(3) A net backward reaction occurs when the
system is cooled.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only D
49 Consider the following equilibrium system:
CO(g) + H
2
O(g) CO
2
(g) + H
2
(g)
H = 41 kJ mol
1
Which of the following will cause a shift in the
position of equilibrium?
(1) Adding a catalyst
(2) Changing the temperature
(3) Changing the volume
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only B
50 Which of the following statements about enzymes
are correct?
(1) Enzymes are proteins.
(2) Enzymes increase the rate of biochemical
reactions.
(3) Enzymes increase the equilibrium constant
of biochemical reactions.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) A
30
P
a
r
t

B
Directions : Each question (Questions 51 60) consists of two separate statements. Decide whether each
of the two statements is true or false; if both are true, then decide whether or not the second
statement is a correct explanation of the first statement. Then select one option from A to D
according to the following table :
A Both statements are true and the 2nd statement is a correct explanation of the 1st statement.
B Both statements are true but the 2nd statement is NOT a correct explanation of the 1st statement.
C The 1st statement is false but the 2nd statement is true.
D Both statements are false.
1st statement 2nd statement
51 All chemical equilibrium systems have equal At equilibrium, both the forward and backward D
concentrations of reactants and products. reactions stop.
52 Adding some O
2
(g) to an equilibrium system of When some O
2
(g) is added to the equilibrium A
SO
2
(g), O
2
(g) and SO
3
(g) will cause a net increase system, a net reaction will occur to consume
in the concentration of SO
3
(g). some of the O
2
(g).
53 Adding some CaO(s) to an equilibrium system Adding some CaO(s) to the equilibrium system D
of CaCO
3
(s), CaO(s) and CO
2
(g) will cause the will cause the value of K
c
to increase.
position of equilibrium to shift to the left.
54 Keeping the volume constant, adding some The new equilibrium concentration of NO
2
(g) C
NO
2
(g) to an equilibrium system of N
2
O
4
(g) and will increase relative to its previous equilibrium
NO
2
(g) will cause the mixture to get darker concentration.
gradually.
55 Decreasing the volume of the container of an Decreasing the volume of the container of A
equilibrium system of H
2
(g), I
2
(g) and HI(g) will the equilibrium system will cause the
cause the purple colour of the system to become concentration of I
2
(g) to increase.
deeper.
56 When the volume of the gas syringe containing Increasing the volume of the gas syringe C
an equilibrium system of N
2
O
4
(g) and NO
2
(g) is containing the equilibrium system will cause
increased, the mixture first darkens and then more NO
2
(g) to form.
lightens.
57 For an equilibrium system with an endothermic For an equilibrium system with an endothermic C
forward reaction, increasing the temperature forward reaction, increasing the temperature
will cause the position of equilibrium to shift will cause the value K
c
to increase.
to the left.
58 A temperature of 1 000 C is usually used in Increasing the temperature will increase the D
the Haber process. yield of ammonia in the Haber process.
31
P
a
r
t

B
59 The pressure used for converting sulphur dioxide Increasing the pressure will increase the yield C
to sulphur trioxide in the Contact process is of sulphur trioxide.
usually 200 atmospheres.
60 Catalysts are used in many industrial processes. Catalysts will not affect the percentage of the B
product in the equilibrium mixture.
Short questions
61 For each of the following equilibrium system,
(i) write an expression for the equilibrium constant, K
c
;
(ii) State the units of K
c
.
a) Fe
2
O
3
(s) + 3CO(g) 2Fe(s) + 3CO
2
(g) (2 marks)

K
c
=
[CO
2
(g)]
3
[CO(g)]
3
(1)
K
c
has no units. (1)
b) MgCO
3
(s) MgO(s) + CO
2
(g) (2 marks)
K
c
= [CO
2
(g)] (1)
The units of K
c
are mol dm
3
. (1)
c) 3O
2
(g) 2O
3
(g) (2 marks)

K
c
=
[O
3
(g)]
2
[O
2
(g)]
3
(1)
The units of K
c
are dm
3
mol
1
. (1)
d) CO(g) + 2H
2
(g) CH
3
OH(g) (2 marks)

K
c
=
[CH
3
OH(g)]
[CO(g)][H
2
(g)]
2
(1)
The units of K
c
are dm
6
mol
2
. (1)
62 Given the following reactions and their corresponding equilibrium constants at 1 292 C:
2H
2
O(g) 2H
2
(g) + O
2
(g) K
c1
= 1.60 x 10
11
mol dm
3
2CO
2
(g) 2CO(g) + O
2
(g) K
c2
= 1.30 x 10
10
mol dm
3
Calculate the equilibrium constant, K
c3
, for the following reaction
CO
2
(g) + H
2
(g) H
2
O(g) + CO(g)
at the same temperature. (3 marks)

K
c1
=
[H
2
(g)]
2
[O
2
(g)]
[H
2
O(g)]
2


K
c2
=
[CO(g)]
2
[O
2
(g)]
[CO
2
(g)]
2

32
P
a
r
t

B

K
c3
=
[H
2
O(g)][CO(g)]
[CO
2
(g)][H
2
(g)] (1)

=
1
K
c1
x K
c2

=
1
1.60 x 10
11
mol dm
3
x 1.30 x 10
10
mol dm
3
(1)
= 2.85 (1)
63 When bromine is dissolved in water, the following equilibrium system is established:
Br
2
(l) + H
2
O(l) H
+
(aq) + Br

(aq) + HOBr(aq)
yellow-brown
colourless
In an experiment, dilute sodium hydroxide solution and then dilute hydrochloric acid are added to the system.
The observations made are listed below.
Step Procedure Observation
I Adding dilute sodium hydroxide solution A colourless solution is formed
II Adding dilute hydrochloric acid to the resulting solution A yellow-brown solution is formed
Explain the observations using Le Chateliers principle. (6 marks)
When dilute sodium hydroxide solution is added, the hydroxide ions react with the hydrogen ions to form water. Thus, the
concentration of hydrogen ions decreases. (1)
The system responds by reducing this change. (1)
A net forward reaction occurs to produce more hydrogen ions. (1)
A colourless solution is observed as the concentration of Br
2
(aq) decreases. (1)
When hydrogen ions are added, the system responds by reducing this change.
A net backward reaction occurs to consume some of the hydrogen ions. (1)
A yellow-brown solution is observed as the concentration of Br
2
(aq) increases. (1)
33
P
a
r
t

B
64 Each of the following equilibrium systems is disturbed by increasing the pressure as a result of decreasing
the volume of the reaction vessel. Decide whether the number of moles of reaction product(s) will increase,
decrease, or remain the same. Explain your answer in each case.
a) 2CO
2
(g) 2CO(g) + O
2
(g) (3 marks)
An increase in pressure will bring about a net reaction that decreases the number of moles of gas. This helps to reduce
the pressure. (1)
A net backward reaction occurs. (1)
Thus, the number of moles of reaction products will decrease. (1)
b) CO(g) + H
2
O(g) CO
2
(g) + H
2
(g) (3 marks)
The number of moles of gas is the same on both sides of the equation, (1)
so changing the pressure has no effect on the position of equilibrium. (1)
Thus, the number of moles of reaction products will remain the same. (1)
c) Si(s) + 2Cl
2
(g) SiCl
4
(g) (3 marks)
An increase in pressure will bring about a net reaction that decrease the number of moles of gas. This helps to reduce
the pressure. (1)
A net forward reaction occurs. (1)
Thus, the number of moles of reaction product will increase. (1)
34
P
a
r
t

B
65 Consider the reaction between copper(II) ions and chloride ions:
Cu
2+
(aq) + 4Cl

(aq) CuCl
4
2
(aq)
blue yellow
The Cu
2+
(aq) ion is blue while the CuCl
4
2
(aq) ion is yellow, so a mixture of these two appears green.
The table below lists the colour of two samples of equilibrium mixture of the same composition kept at
different temperatures.
Temperature Colour of equilibrium mixture
10 C blue
90 C green
Deduce and explain whether the forward reaction is exothermic or endothermic. (3 marks)
When the system is cooled, it appears blue because the concentration of Cu
2+
(aq) ions increases. (1)
It can be deduced that when the temperature is decreased, the system will undergo a net backward reaction so as to raise
the temperature. (1)
Thus, the backward reaction should be an exothermic reaction. / The forward reaction should be an endothermic reaction. (1)
66 Consider the following equilibrium system in a closed container:
CaCO
3
(s) CaO(s) + CO
2
(g) H > 0
Complete the table to describe the effect of various actions on the position of equilibrium of the system.
(5 marks)
Action Position of equilibrium
(a) The volume of the reaction vessel is increased. shifts to the right (1)
(b) Some CaCO
3
(s) is removed. no effect (1)
(c) Some CO
2
(g) is added. shifts to the left (1)
(d) A few drops of NaOH(aq) are added. shifts to the right (1)
(e) The temperature is increased. shifts to the right (1)
35
P
a
r
t

B
67 In the manufacture of nitric acid, ammonia is oxidized to nitrogen monoxide by the following reaction:
4NH
3
(g) + 5O
2
(g) 4NO(g) + 6H
2
O(g) H
O
= 906 kJ
In an experiment, a mixture of NH
3
(g), O
2
(g), NO(g) and H
2
O(g) is allowed to reach equilibrium in a cylinder
fitted with a movable piston. Give the effect of each of the following changes on items listed in the table
below:
a) Adding a catalyst (2 marks)
b) Increasing the temperature (2 marks)
c) Increasing the pressure by decreasing the volume (2 marks)
Effect of change on (a) Adding a catalyst
(b) Increasing the
temperature
(c) Increasing the pressure
the rate of the
forward reaction
increases (0.5) increases (0.5) increases (0.5)
the rate of the
backward reaction
increases (0.5) increases (0.5) increases (0.5)
the position of
equilibrium
no effect (0.5) shifts to the left (0.5) shifts to the left (0.5)
the equilibrium
constant, K
c
no effect (0.5) decreases (0.5) no effect (0.5)
68 A particular industrial process involves the following steps.
B(g) and C(g) recycling
Reaction 1
A(g) + B(g) 2C(g)
H = +100 kJ
Reaction 2
2C(g) + B(g) 2D(g)
H = 150 kJ
temperature 300 C
pressure 10 atm
A(g) B(g)
B(g)
separation chamber product D(g)
36
P
a
r
t

B
a) It is possible to alter the temperature and pressure at which Reaction 2 occurs.
In the table below, indicate what effect the following changes would have on the rate, equilibrium yield
and value of the equilibrium constant, K
c
, for Reaction 2. (3 marks)
Would the rate of
Reaction 2 become
higher, lower or remain
unchanged?
Would the equilibrium
yield of Reaction 2
become higher, lower or
remain unchanged?
Would the value of K
c

of Reaction 2 become
higher, lower or remain
unchanged?
The temperature of
Reaction 2 is increased to
600 C.
higher (0.5) lower (0.5) lower (0.5)
The pressure of Reaction
2 is decreased to 5 atm
at constant temperature.
lower (0.5) lower (0.5)
remain
unchanged (0.5)
b) Heat is released in Reaction 2. Describe how the heat can be used within this industrial process.
(1 mark)
Provide heat for Reaction 1. / Increase the rate of Reaction 1. / Heat the incoming reactants. / Generate electricity. (1)
Structured questions
69 When nitrogen monoxide reacts with oxygen, a dynamic equilibrium is established.
2NO(g) + O
2
(g) 2NO
2
(g) H
O
= 115 kJ
a) State TWO features of a system that is in dynamic equilibrium. (2 marks)
Rate of forward reaction = rate of backward reaction. (1)
Concentrations of the reactants and products remain constant. (1)
b) At a certain temperature, the equilibrium constant, K
c
, for the reaction is 65.0 dm
3
mol
1
.
The concentrations of NO(g) and O
2
(g) in an equilibrium mixture are 0.600 mol dm
3
and 0.300 mol dm
3

respectively. What is the equilibrium concentration of NO
2
(g)? (2 marks)
K
c
=
[NO
2
(g)]
2
[NO(g)]
2
[O
2
(g)]
65.0 dm
3
mol
1
=
[NO
2
(g)]
2
(0.600 mol dm
3
)
2
(0.300 mol dm
3
)

(1)
[NO
2
(g)] = 2.65 mol dm
3
(1)
37
P
a
r
t

B
c) In each of the following cases, sketch on the given graph to show the expected variation in the concentration
of NO
2
(g) in the equilibrium mixture in (b) until the attainment of a new state of equilibrium. Explain your
answer in each case.
i) Some O
2
(g) is introduced into the equilibrium mixture at time t
1
, while the volume and the temperature
are both kept constant. (2 marks)
Time
(1)
U
1
[
N
O
2
(
g
)
]
An increase in the concentration of O
2
(g) will shift the position of equilibrium to the right. (1)
Thus, the concentration of NO
2
(g) will increase.
ii) The temperature of the equilibrium mixture is increased at time t
2
. (3 marks)
Time
(1)
U
2
[
N
O
2
(
g
)
]
When the temperature is increased, the system will respond by reducing the temperature. (1)
As the backward reaction is endothermic, the system will undergo a net backward reaction. Thus, the concentration
of NO
2
(g) will decrease. (1)
d) State and explain how the pressure should be changed to give a higher yield of NO
2
(g). (2 marks)
Increase the pressure. (1)
An increase in pressure will bring about a net reaction that decreases the number of moles of gas. This helps to reduce
the pressure. (1)
A net forward reaction will occur.
Thus, the yield of NO
2
(g) will increase.
38
P
a
r
t

B
70 The ester ethyl ethanoate is hydrolyzed when it is heated with water in the presence of an acid catalyst. An
equilibrium is established.
CH
3
COOCH
2
CH
3
(l) + H
2
O(l) CH
3
COOH(l) + CH
3
CH
2
OH(l)
a) A 0.600 mole sample of ethyl ethanoate was heated with 4.00 mole of water. At equilibrium, 68.0% of
the ester was hydrolyzed. Calculate the equilibrium constant, K
c
, for this reaction. (4 marks)
Number of moles of ester reacted = 0.600 mol x 68.0% = 0.408 mol
Number of moles of ester in equilibrium mixture = (0.600 0.408) mol = 0.192 mol (0.5)
Number of moles of water in equilibrium mixture = (4.00 0.408) mol = 3.59 mol (0.5)
Number of moles of ethanoic acid in equilibrium mixture = 0.408 mol (0.5)
Number of moles of ethanol in equilibrium mixture = 0.408 mol (0.5)
Let V dm
3
be the total volume of the equilibrium mixture.

K
c
=

[CH
3
COOH(l)][CH
3
CH
2
OH(l)]
[CH
3
COOCH
2
CH
3
(l)][H
2
O(l)]
=
(
0.408
V
) (
0.408
V
)
(
0.192
V
) (
3.59
V
)
(1)
= 0.242 (1)
b) A student repeated the experiment using the same initial quantities. During the experiment she noticed
that the water in the condenser had stopped flowing. There was a sweetish smell coming from the top
of the condenser.
What effect, if any, will this problem have on
i) the concentrations of the products in the flask? (2 marks)
Ester was lost. (1)
The concentrations of the products would decrease. (1)
ii) the value of the equilibrium constant, K
c
?
Explain your answer in each case. (2 marks)
The value of K
c
would remain constant. (1)
The value of K
c
does not change with concentration. / The value of K
c
only changes with temperature. (1)
39
P
a
r
t

B
71 Hydrogen gas can be made from carbon monoxide and steam as shown by the following equation.
CO(g) + H
2
O(g) CO
2
(g) + H
2
(g)
The diagram below shows how the concentrations of H
2
O(g) and H
2
(g) change with time as equilibrium is
established.
Time
H
2
(g)
H
2
O(g)
X (1)
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
a) On the time axis mark with an X the time at which equilibrium is first established. (1 mark)
b) State Le Chateliers principle. (2 marks)
Le Chateliers principle states that if the condition of a system in equilibrium is changed, the position of equilibrium
will shift (1)
so as to reduce that change. (1)
c) The volume and the temperature of the equilibrium mixture are both kept constant. Predict the effect of
each of the following changes on the position of equilibrium:
i) adding carbon monoxide to the equilibrium mixture; and (2 marks)
The system responds by reducing the change. A net forward reaction occurs to use up some of the extra carbon
monoxide. (1)
The position of equilibrium shifts to the right. (1)
ii) removing steam from the equilibrium mixture. (2 marks)
The system responds by reducing the change. A net backward reaction occurs to produce more steam. (1)
The position of equilibrium shifts to the left. (1)
40
P
a
r
t

B
d) This reaction is usually carried out at 450 C.
i) State and explain the effect on the rate of production of hydrogen if this reaction is carried out at a
temperature above 450 C. (3 marks)
The rate of production of hydrogen will increase. (1)
The reactant particles have more energy and collide more often. (1)
A larger portion of the reactant particles have energy equal to or greater than the activation energy. (1)
ii) State and explain the effect on the yield of hydrogen if the reaction is carried out in the presence of
a catalyst. (2 marks)
No effect on the yield of hydrogen. (1)
A catalyst increases the rates of both the forward reaction and the backward reaction to the same extent. (1)
72 Methanol can be produced by using a reversible reaction between carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
2H
2
(g) + CO(g) CH
3
OH(g)
When 2.00 mole of hydrogen and 1.00 mole of carbon monoxide are mixed and heated to a high temperature
in a container of volume 1.50 dm
3
, the equilibrium yield of methanol is 0.800 mole.
a) Calculate a value for the equilibrium constant, K
c
, for this reaction at this temperature and give its
units. (4 marks)
2H
2
(g) + CO(g) CH
3
OH(g)
According to the equation, 2 moles of H
2
(g) react with 1 mole of CO(g) to give 1 mole of CH
3
OH(g).
As 0.800 mole of CH
3
OH(g) is produced at equilibrium, the amount of H
2
(g) would decrease by 2 x 0.800 mole while
that of CO(g) would decrease by 0.800 mole.
2H
2
(g) + CO(g) CH
3
OH(g)

Equilibrium concentration
(
2.00 2 x 0.800
1.50
)
mol dm
3

(
1.00 0.800
1.50
)
mol dm
3

0.800
1.50
mol dm
3
= 0.267 mol dm
3
= 0.133 mol dm
3
= 0.533 mol dm
3
(1)

K
c
=

0.533 mol dm
3
(0.267 mol dm
3
)
2
(0.133 mol dm
3
)
(1)
= 56.3 (1) dm
6
mol
2
(1)
41
P
a
r
t

B
b) The pressure of the equilibrium mixture is increased whilst keeping the temperature constant. The position
of equilibrium shifts to the right.
i) Explain why the position of equilibrium shifts to the right. (1 mark)
An increase in pressure will bring about a net reaction that decreases the number of moles of gas. (1)
ii) What is the effect, if any, on the value of K
c
? (1 mark)
No effect. (1)
c) The temperature of the equilibrium mixture is increased whilst keeping the pressure constant. The value
of K
c
decreases.
i) Explain what will happen to the position of equilibrium. (2 marks)
As the value of K
c
decreases, it can be deduced that the concentration of the product decreases while the
concentrations of the reactants increase, (1)
i.e. the position of equilibrium shifts to the left. (1)
ii) Deduce the sign of the enthalpy change for the reaction between carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
(3 marks)
It can be deduced that when the temperature is increased, the mixture will undergo a net backward reaction so as
to lower the temperature. (1)
Hence the backward reaction should be endothermic reaction / the reaction between carbon monoxide and
hydrogen should be an exothermic reaction. (1)
The sign of the enthalpy change for the reaction between carbon monoxide and hydrogen should be negative. (1)
42
P
a
r
t

B
d) Describe and explain what will happen to the rate of the reaction between carbon monoxide and hydrogen
when the pressure is increased by decreasing the volume of the reaction vessel. (3 marks)
Decreasing the volume of the reaction vessel will cause the concentrations of the reactants to increase. (1)
The chance of collision between reactant particles increases and the frequency of effective collisions increases. (1)
Hence the rate of the reaction will increase. (1)
73 The equilibrium constant, K
c
, for the following reaction is 5.00 mol dm
3
at 873 K.
COCl
2
(g) CO(g) + Cl
2
(g)
2.00 moles of COCl
2
(g) are introduced into an evacuated vessel of 4.00 dm
3
kept at 873 K and allowed to
achieve equilibrium.
a) Calculate the percentage dissociation of COCl
2
(g) when equilibrium is achieved. (4 marks)
Let y% be the percentage dissociation of COCl
2
(g).
COCl
2
(g) CO(g) + Cl
2
(g)

Initial concentration
2.00
4.00
mol dm
3
0 mol dm
3
0 mol dm
3
Equilibrium concentration
2.00 2.00 x
y
100
4.00
mol dm
3

2.00 x
y
100
4.00
mol dm
3

2.00 x
y
100
4.00
mol dm
3
(1)

K
c
= 5.00 mol dm
3
=

(
2.00 x
y
100
4.00
mol dm
3
) (
2.00 x
y
100
4.00
mol dm
3
)
2.00 2.00 x
y
100
4.00
mol dm
3
(1)
Rearranging the equation gives

5.00
(
200 2y
400
)
=
(
2y
400
)
2
y
2
+ 1 000 y 100 000 = 0
Solving the quadratic equation gives two solutions:
y = 91.6 or 1 092 (rejected) (2)
the percentage dissociation of COCl
2
(g) is 91.6%.
43
P
a
r
t

B
b) While keeping the temperature of the system at 873 K, the volume of the reaction vessel is decreased.
State and explain the effect on
i) the position of equilibrium; (3 marks)
The pressure of the system will increase when the volume of the reaction vessel decreases. (1)
This will bring about a net reaction that decreases the number of moles of gas. This helps to reduce the pressure. (1)
The position of equilibrium will shift to the left. (1)
ii) the value of K
c
. (2 marks)
No effect. (1)
The value of K
c
only changes with temperature. (1)
74 When heated, phosphorus pentachloride dissociates.
PCl
5
(g) PCl
3
(g) + Cl
2
(g) H
O
= +93 kJ mol
1
At 227 C, an equilibrium mixture in a 1.00 dm
3
vessel contains 0.400 mole of PCl
5
(g), 0.108 mole of PCl
3
(g)
and 0.900 mole of Cl
2
(g).
a) Calculate the equilibrium constant, K
c
, for the reaction at 227 C. (3 marks)

K
c
=

[PCl
3
(g)][Cl
2
(g)]
[PCl
5
(g)]
=
(
0.108
1.00
mol dm
3
) (
0.900
1.00
mol dm
3
)
0.400
1.00
mol dm
3
(1)
= 0.243(1) mol dm
3
(1)

b) i) State the effect, if any, on the value of K
c
of adding more PCl
5
(g) at a constant temperature. Explain
your answer. (2 marks)
No effect. (1)
The value of K
c
does not change with concentration. / The value of K
c
only changes with temperature. (1)
44
P
a
r
t

B
ii) State the effect, if any, on the value of K
c
of increasing the temperature of the reaction vessel. Explain
your answer. (3 marks)
The value of K
c
increases. (1)
When the temperature is increased, the system will undergo a net reaction so as to lower the temperature. (1)
As the forward reaction is endothermic, the system will undergo a net forward reaction. More PCl
3
(g) and Cl
2
(g)
are produced. (1)
So, the value of K
c
increases.
c) In another experiment, a 1.00 dm
3
reaction vessel is filled with 0.100 mole of PCl
5
(g), 0.100 mole of
PCl
3
(g) and 0.100 mole of Cl
2
(g) at 227 C.
i) Calculate Q
c
of the system and decide whether the system is at equilibrium. (2 marks)
Q
c
=
(
0.100
1.00
mol dm
3
) (
0.100
1.00
mol dm
3
)
0.100
1.00
mol dm
3
= 0.100 mol dm
3
(1)
Q
c
K
c
, thus the system is not at equilibrium. (1)
ii) If the system is not at equilibrium, in which direction will the net reaction proceed? Explain your
answer. (2 marks)
When Q
c
< K
c
, the concentration of PCl
3
(g) and Cl
2
(g) will increase while that of PCl
5
(g) will decrease until
Q
c
= K
c
. (1)
Thus a net forward reaction will occur. (1)
45
P
a
r
t

B
75 X(g) reacts with Y(g) reversibly to give Z(g). A mixture of X(g) and Y(g) is allowed to react in a closed container
of volume 1.0 dm
3
kept at a constant temperature. The graph below shows the changes in concentrations
of X(g), Y(g) and Z(g) in the container with time.
(X, Y and Z do not represent symbols of elements.)
0.100
0.200
0.300
Z(g)
Y(g)
X(g)
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
0.800
0
10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (min)
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
o
l

d
m
-
3
)
a) With reference to the above graph,
i) deduce the chemical equation for the reversible reaction between X(g), Y(g) and Z(g). (1 mark)
From the curve, it can be deduced that 3 moles of X(g) react with 1 mole of Y(g) to give 2 moles of Z(g).
The equation for the reaction is 3X(g) + Y(g) 2Z(g). (1)
ii) write an expression for the equilibrium constant, K
c
, for the reaction. (1 mark)

K
c
=
[Z(g)]
2
[X(g)]
3
[Y(g)]
(1)
b) Compare the rate of the forward reaction and that of the backward reaction
i) at the 10th minute after X(g) and Y(g) are mixed. (1 mark)
At the 10th minute, the rate of forward reaction is greater than the rate of backward reaction. (1)
46
P
a
r
t

B
ii) at the 60th minute after X(g) and Y(g) are mixed. (1 mark)
(You are not required to perform any calculation.)
At the 60th minute, the rate of forward reaction is equal to the rate of backward reaction. (1)
c) If the mixture X(g) and Y(g) is allowed to react at the same temperature but in a closed container of
volume 0.5 dm
3
instead,
i) will the rate of attainment of equilibrium remain the same? Explain. (3 marks)
The rate of attainment of equilibrium will increase. (1)
Decreasing the volume of the container will cause the concentration of the reactants to increase. (1)
The chance of collision between reactant particles increases and the frequency of effective collisions increases. (1)
ii) will the yield of Z(g) be the same? Explain. (3 marks)
The yield of Z(g) will increase. (1)
The pressure of the system will increase when the volume of the container decreases. (1)
The position of equilibrium will shift to the side with a fewer number of moles of gas. (1)
More Z(g) will form.
76 Methoxymethane, CH
3
OCH
3
, is used as an environmentally friendly propellant in spray cans. It can be made
from methanol according to the following equation:
2CH
3
OH(g) CH
3
OCH
3
(g) + H
2
O(g) H = 24 kJ
The equilibrium constant, K
c
, for this reaction at 350 C is 5.74.
a) Write an expression for K
c
for this reaction. (1 mark)

K
c
=

[CH
3
OCH
3
(g)][H
2
O(g)]
[CH
3
OH(g)]
2
(1)
47
P
a
r
t

B
b) Calculate the value of K
c
, at 350 C for the following reaction. (1 mark)
CH
3
OCH
3
(g) + H
2
O(g) 2CH
3
OH(g)

K
c
=

[CH
3
OH(g)]
2
[CH
3
OCH
3
(g)][H
2
O(g)]
=

1
K
c
=

1
5.74
= 0.174 (1)
c) A 1.00 dm
3
vessel at 350 C contains 0.500 mole of CH
3
OH(g), 0.100 mole of CH
3
OCH
3
(g) and 0.700
mole of H
2
O(g).
i) Calculate Q
c
of the system and decide whether the system is at equilibrium. (2 marks)

Q
c
=

[CH
3
OCH
3
(g)][H
2
O(g)]
[CH
3
OH(g)]
2
=
(
0.100 mol
1.00 dm
3
) (
0.700 mol
1.00 dm
3
)
(
0.500 mol
1.00 dm
3
)
2
= 0.280 (1)
Q
c
K
c
, thus the system is not at equilibrium. (1)
ii) If the system is not at equilibrium, in which direction will a net reaction proceed? Explain your
answer. (2 marks)
When Q
c
< K
c
, the concentrations of CH
3
OCH
3
(g) and H
2
O(g) will increase while that of CH
3
OH(g) will decrease until
Q
c
= K
c
. (1)
Thus, a net forward reaction will occur. (1)
d) State and explain the effect of an increase in temperature on the position of equilibrium of the above
system. (3 marks)
When the temperature is increased, the system will respond by reducing the temperature. (1)
As the backward reaction is endothermic, the system will undergo a net backward reaction, (1)
i.e. the position of equilibrium will shift to the left. (1)
48
P
a
r
t

B
e) State and explain the effect of an increase in pressure on the position of equilibrium of the above
system. (2 marks)
The number of moles of gas is the same on both sides of the equation, (1)
so changing the pressure has no effect on the position of equilibrium. (1)
f) In an experiment, methanol is pumped into an empty 20.0 dm
3
reactor vessel. At equilibrium the vessel
contains 0.340 mole of methanol at 350 C.
i) Calculate the concentration, in mol dm
3
, of methanol at equilibrium. (1 mark)

Concentration of methanol =
0.340 mol
20.0 dm
3
= 0.0170 mol dm
3
(1)
ii) Calculate the number of moles of methoxymethane present at equilibrium. (2 marks)
Let x mol dm
3
be the equilibrium concentration of CH
3
OCH
3
(g).
2CH
3
OH(g) CH
3
OCH
3
(g) + H
2
O(g)
Equilibrium concentration 0.0170 mol dm
3
x mol dm
3
x mol dm
3

K
c
= 5.74 =

(x mol dm
3
)
2
(0.0170 mol dm
3
)
2
x = 0.0407 (1)
Number of moles of CH
3
OCH
3
(g) = 0.0407 mol dm
3
x 20.0 dm
3
= 0.814 mol (1)
iii) Calculate the number of moles of methanol initially pumped into the reaction vessel. (2 marks)
Number of moles of CH
3
OH(g) reacted = 2 x 0.814 mol
= 1.63 mol (1)
Number of moles of CH
3
OH(g) at equilibrium = 0.340 mol
Number of moles of CH
3
OH(g) initially = (1.63 + 0.340) mol
= 1.97 mol (1)
49
P
a
r
t

B
77 When hydrogen and iodine gases are allowed to react, an equilibrium is established according to the following
equation.
H
2
(g) + I
2
(g) 2HI(g) H
O
= 10 kJ
colourless purple colourless
A 2.00 dm
3
container is filled with 0.0700 mole of H
2
(g) and 0.0600 mole of I
2
(g). Equilibrium is established
after 15.0 minutes when there is 0.0600 mole of HI(g) present.
a) Sketch and label the curves for changes in the concentrations of H
2
(g), I
2
(g) and HI(g) for the time interval
of 0 to 30.0 minutes. (3 marks)
0.0100
0.0200
0.0300
0.0400
0.0500
0.0600
0.0700
0.0800
[
2
(g)] (1)
[H
2
(g)] (1)
[H(g)] (1)
0
5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0
Time (min)
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
o
l

d
m
-
3
)
b) Calculate the equilibrium constant, K
c
, for the reaction. (2 marks)

K
c
=

[HI(g)]
2
[H
2
(g)][I
2
(g)]

=
(0.0300 mol dm
3
)
2
(0.0200 mol dm
3
)(0.0150 mol dm
3
)
(1)
= 3.00 (1)
c) Calculate the equilibrium constant, K
c
, for the following reaction. (1 mark)
2HI(g) H
2
(g) + I
2
(g)

K
c
for this reaction =

[H
2
(g)][I
2
(g)]
[HI(g)]
2
=

1
3.00
= 0.333 (1)
50
P
a
r
t

B
d) Explain the following observations when changes are made to an equilibrium mixture of H
2
(g), I
2
(g) and
HI(g).
Include reference to the equilibrium position and any other factors.
i) When the temperature is decreased, the purple colour becomes paler. (2 marks)
The purple colour becomes paler because the position of equilibrium shifts to the right. (1)
The forward reaction is exothermic.
When the temperature is decreased, the system will undergo a net forward reaction so as to raise the
temperature. (1)
ii) When the pressure is increased by decreasing the volume, the purple colour becomes deeper.
(3 marks)
The molecules are pushed closer together. / The concentration of I
2
(g) increases. (1)
Increasing the pressure has no effect on the position of equilibrium, (1)
because the number of moles of gas is the same on both sides of the equation. (1)
78 At high temperatures, nitrogen is oxidized by oxygen to form nitrogen monoxide in a reversible reaction as
shown in the equation below.
N
2
(g) + O
2
(g) 2NO(g) H
O
= +180 kJ
a) The equilibrium constant, K
c
, for the above reaction is 5.00 x 10
3
at 3 000 C.
What is the equilibrium constant, K
c
, for the following reaction at 3 000 C?
4NO(g) 2N
2
(g) + 2O
2
(g) (2 marks)
K
c
= 5.00 x 10
3
=

[NO(g)]
2
[N
2
(g)][O
2
(g)]

K
c
=
[N
2
(g)]
2
[O
2
(g)]
2
[NO(g)]
4
(1)

=

(
1
5.00 x 10
3
)
2
= 4.00 x 10
4
(1)
51
P
a
r
t

B
b) The rate at which equilibrium is reached could be increased by increasing the pressure or temperature.
In each case explain why the rate increases.
i) Increasing the pressure (2 marks)
Increasing the pressure will cause the concentrations of the reactants to increase. (1)
The chance of collision between reactant particles increases and the frequency of effective collisions increases. (1)
ii) Increasing the temperature (2 marks)
The reactant particles have more energy and collide more often. (1)
A larger portion of the reactant have energy equal to or greater than the activation energy. (1)
c) State and explain the effect of an increase in pressure and the effect of an increase in temperature, on
the yield of nitrogen monoxide.
i) Effect of an increase in pressure. (3 marks)
The yield of nitrogen monoxide does not change. (1)
The number of moles of gas is the same on both sides of the equation. (1)
So, changing the pressure has no effect on the position of equilibrium. (1)
ii) Effect of an increase in temperature. (3 marks)
The yield of nitrogen monoxide increases. (1)
When the temperature is increased, the system will respond by reducing the temperature. (1)
As the forward reaction is endothermic, the system will undergo a net forward reaction. (1)
52
P
a
r
t

B
d) N
2
(g), O
2
(g) and NO(g) were mixed together and allowed to reach equilibrium. The concentrations of the
gases were then measured at various times and the results plotted. At time t, a change was made to
the composition of the mixture.
U Time
N
2
(g)
NO(g)
O
2
(g)
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
i) What change was made to the mixture at time t? (1 mark)
Nitrogen was added. (1)
ii) Explain the changes that happen to the mixture after time t. (2 marks)
The concentration of NO(g) increased while those of N
2
(g) and O
2
(g) decreased.
It can be deduced that the position of equilibrium shifted to the right. (1)
A new state of equilibrium was attained (1)
when the concentrations of the substances become constant.
79 Chemists were investigating the production of a chemical, XY
2
(g), that can be formed from X
2
(g) and Y
2
(g)
as shown in the reaction below.
X
2
(g) + 2Y
2
(g) 2XY
2
(g)
a) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, K
c
, for the reaction, and deduce its units. (2 marks)

K
c
=

[XY
2
(g)]
2
[X
2
(g)][Y
2
(g)]
2

(1)
Units of K
c
is dm
3
mol
1
. (1)
b) State and explain the effect of a decrease in pressure on
i) the position of equilibrium; (2 marks)
A decrease in pressure will bring about a net reaction that increases the number of moles of gas. This helps to
increase the pressure. (1)
The position of equilibrium will shift to the left. (1)
53
P
a
r
t

B
ii) the rate of reaction. (3 marks)
Decreasing the pressure will cause the concentrations of the reactants to decrease. (1)
The chance of collision between reactant particles decreases and the frequency of effective collisions decreases. (1)
Hence the rate of reaction will decrease. (1)
c) The chemists measured the percentage conversion of X
2
(g) at various temperatures. The results are shown
in the graph below.
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Temperature (C)
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e

c
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n

o
f

X
2
(
g
)

(
%
)
i) Use the graph to predict the percentage conversion of X
2
(g) at 350 C. (1 mark)
13.5% (1)
ii) Deduce from the graph whether the production of XY
2
(g) from X
2
(g) and Y
2
(g) is an exothermic or
an endothermic reaction. Explain your answer. (3 marks)
The production of XY
2
(g) from X
2
(g) and Y
2
(g) is an endothermic reaction. (1)
The percentage conversion of X
2
(g) increases with increasing temperature. (1)
It can be deduced that when the temperature is increased, the system will undergo a net forward reaction so as to
lower the temperature. (1)
Hence the production of XY
2
(g) (the forward reaction) should be an endothermic reaction.
54
P
a
r
t

B
d) The chemists decided to use a catalyst in the process. State the effect of using a catalyst on:
i) the rate of conversion of X
2
(g) and Y
2
(g) into XY
2
(g); (1 mark)
The rate of conversion increases. (1)
ii) the percentage conversion of X
2
(g) and Y
2
(g) into XY
2
(g) at equilibrium. (1 mark)
No change. (1)
80 Fe
3+
(aq) ions and SCN

(aq) ions react in solution to give a deep red [Fe(SCN)]


2+
(aq) ions.
Fe
3+
(aq) + SCN

(aq) [Fe(SCN)]
2+
(aq)
yellow-brown colourless deep red
a) A student makes changes to separate samples of the equilibrium mixture. The changes are listed in the
table below.
Complete the table by placing ticks in the appropriate boxes to indicate the effect of each change on
(1) the intensity of the red colour of the mixture; and
(2) the concentration of Fe
3+
(aq) ions
once a new state of equilibrium has been attained. (3 marks)
Change to the
equilibrium mixture
(1) Intensity of the red colour of
mixture compared with initial
equilibrium
(2) Concentration of Fe
3+
(aq)
ions compared with initial
equilibrium
less intense more intense decreases increases
(i) Adding 1 drop of FeCl
3
(aq) (0.5) (0.5)
(ii) Adding 1 drop of AgNO
3
(aq)
(Ag
+
(aq) ions will form a
AgSCN precipitate)
(0.5) (0.5)
(iii) Adding NH
4
Cl(s) (NH
4
Cl(s)
reacts with Fe
3+
(aq) ions to
form complex ions)
(0.5) (0.5)
55
P
a
r
t

B
b) The forward reaction is exothermic. The graph below shows the initial equilibrium concentration of the
ions. The temperature of the system is increased at t
1
.
Time
(0.5)
(1)
(0.5)
Fe
3+
(aq)
SCN
-
(aq)
[Fe(SCN)]
2+
(aq)
U
1
U
2
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
i) Sketch on the graph to show the expected variation in the concentrations until the attainment of a
new state of equilibrium at t
2
. (2 marks)
ii) Explain your answer. (2 marks)
When the temperature is increased, the system will respond by lowering the temperature. (1)
As the forward reaction is exothermic, the system will undergo a net backward reaction. (1)
Thus, the concentrations of Fe
3+
(aq) ions and SCN

(aq) ions increase while that of [Fe(SCN)]


2+
(aq) ions decreases.
c) The following table lists the compositions of two equilibrium mixtures.
Fe
3+
(aq) SCN

(aq) [Fe(SCN)]
2+
(aq)
Concentration in equilibrium mixture 1 (mol dm
3
) 3.91 x 10
2
8.02 x 10
5
9.22 x 10
4
Concentration in equilibrium mixture 2 (mol dm
3
) 6.27 x 10
3
3.65 x 10
4
?
Calculate the concentration of [Fe(SCN)]
2+
(aq) ions in equilibrium mixture 2. (2 marks)

K
c
=

9.22 x 10
4
mol dm
3
(3.91 x 10
2
mol dm
3
)(8.02 x 10
5
mol dm
3
)

=
[[Fe(SCN)]
2+
(aq)]
(6.27 x 10
3
mol dm
3
)(3.65 x 10
4
mol dm
3
) (1)
[[Fe(SCN)]
2+
(aq)] = 6.73 x 10
4
mol dm
3
(1)
56
P
a
r
t

B
81 Under suitable conditions, the equilibrium represented below was established.
2CH
4
(g) 3H
2
(g) + C
2
H
2
(g) H
O
= +377 kJ
The following graph shows the concentrations of the substances in the equilibrium mixture at a certain
temperature and pressure.
0.200
0.400
0.600
0.800
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
(1)
(b)(ii)
(b)(ii)
(1)
CH
4
(g)
H
2
(g)
C
2
H
2
(g)
1.80
2.00
0
U
1
U
2
Time
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
o
l

d
m
-
3
)
a) i) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, K
c
, for the reaction. (1 mark)

K
c
=

[H
2
(g)]
3
[C
2
H
2
(g)]
[CH
4
(g)]
2
(1)
ii) With reference to the above graph, calculate K
c
under the experimental conditions. (2 marks)

K
c
=

(1.20 mol dm
3
)
3
(0.400 mol dm
3
)
(1.60 mol dm
3
)
2
= 0.270 (1) mol
2
dm
6
(1)

57
P
a
r
t

B
b) At time t
1
, the concentration of CH
4
(g) was increased to 2.00 mol dm
3
and a new state of equilibrium
was established at t
2
.
i) Calculate the equilibrium concentration of each gas at time t
2
. (6 marks)
Let x mol dm
3
be the increase in concentration of C
2
H
2
(g) when a new state of equilibrium was established.
2CH
4
(g) 3H
2
(g) + C
2
H
2
(g)
Initial concentration 2.00 mol dm
3
1.20 mol dm
3
0.400 mol dm
3
New equilibrium concentration (2.00 2x) mol dm
3
(1.20 + 3x) mol dm
3
(0.400 + x) mol dm
3

K
c
= 0.270 mol
2
dm
6
=

((1.20 + 3x) mol dm
3
)
3
((0.400 + x) mol dm
3
)
((2.00 2x) mol dm
3
)
2
(1)
0.270 =
27(0.400 + x)
4
4(1.00 x)
2
0.0400 =
(0.400 + x)
4
(1.00 x)
2
Rearranging the equation gives
0.200 (1.00 x) = (0.400 + x)
2
x
2
+ x 0.0400 = 0
Solving the quadratic equation gives two solutions:
x = 0.0385 or 1.04 (rejected) (2)
the equilibrium concentrations at time t
2
are as follows:
[CH
4
(g)] = (2.00 2 x 0.0385) mol dm
3
= 1.92 mol dm
3
(1)
[H
2
(g)] = (1.20 + 3 x 0.0385) mol dm
3
= 1.32 mol dm
3
(1)
[C
2
H
2
(g)] = (0.400 + 0.0385) mol dm
3
= 0.439 mol dm
3
(1)
ii) Sketch on the graph to show the changes in concentration of CH
4
(g) and H
2
(g). (2 marks)
58
P
a
r
t

B
c) Describe the conditions that would produce a high yield of hydrogen at equilibrium. Explain your
answers.
i) Temperature (3 marks)
A high temperature is required. (1)
When a high temperature is used, the system will respond by reducing the temperature. (1)
As the production of hydrogen is endothermic, the system will undergo a net forward reaction. (1)
Thus, the yield of hydrogen will increase.
ii) Pressure (2 marks)
A low pressure is required. (1)
A decrease in pressure will bring about a net reaction that increases the number of moles of gas. This helps to
increase the pressure. (1)
A net forward reaction will occur.
Thus, the yield of hydrogen will increase.
d) A different equilibrium mixture was produced, starting from CH
4
(g) alone.
When 1.00 moles of CH
4
(g) were charged into a container of volume 0.250 dm
3
, it was found that the
equilibrium mixture formed contained 0.730 moles of CH
4
(g). Calculate the number of moles of H
2
(g)
and C
2
H
2
(g) present in this equilibrium mixture. (3 marks)
Number of moles of CH
4
(g) reacted = (1.00 0.730) mol
= 0.270 mol (1)

Number of moles of H
2
(g) in the equilibrium mixture =
3
2
x 0.270 mol
= 0.405 mol (1)

Number of moles of C
2
H
2
(g) in the equilibrium mixture =
0.270
2
mol
= 0.135 mol (1)
59
P
a
r
t

B
82 The hydrogen used in the Haber process is made by the following reaction:
CH
4
(g) + H
2
O(g) CO(g) + 3H
2
(g) H
O
= +206 kJ
a) Initially, 0.0600 mole of CH
4
(g), 0.0800 mole of H
2
O(g), 0.280 mole of CO(g) and 0.740 mole of H
2
(g) are
placed in a 4.00 dm
3
container. At equilibrium, the concentration of H
2
(g) is 0.200 mol dm
3
. Calculate
the equilibrium constant, K
c
, for the reaction. (5 marks)
CH
4
(g) + H
2
O(g) CO(g) + 3H
2
(g)

Initial concentration
0.0600
4.00
mol dm
3

0.0800
4.00
mol dm
3

0.280
4.00
mol dm
3

0.740
4.00
mol dm
3
= 0.0150 mol dm
3
= 0.0200 mol dm
3
= 0.0700 mol dm
3
= 0.185 mol dm
3
As the concentration of H
2
(g) increased by 0.0150 mol dm
3
when equilibrium is reached, that of CO(g) would increase
by 5.00 x 10
3
mol dm
3
while that of both CH
4
(g) and H
2
O(g) would decrease by 5.00 x 10
3
mol dm
3
.
Species
CH
4
(g) H
2
O(g) CO(g) H
2
(g)
Initial concentration (mol dm
3
) 0.0150 0.0200 0.0700 0.185
Change in concentration (mol dm
3
) 0.00500 0.00500 +0.00500 +0.0150
(2)
Equilibrium concentration (mol dm
3
) 0.0100 0.0150 0.0750 0.200

K
c
=

[CO(g)][H
2
(g)]
3
[CH
4
(g)][H
2
O(g)]

=

(0.0750 mol dm
3
)(0.200 mol dm
3
)
3
(0.0100 mol dm
3
)(0.0150 mol dm
3
)
(1)
= 4.00 (1) mol
2
dm
6
(1)

b) In another experiment, some methane and steam are placed in a closed container and allowed to react
at a fixed temperature. The following graph shows the changes in concentrations of methane and carbon
monoxide as the reaction proceeds.
Time
0
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
(1)
CH
4
(g)
CO(g) CO(g) (1)
H
2
(g)
60
P
a
r
t

B
i) On the graph above, draw a line to show the change in concentration of hydrogen as the reaction
proceeds. Label this line. (1 mark)
ii) On the graph above, draw a line to show how the formation of carbon monoxide would differ over
time in the presence of a catalyst. Label this line. (1 mark)
c) A high temperature of over 1 000 C is used in the production of hydrogen by this reaction.
i) Explain why a high temperature is needed to produce a high yield of hydrogen. (2 marks)
When a high temperature is used, the system will respond by reducing the temperature. (1)
As the production of hydrogen is endothermic, the system will undergo a net forward reaction. (1)
Thus, the yield of hydrogen will increase.
ii) Give one disadvantage of using temperatures much higher than 1 000 C. (1 mark)
The cost of energy is high. / The amount of energy used is high. (1)
d) State and explain how the overall pressure must be changed to increase the yield of hydrogen.
(2 marks)
Decrease the pressure. (1)
A decrease in pressure will bring about a net reaction that increases the number of moles of gas. This helps to increase
the pressure. (1)
A net forward reaction will occur.
Thus, the yield of hydrogen will increase.
83 Dinitrogen tetroxide is a pale yellow gas. It exists in equilibrium with nitrogen dioxide, a dark brown gas.
N
2
O
4
(g) 2NO
2
(g)
pale yellow dark brown
a) 0.400 mole of N
2
O
4
(g) is heated in a closed reaction vessel of volume 16.0 dm
3
. A state of equilibrium
is established at a constant temperature. The equilibrium mixture is found to contain 0.180 mole of
N
2
O
4
(g).
i) What is the number of moles of NO
2
(g) in the equilibrium mixture? (2 marks)
Number of moles of N
2
O
4
(g) reacted = (0.400 0.180) mol
= 0.220 mol (1)
Number of moles of NO
2
(g) in the equilibrium mixture = 2 x 0.220 mol
= 0.440 mol (1)
61
P
a
r
t

B
ii) Calculate the equilibrium constant, K
c
, for the reaction. (3 marks)

K
c
=

[NO
2
(g)]
2
[N
2
O
4
(g)]
=
(
0.440
16.0
mol dm
3
)
2
0.180
16.0
mol dm
3
(1)

= 0.0672 (1) mol dm
3
(1)

b) The diagram below shows a gas syringe containing a pale brown mixture of N
2
O
4
(g) and NO
2
(g) at
equilibrium at 25 C.
rubber cap
plunger
a mixture of N
2
O
4
(g) and NO
2
(g)
A B
i) Keeping the volume constant, the temperature is then raised to 35 C. The brown colour becomes
more intense.
Is the forward reaction below exothermic or endothermic? Explain your answer.
N
2
O
4
(g) 2NO
2
(g) (3 marks)
The forward reaction is endothermic. (1)
When the temperature is increased, the brown colour becomes more intense because more NO
2
(g) is produced. (1)
It can be deduced that when the temperature is increased, the system will undergo a net forward reaction so as to
lower the temperature. (1)
Hence the forward reaction should be an endothermic reaction.
ii) Keeping the temperature at 35 C, the plunger of the syringe is then pushed in so as to halve the
volume at time t.
(1) State and explain your expected observations. (5 marks)
The brown colour of the mixture becomes more intense for a moment (1)
and then gets paler gradually. (1)
When the volume of the syringe is halved, the concentration of NO
2
(g) doubles. (1)
A decrease in volume will bring about a net reaction that decreases the number of moles of gas.
The position of equilibrium will shift to the left. (1)
62
P
a
r
t

B
The concentration of NO
2
(g) decreases, but not back to its concentration before time t. (1)
(2) Sketch on the given graph to show the expected variation in the concentration of NO
2
(g) in the
mixture until the attainment of a new state of equilibrium. (1 mark)
Time
(1)
U
[
N
O
2
(
g
)
]
84 The dissociation of NH
4
HS(s) can be represented by the following equation:
NH
4
HS(s) NH
3
(g) + H
2
S(g) H > 0
0.700 mole of NH
4
HS(s) is introduced into an evacuated vessel of 2.00 dm
3
kept at 310 K. When equilibrium
is attained, 1.00% of the NH
4
HS(s) is found to have dissociated.
a) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, K
c
, for the dissociation of NH
4
HS(s). (1 mark)
K
c
= [NH
3
(g)][H
2
S(g)] (1)
b) Calculate the equilibrium constant, K
c
, for the dissociation at 310 K. (3 marks)
Number of moles of NH
4
HS(s) dissociated = 0.700 mol x 1.00%
= 7.00 x 10
3
mol
According to the equation, 1 mole of NH
4
HS(s) dissociates to give 1 mole of NH
3
(g) and 1 mole of H
2
S(g),
7.00 x 10
3
mole of NH
4
HS(s) has dissociated.
number of mole of NH
3
(g) formed = number of moles of H
2
S(g) formed
= 7.00 x 10
3
mol (1)
K
c
= [NH
3
(g)][H
2
S(g)]

=

(
7.00 x 10
3
2.00
mol dm
3
)(
7.00 x 10
3
2.00
mol dm
3
)
= 1.23 x 10
5
(1) mol
2
dm
6
(1)

63
P
a
r
t

B
c) If more NH
4
HS(s) is added to the equilibrium system at 310 K, will the equilibrium concentration of NH
3
(g)
change? Explain your answer. (2 marks)
No effect. (1)
The equilibrium constant depends only on temperature. Adding NH
4
HS(s) will not affect the equilibrium concentration of
NH
3
(g). (1)
d) What will happen to the percentage dissociation of NH
4
HS(s) if the temperature of the above equilibrium
system is increased? Explain your answer. (3 marks)
When the temperature is increased, the system will respond by lowering the temperature. (1)
As the dissociation of NH
4
HS(s) is endothermic, the system will undergo a net forward reaction. (1)
Thus, the percentage dissociation of NH
4
HS(s) will increase. (1)
85 Part of the process by which coal can be converted into a combustible mixture of gases involves passing
steam over white hot coke.
H
2
O(g) + C(s) H
2
(g) + CO(g) H = +131 kJ
a) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, K
c
, for the reaction. State the units of K
c
. (2 marks)

K
c
=

[H
2
(g)][CO(g)]
[H
2
O(g)]

(1)
Units of K
c
: mol dm
3
(1)
b) At 1 000 K, the value of K
c
for the reaction is 3.00 x 10
2
.
In an experiment, 6.00 moles of steam and an excess of solid carbon are heated in a 5.00 dm
3
container.
Calculate the equilibrium concentration of H
2
O(g), H
2
(g) and CO(g). (5 marks)
Let x mol dm
3
be the decrease in the concentration of H
2
O(g) when equilibrium is reached.
H
2
O(g) + C(s) H
2
(g) + CO(g)

Initial concentration
6.00
5.00
mol dm
3
0 mol dm
3
0 mol dm
3
= 1.20 mol dm
3
Equilibrium concentration (1.20 x) mol dm
3
x mol dm
3
x mol dm
3

K
c
= 3.00 x 10
2
mol dm
3
=
(x mol dm
3
)
2
(1.20 x) mol dm
3
(1)
64
P
a
r
t

B
Rearranging the equation gives
3.00 x 10
2
(1.20 x) = x
2
x
2
+ 0.0300 x 0.0360 = 0
Solving the quadratic equation gives two solutions:
x = 0.175 or 2.05 (rejected) (2)
i.e. the decrease in the concentration of H
2
O(g) is 0.175 mol dm
3
.
The equilibrium concentrations are as follows:
[H
2
O(g)] = (1.20 0.175) mol dm
3
= 1.03 mol dm
3
(1)
[H
2
(g)] = [CO(g)]
= 0.175 mol dm
3
(1)
c) State and explain how the amount of steam in the equilibrium mixture would change if there is an
increase in
i) the pressure; (3 marks)
The amount of steam will increase. (1)
An increase in pressure will bring about a net reaction that decrease the number of moles of gas. This helps to
reduce the pressure. (1)
The position of equilibrium will shift to the left. (1)
ii) the temperature. (3 marks)
The amount of steam will decrease. (1)
When the temperature is increased, the system will respond by reducing the temperature. (1)
As the forward reaction is endothermic, the system will undergo a net forward reaction. (1)
65
P
a
r
t

B
86 A crucial reaction in the manufacture of sulphuric acid involves the oxidation of sulphur dioxide to sulphur
trioxide by oxygen in the air.
2SO
2
(g) + O
2
(g) 2SO
3
(g) H = 197 kJ
A catalyst is used in the process.
a) Name the catalyst used in the process. (1 mark)
Vanadium(V) oxide (1)
b) The high yield is only achieved under certain conditions. After each condition, explain why it leads to an
increased yield of sulphur trioxide.
i) There needs to be an excess of air in the reacting gas mixture. (2 marks)
An excess of air is needed to provide excess oxygen (1)
to drive the position of equilibrium to the right (1)
so that a high yield of sulphur trioxide can be obtained.
ii) The catalyst needs to be cooled. (3 marks)
When the temperature is decreased, the system will respond by raising the temperature. (1)
As the forward reaction is exothermic, the system will undergo a net forward reaction. (1)
Thus, a high yield of sulphur trioxide can be obtained.
Also the catalyst gets heated up and a high temperature may denature the catalyst. (1)
c) In an experiment, a mixture of 1.59 moles of sulphur dioxide and 0.855 mole of oxygen is introduced to
a 30.0 dm
3
container at 800 K. When equilibrium is reached, it is found that 94.3% of sulphur dioxide
is converted to sulphur trioxide.
Calculate the equilibrium constant, K
c
, at 800 K. (4 marks)
2SO
2
(g) + O
2
(g) 2SO
3
(g)
According to the equation, 2 moles of SO
2
(g) react with 1 mole of O
2
(g) to give 2 moles of SO
3
(g). As 94.3% of SO
2
(g)
is converted to SO
3
(g), the amount of SO
2
(g) would decrease by (1.59 x 0.943) mole and that of O
2
(g) would decrease
by
(
1.59 x 0.943
2
)
mole; the amount of SO
3
(g) would increase by (1.59 x 0.943) mole.
2SO
2
(g) + O
2
(g) 2SO
3
(g)

Equilibrium

concentration
(
1.59 1.59 x 0.943
30.0
)
mol dm
3
(
0.855

1.59 x 0.943
2
30.0
) mol dm
3

(
1.59 x 0.943
30.0
)
mol dm
3
= 3.02 x 10
3
mol dm
3
= 3.51 x 10
3
mol dm
3
= 0.0500 mol dm
3
(1)
66
P
a
r
t

B

K
c
=

(0.0500 mol dm
3
)
2
(3.02 x 10
3
mol dm
3
)
2
(3.51 x 10
3
mol dm
3
)
(1)
= 7.81 x 10
4
(1) dm
3
mol
1
(1)

87 Consider the following equations which show reversible reactions.
Reaction 1 4NH
3
(g) + 5O
2
(g) 4NO(g) + 6H
2
O(g) H
O
= 900 kJ
Reaction 2 CO(g) + 2H
2
(g) CH
3
OH(g) H
O
= 91 kJ
a) In industry these reactions are carried out in the presence of catalysts. A platinum catalyst is used in
Reaction 1 and copper catalyst is used in Reaction 2.
State and explain the effect on the yield of a reaction when a catalyst is used. (2 marks)
No effect. (1)
A catalyst increases the rates of both the forward reaction and the backward reaction to the same extent. (1)
b) State and explain which of the above reactions will give an increase in the yield of product(s) when the
pressure is increased at a constant temperature. (3 marks)
Reaction 2 (1)
An increase in pressure will bring about a net reaction that decreases the number of moles of gas. This helps to reduce
the pressure. (1)
The position of equilibrium will shift to the side of the equation with a fewer number of moles of gas, i.e. the product
side of Reaction 2. (1)
Thus, the yield of the product in Reaction 2 will increase.
67
P
a
r
t

B
c) State and explain the effect on the yield of NO(g) when the temperature is increased in Reaction 1 at a
constant pressure. (3 marks)
When the temperature is increased, the system will respond by reducing the temperature. (1)
As the backward reaction is endothermic, the system will undergo a net backward reaction. (1)
Thus, the yield of NO(g) will decrease. (1)
d) i) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, K
c
, for Reaction 2. State the units of K
c
. (2 marks)

K
c
=

[CH
3
OH(g)]
[CO(g)][H
2
(g)]
2

(1)
Units of K
c
: dm
6
mol
2
(1)
ii) The numerical value for the equilibrium constant, K
c
, of Reaction 2 is 14.5 at 500 K. At equilibrium
the concentrations of CO(g) and H
2
(g) are 0.120 and 0.0953 mol dm
3
respectively. Calculate the
equilibrium concentration of CH
3
OH(g). (2 marks)

K
c
= 14.5 dm
6
mol
2
=

[CH
3
OH(g)]
(0.120 mol dm
3
)(0.0953 mol dm
3
)
2

(1)
[CH
3
OH(g)] = 0.0158 mol dm
3
(1)
iii) What does the size of the equilibrium constant, K
c
, tell you about the position of equilibrium for
Reaction 2? (1 mark)
The position of equilibrium lies to the product side. (1)
88 In the Haber process, ammonia is synthesized by the exothermic reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen.
N
2
(g) + 3H
2
(g) 2NH
3
(g)
The table shows the percentage yield of ammonia, under different conditions of pressure and temperature,
when the reaction has reached equilibrium.
Temperature (K) 600 800 1 000
% yield of ammonia at 100 atm 50 10 2
% yield of ammonia at 200 atm 60 16 4
% yield of ammonia at 500 atm 75 25 7
a) i) Explain why, at a given temperature, the percentage yield of ammonia increases with an increase in
pressure. (2 marks)
An increase in pressure will bring about a net reaction that decreases the number of moles of gas. This helps to
reduce the pressure. (1)
A net forward reaction occurs. (1)
Thus, the percentage yield of ammonia increases.
68
P
a
r
t

B
ii) Give a reason why a high pressure of 500 atmospheres is NOT normally used in the Haber process.
(1 mark)
Too expensive to generate. / The cost of building and running the plant is too high. (1)
b) Many industrial ammonia plants operate at a compromise temperature of about 723 K.
i) State one advantage, other than cost, of using a temperature lower than 723 K. Explain your
answer. (3 marks)
The yield of ammonia increases. (1)
When the temperature is decreased, the system will respond by raising the temperature. (1)
As the forward reaction is exothermic, the system will undergo a net forward reaction. (1)
ii) State the major advanatge of using a temperature higher than 723 K. (1 mark)
The rate of production of ammonia is higher. (1)
iii) Hence explain why 723 K is referred to as a compromise temperature. (1 mark)
723 K is a balance between rate and yield. (1)
c) In a simulation of the process, a mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen is placed in a closed container. The
initial concentrations of nitrogen and hydrogen are 0.500 mol dm
3
and 1.50 mol dm
3
respectively. When
the equilibrium is attained at 723 K, 25.0% of the original nitrogen are consumed.
i) Calculate the respective concentrations of nitrogen, hydrogen and ammonia in the equilibrium
mixture. (3 marks)
N
2
(g) + 3H
2
(g) 2NH
3
(g)
According to the equation, 1 mole of N
2
(g) reacts with 3 moles of H
2
(g) to give 2 moles of NH
3
(g).
As 25.0% of N
2
(g) are consumed, therefore the concentration of N
2
(g) decreases by (0.500 x 0.250) mol dm
3
, that
of H
2
(g) decreases by (3 x 0.500 x 0.250) mol dm
3
and that of NH
3
(g) increases by (2 x 0.500 x 0.250) mol dm
3
.
Equilibrium concentration of N
2
(g) = (0.500 0.500 x 0.250) mol dm
3
= 0.375 mol dm
3
(1)
Equilibrium concentration of H
2
(g) = (1.50 3 x 0.500 x 0.250) mol dm
3
= 1.13 mol dm
3
(1)
Equilibrium concentration of NH
3
(g) = (2 x 0.500 x 0.250) mol dm
3
= 0.250 mol dm
3
(1)
69
P
a
r
t

B
ii) Calculate K
c
for the reaction at 723 K. (3 marks)

K
c
=

(0.250 mol dm
3
)
2
(0.375 mol dm
3
)(1.13 mol dm
3
)
3

(1)
= 0.116 (1) dm
6
mol
2
(1)

89 In the Contact process, sulphur dioxide is catalytically oxidized to sulphur trioxide according to the
equation:
2SO
2
(g) + O
2
(g) 2SO
3
(g) H < 0
The following table summarizes several possible conditions for the preparation of sulphur trioxide:
Case
Conditions
Reactants Pressure (atm) Temperature (C)
A SO
2
(g) + excess O
2
(g) 500 400
B excess SO
2
(g) + O
2
(g) 500 1 000
C excess SO
2
(g) + air 1 1 000
D SO
2
(g) + excess air 1 400
Which of the cases would represent
a) the theoretical conditions for obtaining the maximum yield of sulphur trioxide? Explain your answer.
(5 marks)
Case A (1)
An increase in pressure will bring about a net reaction that decreases the number of moles of gas. This helps to reduce
the pressure. (1)
A net forward reaction occurs. (1)
Thus, a high pressure will increase the yield of SO
3
(g).
When the temperature is decreased, the system will respond by raising the temperature. (1)
As the forward reaction is exothermic, the system will undergo a net forward reaction. (1)
Thus, a low temperature will increase the yield of SO
3
(g).
70
P
a
r
t

B
b) the most economical conditions for the industrial preparation of sulphur trioxide? Explain your answer.
(4 marks)
Case D (1)
Air is readily available and cheap. (1)
At lower pressure, the cost of building and running the plant is lower. (1)
At lower temperature, the cost of energy is lower / less fuel is required. (1)
90 Ethanol is manufactured by catalytic hydration of ethene:
CH
2
=CH
2
(g) + H
2
O(g) CH
3
CH
2
OH(g)
a) The reaction represented by the above equation can reach a position of dynamic equilibrium. State TWO
features of a system that is in dynamic equilibrium. (2 marks)
Rate of forward reaction = rate of backward reaction (1)
Concentration of the reactants and product remain constant. (1)
b) In a simulation study of the manufacturing process, 0.900 mole of ethene and 0.600 mole of steam are
mixed in a closed container of volume 1.20 dm
3
. When equilibrium is attained, 5.00% of the ethene are
converted into ethanol.
Calculate the equilibrium constant, K
c
, under the above conditions. (4 marks)
CH
2
=CH
2
(g) + H
2
O(g) CH
3
CH
2
OH(g)
According to the equation, 1 mole of CH
2
=CH
2
(g) reacts with 1 mole of H
2
O(g) to give 1 mole of CH
3
CH
2
OH(g).
As 5.00% of CH
2
=CH
2
(g) are converted to CH
3
CH
2
OH(g), the amounts of both CH
2
=CH
2
(g) and H
2
O(g) would decrease
by (0.900 x 0.0500) mole while that of CH
3
CH
2
OH(g) would increase by (0.900 x 0.0500) mole.
CH
2
=CH
2
(g) + H
2
O(g) CH
3
CH
2
OH(g)

Equilibrium

concentration
(
0.900 0.900 x 0.0500
1.20
)
mol dm
3

(
0.600 0.900 x 0.0500
1.20
)
mol dm
3

(
0.900 x 0.0500
1.20
)
mol dm
3
= 0.713 mol dm
3
= 0.463 mol dm
3
= 0.0375 mol dm
3
(1)

K
c
=

(0.0375 mol dm
3
)
(0.713 mol dm
3
)(0.463 mol dm
3
)

(1)
= 0.114 (1) dm
3
mol
1
(1)

71
P
a
r
t

B
c) The following table lists the percentage conversion of ethene using excess steam at various reaction
conditions used in industry.
Pressure (atm) Temperature (C) Percentage conversion (%)
50 200 45
50 320 30
80 200 60
80 320 45
i) State and explain the effect of increasing the pressure on the percentage conversion. (3 marks)
The percentage conversion increases with pressure. (1)
An increase in pressure will bring about a net reaction that decreases the number of moles of gas. This helps to
reduce the pressure. (1)
The position of equilibrium will shift to the side of the equation with a fewer number of moles of gas, i.e. shift to
the right. (1)
ii) Deduce the sign of the enthalpy change for the forward reaction. Explain your answer. (3 marks)
When the temperature is increased, the percentage conversion decreases. (1)
It can be deduced that when the temperature is increased, the system will undergo a net backward reaction so as
to lower the temperature. (1)
Hence the backward reaction should be an endothermic reaction / the forward reaction should be an exothermic
reaction.
The sign of the enthalpy change for the forward reaction should be negative. (1)
72
P
a
r
t

B
iii) The equation for the formation of ethanol shows that equal numbers of moles of ethene and steam
are required. In industry however excess steam is used.
Suggest why excess steam in used. (1 mark)
Using excess steam will shift the position of equilibrium to the right. (1)
91 Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.
Chlorine for disinfection
Chlorine is used in water treatment for disinfection.
When chlorine is added to pure water, hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) are formed.
Cl
2
(aq) + H
2
O(l) HOCl(aq) + H
+
(aq) + Cl

(aq)
The principal disinfecting action of aqueous chlorine is due to the hypochlorous acid formed.
Hypochlorous acid dissociated into hydrogen ions and hypochlorite ions.
HOCl(aq) H
+
(aq) + OCl

(aq)
The concentrations of hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ions in chlorinated water depend on the pH of the
water.
Instead of using chlorine gas, some plants apply sodium hypochlorite or calcium hypochlorite to water. Sodium
hypochlorite completely dissociates in water to form sodium ions and hypochlorite ions. In solution, the
hypochlorite ions hydrolyze to form the disinfectant hypochlorous acid according to the following equation:
OCl

(aq) + H
2
O(l) HOCl(aq) + OH

(aq)
a) State Le Chateliers principle. (2 marks)
Le Chateliers principle states that if the conditions of a system in equilibrium is changed, the position of equilibrium
will shift (1)
so as to reduce that change. (1)
73
P
a
r
t

B
b) Use Le Chateliers principle to explain how the pH of the chlorinated water will affect the concentrations
of hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ions in the water. (4 marks)
Decreasing the pH of the chlorinated water means increasing the concentration of hydrogen ions. (1)
The system will respond by reducing this change. (1)
The position of equilibrium will shift to the left. (1)
More hypochlorous acid will form. (1)
OR
Increasing the pH of the chlorinated water means decreasing the concentration of hydrogen ions. (1)
The system will respond by reducing this change. (1)
The position of equilibrium will shift to the right. (1)
More hypochlorite ions will form. (1)
c) Suppose the equilibrium constant for the following reaction is K
1
.
OCl

(aq) + H
2
O(l) HOCl(aq) + OH

(aq)
What is the equilibrium constant K
2
for the following reaction?
2HOCl(aq) + 2OH

(aq) 2OCl

(aq) + 2H
2
O(l) (2 marks)
K
1
=
[HOCl(aq)][OH

(aq)]
[OCl

(aq)][H
2
O(l)]
(1)
K
2
=
[OCl

(aq)]
2
[H
2
O(l)]
2
[HOCl(aq)]
2
[OH

(aq)]
2
=
1
K
1
2
(1)
d) The hypochlorous acid produced in a solution of sodium hypochlorite can react further to produce small
amount of chlorine according to the following equation:
HOCl(aq) + H
+
(aq) + Cl

(aq) Cl
2
(g) + H
2
O(l)
What will happen to the concentration of chlorine if a little sodium hydroxide solution is added to a
sodium hypochlorite solution? Explain your answer. (4 marks)
When sodium hydroxide solution is added, the hydroxide ions react with the hydrogen ions to form water. (1)
Thus, the concentration of hydrogen ions decreases. (1)
The system responds by reducing this change.
A net backward reaction occurs to produce more hydrogen ions. (1)
Thus, the concentration of chlorine will decrease. (1)
74
P
a
r
t

B
92 Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.
Carbon dioxide and formation of stalactites and stalagmites in limestone caves
In addition to being a component of the atmosphere, carbon dioxide also dissolves in the water of the oceans.
The dissolving process can be described by the following equations:
CO
2
(g) CO
2
(aq) ...... equation (1)
CO
2
(aq) + H
2
O(l) H
+
(aq) + HCO
3

(aq) ...... equation (2)


In nature, surface water often becomes acidic because atmospheric carbon dioxide dissolves in it. This acidic
solution can dissolve limestone:
CaCO
3
(s) + CO
2
(aq) + H
2
O(l) Ca
2+
(aq) + 2HCO
3

(aq) ...... equation (3)


Openings formed in the limestone as the calcium carbonate dissolves.
Slight cooling of the water saturated with carbon dioxide can reduce the solubility of carbon dioxide. The
position of equilibrium shifts, resulting in the precipitation of calcium carbonate. This precipitate, the stalactite,
is formed immediately when the seeping water comes into contact with air currents in a cave. Stalagmites
are formed on the floors of caves in the same way.
a) Suggest why the balance between CO
2
(g) in the atmosphere and CO
2
(aq) in the oceans CANNOT be
regarded as a true dynamic equilibrium. (1 mark)
The system is not closed. (1)
b) Based on equations (1) and (2), explain the likely effect of the increasing concentration of atmospheric
carbon dioxide on the pH of water at the ocean surface. (5 marks)
When the concentration of CO
2
(g) increases, the system responds by reducing the change. (1)
The position of equilibrium of the first system will shift to the right. (1)
The concentration of CO
2
(aq) will increase. (1)
When the concentration of CO
2
(aq) increases, the position of equilibrium of the second system will shift to the right.
The concentration of hydrogen ions will increase. (1)
Thus, the pH of the water at the ocean surface will decrease. (1)
75
P
a
r
t

B
c) Use Le Chateliers principle to explain why slight cooling of the water saturated with carbon dioxide will
result in the precipitation of calcium carbonate. (3 marks)
Slight cooling of the water saturated with carbon dioxide can reduce the solubility of carbon dioxide.
Some carbon dioxide bubbles out of the solution and the concentration of carbon dioxide decreases. (1)
The system responds by reducing the change. (1)
The position of equilibrium of the system represented by equation (3) shifts to the left, (1)
resulting in the precipitation of calcium carbonate.
76
P
a
r
t

B
93 Ethanoic acid and ethanol react to form ethyl ethanoate and water in the presence of concentrated sulphuric
acid.
CH
3
COOH(l) + CH
3
CH
2
OH(l) CH
3
COOCH
2
CH
3
(l) + H
2
O(l)
Describe briefly how you can carry out an experiment to determine the equilibrium constant, K
c
, for the
esterification reation. Suggest also how you can calculate K
c
from the experimental results obtained. (No
actual calculation is required.)
(For this question, you are required to give answers in paragraph form.) (9 marks)
Mix equal number of moles of ethanoic acid and ethanol in a pear-shaped flask.
Withdraw 1.00 cm
3
of this mixture and add to a conical flask containing 25 cm
3
of distilled water. (0.5)
Titrate the contents of the conical flask against standard sodium hydroxide solution. V
1
cm
3
of the alkali are required to
reach the end point. (0.5)
Add a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid to the acid-alcohol mixture in the pear-shaped flask. (0.5)
Titrate 1.00 cm
3
of the resulting mixture against standard sodium hydroxide solution. V
2
cm
3
of the alkali are required to
reach the end point. (0.5)
Heat the mixture in the pear-shaped flask under reflux for 2 hours. After cooling, withdraw 1.00 cm
3
of the mixture
and (0.5)
titrate against standard sodium hydroxide solution. V
f
cm
3
of the alkali are required to reach the end point. (0.5)
The concentration of CH
3
COOH(l) in the original mixture (X
i
) can be obtained from V
1
and the concentration of
NaOH(aq). (0.5)
The concentration of CH
3
COOH(l) in the mixture after reflux (X
f
) can be obtained from [V
f
(V
2
V
1
)] and the concentration
of NaOH(aq). (0.5)
Change in concentration of CH
3
COOH(l) = X
f
X
i
According to the equation, 1 mole of CH
3
COOH(l) reacts with 1 mole of CH
3
CH
2
OH(l) to give 1 mole of CH
3
COOCH
2
CH
3
(l)
and H
2
O(l).
The concentrations of substances in the mixture after reflux are as follows:
[CH
3
CH
2
OH(l)] = X
f
[CH
3
COOCH
2
CH
3
(l)] = [H
2
O(l)] = X
f
X
i
Equilibrium constant (K
c
) =
[CH
3
COOCH
2
CH
3
(l)][H
2
O(l)]
[CH
3
COOH(l)][CH
3
CH
2
OH(l)] (1)
=
(X
f
X
i
)
2
X
f
2

(1)
(3 marks for organization and presentation)
77
P
a
r
t

B
94 The hydrogen used in the Haber process is made by the following reaction:
CH
4
(g) + H
2
O(g) CO(g) + 3H
2
(g) H
O
= +206 kJ
Discuss how the yield of hydrogen in the process is affected by changing the pressure, changing the temperature
and using a catalyst.
(For this question, you are required to give answers in paragraph form.) (9 marks)
An increase in pressure will bring about a net reaction that decreases the number of moles of gas. This helps to reduce
the pressure. (1)
A net backward reaction will occur. Thus, the yield of hydrogen will decrease. (1)
OR
A decrease in pressure will bring about a net reaction that increases the number of moles of gas. This helps to increase
the pressure. (1)
A net forward reaction will occur. Thus, the yield of hydrogen will increase. (1)
When the temperature is increased, the system will respond by reducing the temperature. (1)
As the production of hydrogen is endothermic, the system will undergo a net forward reaction. Thus, the yield of
hydrogen will increase. (1)
OR
When the temperature is decreased, the system will respond by raising the temperature. (1)
As the production of hydrogen is endothermic, the system will undergo a net backward reaction. Thus, the yield of
hydrogen will decrease. (1)
The yield of hydrogen is not affected by a catalyst. (1)
A catalyst increases the rates of both the forward reaction and the backward reaction to the same extent. (1)
(3 marks for organization and presentation)

Anda mungkin juga menyukai