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'Ndrangheta - Wikipedia, the f ree ency clopedia

'Ndrangheta
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The 'Ndrangheta (Italian pronunciation: [n draeta])[p] is a criminal organization in Italy, centered in Calabria. Despite not being as famous abroad as the Sicilian Cosa Nostra, and having been considered more rural compared to the Neapolitan Camorra and the Apulian Sacra Corona Unita, the 'Ndrangheta managed to become the most powerful crime syndicate of Italy in the late 1990s and early 2000s (decade). While commonly lumped together with the Sicilian Mafia, the 'Ndrangheta operates independently from the Sicilians, though there is contact between the two due to the geographical proximity of Calabria and Sicily. A US diplomat estimated that the organization's drug trafficking, extortion and money laundering activities accounted for at least 3 percent of Italy's GDP.[1]

Contents
1 History 1.1 Origin and etymology 1.2 Modern history 2 Characteristics 3 Organizational structure 4 Power structure 5 Activities 5.1 Outside Italy 5.1.1 Argentina 5.1.2 Australia 5.1.3 Belgium 5.1.4 Canada 5.1.5 Colombia 5.1.6 Germany 5.1.7 Netherlands 5.1.8 Mexico 5.1.9 United States 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 External links

History
Origin and etymology
In 1861 the prefect of Reggio Calabria already noticed the presence of so-called camorristi, a term used at the time since there was no formal name for the phenomenon in Calabria (the Camorra was the older and better known criminal organization in Naples).[2][3] Since the 1880s, there is ample evidence of 'Ndrangheta-type groups in
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police reports and sentences by local courts. At the time they were often being referred to as the picciotteria, onorata societ (honoured society) or camorra and mafia.[4] These secret societies in the areas of Calabria rich in olives and vines were distinct from the often anarchic forms of banditry and were organized hierarchically with a code of conduct that included omert the code of silence according to a sentence from the court in Reggio Calabria in 1890. An 1897 sentence from the court in Palmi mentioned a written code of rules found in the village of Seminara based on honour, secrecy, violence, solidarity (often based on blood relationships) and mutual assistance.[5] In the folk culture surrounding 'Ndrangheta in Calabria, references to the Spanish Gardua often appear. Aside from these references, however, there is nothing to substantiate a link between the two organizations. The Map of the province of Reggio Calabrian word 'Ndrangheta derives from ancient Greek[6] Calabria andragatha for "heroism" and "virtue" or andragathos, a blend of andrs "man" and agaths "good", meaning a courageous man. In many areas of Calabria the verb 'ndranghitiari, from the Greek andragatizomai, means "to engage in a defiant and valiant attitude".[7] The first time the word 'Ndrangheta was mentioned before a wider audience was by the Calabrian writer Corrado Alvaro in the Corriere della Sera in September 1955.[8][9]

Modern history
Until 1975, the 'Ndrangheta restricted their Italian operations to Calabria, mainly involved in extortion and blackmailing. Then a gang war started, killing 300 people. The prevailing faction began to kidnap rich people from northern Italy for ransom. It is believed that John Paul Getty III was one of their victims. The Second 'Ndrangheta war raged from 1985 to 1991. The bloody six-year war between the Condello-Imerti-Serraino-Rosmini clans and the De Stefano-Tegano-Libri-Latella clans left more than 600 deaths.[10][11] In the 1990s, the organization started to invest in the illegal international drug trade, mainly importing cocaine from Colombia.[12] Deputy President of the regional parliament of Calabria Francesco Fortugno was killed by the 'Ndrangheta on 16 October 2005 in Locri. Demonstrations against the organization then ensued, with young protesters carrying banderoles reading "Ammazzateci tutti!"[13] The national government started a large-scale enforcement operation in Calabria and arrested numerous 'ndranghetisti including the murderers of Fortugno.[14] In March 2006, the national anti-Mafia prosecutor announced the discovery of a narco submarine in Colombia, allegedly being constructed on behalf of the 'Ndrangheta for smuggling cocaine. [15] The 'Ndrangheta has recently expanded its activities to Northern Italy, mainly to sell drugs and to invest in legal businesses which could be used for money laundering. The mayor of Buccinasco was threatened when he tried to halt these investments; in May 2007 twenty members of 'Ndrangheta were arrested in Milan.[14] On 30 August 2007, hundreds of police raided the town of San Luca, the focal point of the bitter San Luca feud between rival clans among the 'Ndrangheta. Over 30 men and women, linked to the killing of six Italian men in Germany, were arrested.[16]
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On October 9, 2012, following a months long investigation, the Italian government dissolved the city council of Reggio Calabria for infiltration by the 'Ndrangheta. The move came after some councillors were suspected of having ties to the powerful crime syndicate, under the 10-year centre-right rule of Giuseppe Scopelliti, mayor from 2002 to 2010.[17] His successor, the centre-right mayor Demetrio Arena and all 30 city councilors were sacked to prevent any "mafia contagion" in the local government. It is the first time that the entire government of a provincial capital has been dismissed over suspected links to organized crime. Three commissioners will run the city for 18 months until the next elections.[18][19]

Characteristics
Italian anti-organized crime agencies estimated in 2007 that the 'Ndrangheta has annual revenue of about 3540 billion (US$5060 billion), which amounts to approximately 3.5% of the GDP of Italy.[12][14] This comes mostly from illegal drug trafficking, but also from ostensibly legal businesses such as construction, restaurants and supermarkets.[20] The 'Ndrangheta has a strong grip on the economy and governance in Calabria. According to a US Embassy cable leaked by Wikileaks, Calabria would be a failed state if it were not part of Italy. The 'Ndrangheta controls huge segments of its territory and economy, and accounts for at least three percent of Italy's GDP through drug trafficking, extortion, skimming of public contracts, and usury. Law enforcement is hampered by a lack of both human and financial resources.[21][22] The principal difference with the Mafia is in recruitment methods. The 'Ndrangheta recruits members on the criterion of blood relationships resulting in an extraordinary cohesion within the family clan that presents a major obstacle to investigation. Sons of ndranghetisti are expected to follow in their fathers' footsteps, and go through a grooming process in their youth to become giovani donore (boys of honor) before they eventually enter the ranks as uomini donore (men of honor). There are relatively few Calabrian mafiosi who have opted out to become a pentito; at the end of 2002, there were 157 Calabrian witnesses in the state witness protection program.[23] Unlike the Sicilian Mafia in the early 1990s, they have meticulously avoided a head-on confrontation with the Italian state. Prosecution in Calabria is hindered by the fact that Italian judges and prosecutors who score highly in exams get to choose their posting; those who are forced to work in Calabria will usually request to be transferred right away.[12] With weak government presence and corrupt officials, few civilians are willing to speak out against the organization.

Organizational structure
Both the Sicilian Cosa Nostra and the 'Ndrangheta are loose confederations of about one hundred mafia groups, also called cosche or families, each of which claims sovereignty over a territory, usually a town or village, though without ever fully conquering and legitimizing its monopoly of violence.[24] There are approximately 100 of these families, totaling between 4,000 and 5,000 members in Reggio Calabria.[20][25][26] Other estimates mention 6,000-7,000 men, worldwide there might be some 10,000 members.[12] Most of the groups (86) operate in the Province of Reggio Calabria, although a portion of the recorded 70 criminal groups based in the Calabrian provinces Catanzaro and Cosenza also appears to be formally affiliated with the 'Ndrangheta.[27] The families are concentrated in poor villages in Calabria such as Plat, Locri, San Luca, Africo and Altomonte as well as the main city and provincial capital Reggio Calabria.[28] San Luca is considered to be the stronghold of the 'Ndrangheta. According to a former 'ndranghetista, "almost all the male inhabitants belong to the
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'Ndrangheta, and the Sanctuary of Polsi has long been the meeting place of the affiliates."[29] Bosses from outside Calabria, from as far as Canada and Australia, regularly attend the meetings at the Sanctuary of Polsi.[27] A 'Ndrangheta crime family is called a locale (place). A locale may have branches, called 'ndrina (plural: 'ndrine), in the districts of the same city, in neighbouring towns and villages, or even outside Calabria, in cities and towns in the industrial North of Italy in and around Turin and Milan. Sometimes sotto 'ndrine are established. These subunits enjoy a high degree of autonomy they have a leader and independent staff. In some contexts the 'ndrine have become more powerful than the locale on which they formally depend.[29] Other observers maintain that the 'ndrina is the basic organizational unit. Each 'ndrina is "autonomous on its territory and no formal authority stands above the " 'ndrina boss", according to the Antimafia Commission. The 'ndrina is usually in control of a small town or a neighborhood. If more than one 'ndrina operates in the same town, they form a locale.[27] Blood family and membership of the crime family overlap to a great extent within the 'Ndrangheta. By and large, the 'ndrine consist of men belonging to the same family lineage. Salvatore Boemi, Anti-mafia prosecutor in Reggio Calabria, told the Italian Antimafia Commission that "one becomes a member for the simple fact of being born in a mafia family," although other reasons might attract a young man to seek membership, and non-kin have also been admitted. Marriages help cement relations within each 'ndrina and to expand membership. As a result, a few blood families constitute each group, hence "a high number of people with the same last name often end up being prosecuted for membership of a given 'ndrina." Indeed, since there is no limit to the membership of a single unit, bosses try to maximize descendants.[27]

Formulas from the code of the Ndrangheta: The three handwritten pages describe the text for the speech held when a member is promoted to a higher ranking. The text reads awkwardly for a native speakerit is composed in an uncertain Italian with many grammatical and orthographic mistakes. [23]

'Ndrangheta Structure

At the bottom of the chain of command are the picciotti donore or soldiers, who are expected to perform tasks with blind obedience until they are promoted to the next level of cammorista, where they will be granted command over their own group of soldiers. The next level is known as santista and higher still is the vangelista, upon which the up-and-coming gangster has to swear their dedication to a life of crime on the Bible. The quintino is the second highest level of command in a 'Ndrangheta clan, being made up of five privileged members of the crime family who report directly to the boss, the capobastone (head of command).[30]

Power structure
For many years, the power apparatus of the single families were the sole ruling bodies within the two associations, and they have remained the real centers of power even after superordinate bodies were created in the Cosa Nostra beginning in the 1950s (the Sicilian Mafia Commission) and in the 'Ndrangheta a superordinate body was created only in 1991 as the result of negotiations to end years of inter family violence.[24] Unlike the Sicilian Mafia, the 'Ndrangheta managed to maintain a horizontal organizational structure up to the early 1990s, avoiding the establishment of a formal superordinate body. Information of several witnesses has undermined the myth of absolute autonomy of Calabrian crime families, however. At least since the end of the 19th century,
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the myth of absolute autonomy of Calabrian crime families, however. At least since the end of the 19th century, stable mechanisms for coordination and dispute settlement were created. Contacts and meetings among the bosses of the locali were frequent.[31] A new investigation, led in part by Dr Gilly McKenzie (specialist Mafia Advisor to Interpol and UN), which ended in July 2010 with an arrest of 305 'Ndrangheta members revealed that the 'ndrangheta was extremely "hierarchical, united and pyramidal," and not just clan-based as previously believed, as said by Italy's chief anti-mafia prosecutor Piero Grasso.[32] At least since the 1950s, the chiefs of the 'Ndrangheta locali have met regularly near the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Polsi in the municipality of San Luca during the September Feast. These annual meetings, known as the crimine, have traditionally served as a forum to discuss future strategies and settle disputes among the locali. The assembly exercises weak supervisory powers over the activities of all 'Ndrangheta groups. Strong emphasis was placed on the temporary character of the position of the crimine boss. A new representative was elected at each meeting.[31] Far from being the "boss of the bosses," the capo crimine actually has comparatively little authority to interfere in family feuds or to control the level of interfamily violence.[27] At these meetings, every boss "must give account of all the activities carried out during the year and of all the most important facts taking place in his territory such as kidnappings, homicides, etc."[31] The historical preeminence of the San Luca family is such that every new group or locale must obtain its authorization to operate and every group belonging to the 'Ndrangheta "still has to deposit a small percentage of illicit proceeds to the principale of San Luca in recognition of the latters primordial supremacy."[29] Security concerns have led to the creation in the 'Ndrangheta of a secret society within the secret society: La Santa. Membership in the Santa is only known to other members. Contrary to the code, it allowed bosses to establish close connections with state representatives, even to the extent that some were affiliated with the Santa. These connections were often established through the Freemasonry, which the santisti - breaking another rule of the traditional code - were allowed to join.[24][33] Since the end of the Second 'Ndrangheta war in 1991, the 'Ndrangheta is ruled by a collegial body or Commission, known as La Provincia. Its primary function is the settlement of inter-family disputes.[34]

Activities
According to Italian DIA (Direzione Investigativa Antimafia, Department of the Police of Italy against organized crime) and Guardia di Finanza (Italian Financial Police and Customs Police) the "'Ndrangheta is now one of the most powerful criminal organizations in the world."[35][36] Economic activities of 'Ndrangheta include international cocaine and weapons smuggling, with Italian investigators estimating that 80% of Europe's cocaine passes through the Calabrian port of Gioia Tauro and is controlled by the 'Ndrangheta.[12] However, according to a report of the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) and Europol, the Iberian Peninsula is considered the main entry point for cocaine into Europe and a gateway to the European market.[37] The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) estimated that in 2007 nearly ten times as much cocaine was intercepted in Spain (almost 38 MT) in comparison with Italy (almost 4 MT).[38] 'Ndrangeta groups and Sicilian Cosa Nostra groups sometimes act as joint ventures in cocaine trafficking enterprises.[39][40] Further activities include skimming money off large public work construction projects, money laundering and traditional crimes such as usury and extortion. 'Ndrangheta invests illegal profits in legal real estate
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and financial activities. The business volume of the 'Ndrangheta is estimated at almost 44 billion euro in 2007, approximately 2.9% of Italy's GDP, according to Eurispes (European Institute of Political, Economic and Social Studies) in Italy. Drug trafficking is the most profitable activity with 62% of the total turnover.[41] Total turnover of the 'Ndrangheta in 2007 Illicit activity Income Drug trafficking Commercial enterprise & public contracts Prostitution Extortion & usury Arms trafficking Total 27.240 billion 5.733 billion 2.867 billion 5.017 billion 2.938 billion 43.795 billion

Outside Italy
The 'Ndrangheta has had a remarkable ability to establish branches abroad, mainly through migration. The overlap of blood and mafia family seems to have helped the 'Ndrangheta expand beyond its traditional territory: "The familial bond has not only worked as a shield to protect secrets and enhance security, but also helped to maintain identity in the territory of origin and reproduce it in territories where the family has migrated". 'Ndrine are reported to be operating in northern Italy, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, France, Eastern Europe, the United States, Canada, and Australia.[27] One group of 'ndranghetistas discovered outside Italy was in Ontario, Canada, several decades ago. They were dubbed the Siderno Group by Canadian judges as most of its members hailed from Siderno.[42] Magistrates in Calabria sounded the alarm a few years ago about the international scale of the 'Ndrangheta's operations. It is now believed to have surpassed the traditional axis between the Sicilian and American Cosa Nostra, to become the major importer of cocaine to Europe.[43] Outside Italy 'Ndrangheta operates in several countries, such as: Argentina In November 2006, a cocaine trafficking network was dismantled that operated in Argentina, Spain and Italy. The Argentinian police said the Ndrangheta had roots in the country and shipped cocaine through Spain to Milan and Turin.[44] Australia Known by the name "The Honoured Society", the 'Ndrangheta controlled Italian-Australian organized crime all along the East Coast of Australia since the early 20th century. 'Ndrangheta operating in Australia include the Sergi, Barbaro and Papalia clans.[45] In the 1960s warfare among 'Ndrangheta clans broke out over the control of the Victoria Market in Melbourne, where an estimated $45 million worth of fruits and vegetables passed through each year. After the death of Domenico Italiano, known as Il Papa, different clans tried to gain control over the produce

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market. At the time it was unclear that most involved were affiliated with the 'Ndrangheta.[46][47] The 'Ndrangheta began in Australia in Queensland, where they continued their form of rural organized crime, especially in the fruit and vegetable industry. After the 19982006 Melbourne gangland killings which included the murder of 'Ndrangheta Godfather Frank Benvenuto.[48] In 2008, the 'Ndrangheta were tied to the importation of 15 million ecstasy pills to Melbourne, at the time the world's largest ecstasy haul. The pills were hidden in a container-load of tomato cans from Calabria. Australian 'Ndrangheta boss Pasquale Barbaro was arrested. Pasquale Barbaro's father Francesco Barbaro was a boss throughout the 1970s and early 1980s until his retirement.[49] Several of the Barbaro clan, including among others, Francesco, were suspected in orchestrating the murder of Australian journalist Donald Mackay in July 1977 for his anti-drugs campaign.[50] Italian authorities believe that former Western Australian mayor of the city of Stirling, Tony Vallelonga, is an associate of Giuseppe Commisso, boss of the Siderno clan of the Ndrangheta.[51] In 2009, Italian police overheard the two disscussing Ndrangheta activities.[51] Since migrating from Italy to Australia in 1963, Vallelonga has "established a long career in grass-roots politics".[52] Belgium 'Ndrangheta clans purchased almost "an entire neighbourhood" in Brussels with laundered money originating from drug trafficking. On 5 March 2004, 47 people were arrested, accused of drug trafficking and money laundering to purchase real estate in Brussels for some 28 million euros. The activities extended to the Netherlands where large quantities of heroin and cocaine had been purchased by the Pesce-Bellocco clan from Rosarno and the Strangio clan from San Luca.[53][54] Canada In Canada, the 'Ndrangheta is believed to be involved in the smuggling of unlicensed tobacco products through ties with criminal elements in cross-border Native American tribes.[55] According to Alberto Cisterna of the Italian National Anti-Mafia Directorate, the Ndrangheta has a heavy presence in Canada. "There is a massive number of their people in North America, especially in Toronto. And for two reasons. The first is linked to the banking system. Canada's banking system is very secretive; it does not allow investigation. So Canada is the ideal place to launder money. The second reason is to smuggle drugs." Like most organized crime, the 'Ndrangheta have found Canada a useful North American entry point given its porous ports and proximity to the United States.[56] A Canadian branch labelled the Siderno Group because its members primarily came from the Ionian coastal town of Siderno in Calabria is based in Canada at least since the 1950s. Siderno is also home to one of the 'Ndrangheta's biggest and most important clans, heavily involved in the global cocaine business and money laundering.[56] Antonio Commisso, the alleged leader of the Siderno group, is reported to lead efforts to import "...illicit arms, explosives and drugs..."[57] Elements of 'Ndrangheta have been reported to have been present in Hamilton, Canada as early as 1911.[58] Colombia 'Ndrangheta clans were closely associated with the AUC paramilitary groups led Salvatore Mancuso, a son of Italian immigrants; he surrendered to lvaro Uribe's government to avoid extradition to the U.S.[59] According to Giuseppe Lumia of the Italian Parliamentary Antimafia Commission, 'Ndrangheta clans are actively involved in the production of cocaine.[60]
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Germany According to a study by the German foreign intelligence service, the Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND), 'Ndrangheta groups are using Germany to invest cash from drugs and weapons smuggling. Profits are invested in hotels, restaurants and houses, especially along the Baltic coast and in the eastern German states of Thuringia and Saxony.[61][62] Investigators believe that the mafia's bases in Germany are used primarily for clandestine financial transactions. In 1999, the state Office of Criminal Investigation in Stuttgart investigated an Italian from San Luca who had allegedly laundered millions through a local bank, the Sparkasse Ulm. The man claimed that he managed a profitable car dealership, and authorities were unable to prove that the business was not the source of his money. The Bundeskriminalamt (BKA) concluded seven years ago that "the activities of this 'Ndrangheta clan represent a multi-regional criminal phenomenon."[63] In 2009, a confidential report by the BKA said some 229 'Ndrangheta families were living in Germany, and were involved in gun-running, money laundering, drug- dealing, and racketeering, as well as legal businesses. Some 900 people were involved in criminal activity, and were also legal owners of hundreds of restaurants, as well as being major players in the property market in the former East. The most represented 'Ndrangheta family originated from the city of San Luca, with some 200 members in Germany.[64][65] A war between the two 'Ndrangheta clans Pelle-Romeo (Pelle-Vottari) and Strangio-Nirta from San Luca that had started in 1991 and resulted in several deaths spilled into Germany in 2007; six men were shot to death in front of an Italian restaurant in Duisburg on 15 August 2007.[66][67][68] (See San Luca feud.) Netherlands Sebastiano Strangio allegedly lived for 10 years in the Netherlands, where he managed his contacts with Colombian cocaine cartels. He was arrested in Amsterdam on 27 October 2005.[69][70][71] The seaports of Rotterdam and Amsterdam are used to import cocaine. The Giorgi, Nirta and Strangio clans from San Luca have a base in the Netherlands and Brussels (Belgium).[72] In March 2012, the head of the Dutch National Crime Squad (Dienst Nationale Recherche, DNR) stated that the DNR will team up with the Tax and Customs Administration and the Fiscal Information and Investigation Service to combat the 'Ndrangheta.[73] Mexico Working in conjunction with a Mexican drug cartel mercenary army known as Los Zetas in the drug trade.[74] United States The earliest evidence of 'Ndrangheta activity in the U.S. points to an intimidation scheme run by the syndicate in Pennsylvania mining towns; this scheme was unearthed in 1906.[75] Current 'Ndrangheta activities in America mainly involve drug trafficking, arms smuggling, and money laundering. It is known that the 'Ndrangheta branches in North America have been associating with the Italian-American organized crime. The Suraci family from Reggio Calabria has moved some of its operations to the U.S. The family was founded by Giuseppe Suraci who has been in the United States since 1962. His younger cousin, D'Agostino, runs the family in Calabria.

In popular culture
Beginning in 2000, music producer Francesco Sbano released three CD compilations of Italian mafia folk songs over a five-year period.[76] Collectively known as La Musica della Mafia, these compilations consist mainly of
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songs written by 'Ndrangheta musicians, often sung in Calabrian and dealing with themes such as vengeance (Sangue chiama sangue), betrayal (I cunfirenti), justice within the 'Ndrangheta (Nun c perdono), and the ordeal of prison life (Canto di carcerato).[77]

See also
Sebastiano Pelle List of 'ndrine List of most wanted fugitives in Italy 'Ndranghetisti Radioactive waste dumping by the 'Ndrangheta

References
[p] - The word 'Ndrangheta is pronounced "en-drahng-eh-ta" as respelled, although the first syllable is silent in Calabrian unless immediately preceded by a vowel. [12]
1. ^ US saw mafia-ridden Italian region as 'failed state,' according to WikiLeaks cable (http://www.theguardian.pe.ca/News/Canada%20-%20World/Society/2011-01-13/article-2115398/US-saw-mafiariddenItalian-region-as-failed-state-according-to-WikiLeaks-cable/1) , The Canadian Press, January 13, 2011 2. ^ (Italian) Relazione annuale sulla 'Ndrangheta (http://www.camera.it/_dati/leg15/lavori/documentiparlamentari/indiceetesti/023/005/INTERO.pdf) , Italian Antimafia Commission, February 2008 3. ^ Behan, The Camorra , pp. 9-10 4. ^ Paoli, Mafia Brotherhoods, p. 36 5. ^ Gratteri & Nicaso, Fratelli di sangue, pp. 23-28 6. ^ Turone, Giuliano (2008). Il delitto di associazione mafiosa . Giuffr editore. p. 97. ISBN 978-88-14-13917-8. "Il vocabolo deriva infatti dal greco antico e significa valore, prodezza, carattere del galantuomo."[1] (http://books.google.it/books? id=OrS8in3ETtAC&pg=PA87&dq='ndranghet+deriva+greco+antico&hl=it&ei=CGNATs_lApDzsgaR05WFCQ&sa=X&oi= book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false) 7. ^ Gratteri & Nicaso, Fratelli di sangue, p. 21 8. ^ (Italian) La 'ndrangheta transnazionale: Dalla picciotteria alla santa - Analisi di un fenomeno criminale globalizzato (http://www.stopndrangheta.it/file/stopndrangheta_15.pdf) , Giovanni Tizian, March 2009 9. ^ Fabio Truzzolillo, "The 'Ndrangheta: the current state of historical research," Modern Italy (August 2011) 16#3 pp 363383. 10. ^ Godfather's arrest fuels fear of bloody conflict (http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/feb/24/internationalcrime.italy) , The Observer, 24 February 2008 11. ^ (Italian) Condello, leader pacato e spietato (http://www.repubblica.it/2008/02/sezioni/cronaca/arresto-condello/condellostoria/condello-storia.html) , La Repubblica, 19 February 2008 12. ^ a b c d e f "Move over, Cosa Nostra." (http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/jun/08/italy.johnhooper) The Guardian , 8 June 2006. 13. ^ (German) Im Schattenreich der Krake (http://www.sueddeutsche.de/ausland/artikel/572/69503/print.html) , Sddeutsche Zeitung , 3 February 2006. 14. ^ a b c "Mafiosi move north to take over the shops and cafs of Milan." (http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article1750008.ece) The Times, 5 May 2007. 15. ^ Web Editor (28 March 2006). "Mafia drugs submarine seized" (http://web.archive.org/web/20071013095517/http://italymag.co.uk/2006/news-from-italy/current-affairs/mafia-drugssubmarine-seized/) . News From Italy. Italy Magazine. Archived from the original (http://www.italymag.co.uk/2006/newsfrom-italy/current-affairs/mafia-drugs-submarine-seized/) on 13 October 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071013095517/http://italymag.co.uk/2006/news-from-italy/current-affairs/mafia-drugs9/13

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submarine-seized/. Retrieved 3 February 2009. 16. ^ Mafia suspects arrested in Italy (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6970067.stm) , BBC News, 30 August 2007. 17. ^ Sprechi e mafia (http://www.repubblica.it/politica/2012/09/23/news/sprechi_e_mafia_caos_pdl_in_calabria-43080292/) , caos Pdl in Calabria, September 23, 2012 18. ^ Italy sacks Reggio Calabria council over 'mafia ties' (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-19886631) , BBC News, October 9, 2012 19. ^ Il Viminale scioglie per mafia il comune di Reggio Calabria (http://www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2012/10/09/news/scioglimento-44197399/) , La Repubblica, October 9, 2012 20. ^ a b (French) "Six morts dans un rglement de comptes mafieux en Allemagne." (http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,10@2-3214,36-944807@51-944809,0.html) Le Monde. 15 August 2007. 21. ^ Can Calabria Be Saved? (http://wikileaks.ch/cable/2008/12/08NAPLES96.html) 22. ^ Italy's Brutal Export: The Mafia Goes Global (http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2057944,00.html) , Time Magazine, March 9, 2011 23. ^ a b "Crisis among the "Men of Honor." (http://www.mpg.de/english/illustrationsDocumentation/multimedia/mpResearch/2004/heft02/2_04MPR_58_63.pdf) interview with Letizia Paoli, Max Planck Research, February 2004 24. ^ a b c Review of: Paoli, Mafia Brotherhoods (http://www.organized-crime.de/revpao01mafiandrangheta.htm) 25. ^ Paoli, Mafia Brotherhoods, p. 32 26. ^ (Italian)Relazione annuale (http://www.parlamento.it/parlam/bicam/14/Antimafia/documenti/relazann2003II.pdf) , Commissione parlamentare dinchiesta sul fenomeno della criminalit organizzata mafiosa o similare, 30 July 2003 27. ^ a b c d e f Varese, Federico. "How Mafias Migrate: The Case of the 'Ndrangheta in Northern Italy." (http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3757/is_200606/ai_n17176956/print) Law & Society Review. June 2006. 28. ^ (Italian) "La pax della 'ndrangheta soffoca Reggio Calabria." (http://www.repubblica.it/2007/01/sezioni/politica/inchiestacitta/potere-reggioc/potere-reggioc.html) La Repubblica . 25 April 2007. 29. ^ a b c Paoli, Mafia Brotherhoods, p. 29 30. ^ "The 'Ndrangheta Looms Large." (http://americanmafia.com/Feature_Articles_286.html) AmericanMafia.com. 31. ^ a b c Paoli. Mafia Brotherhoods, p. 59 32. ^ 'Ndrangheta mafia structure revealed as Italian police nab 300 alleged mobsters (http://www.csmonitor.com/From-thenews-wires/2010/0713/Ndrangheta-mafia-structure-revealed-as-Italian-police-nab-300-alleged-mobsters) , The Associated Press, July 13, 2010 33. ^ Paoli, Mafia Brotherhoods, p. 116 34. ^ Paoli, Mafia Brotherhoods, pp. 61-62 35. ^ "Encounters with the Calabrian Mafia: Inside the World of the 'Ndrangheta - SPIEGEL ONLINE" (http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/encounters-with-the-calabrian-mafia-inside-the-world-of-the-ndrangheta-a806233.html) . Spiegel.de. http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/encounters-with-the-calabrian-mafia-inside-theworld-of-the-ndrangheta-a-806233.html. Retrieved 2012-08-13. 36. ^ "Italian mafia 'Ndrangheta, ndrangheta, calabria, John Paul Getty III, Gioia Tauro, columbian drug trafficking, cocaine smuggling italy, vendetta of San Luca, Strangio-Nirta,Pelle-Vottari-Romeo, Maria Strangio, Giovanni Strangio, Duisberg killings" (http://www.understandingitaly.com/profile-content/ndrangheta.html) . Understandingitaly.com. http://www.understandingitaly.com/profile-content/ndrangheta.html. Retrieved 2012-08-13. 37. ^ Cocaine: a European Union perspective in the global context (http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_101612_EN_TDAN09002ENC.pdf) , EMCDDA/ Europol, Lisbon, April 2010 38. ^ World Drug Report 2009 (http://www.unodc.org/documents/wdr/WDR_2009/WDR2009_eng_web.pdf) , UNODC, 2009 39. ^ The Rothschilds of the Mafia on Aruba (http://www.tni.org/detail_page.phtml?page=archives_tblick_aruba) , by Tom Blickman, Transnational Organized Crime, Vol. 3, No. 2, Summer 1997 40. ^ (Italian) Uno degli affari di Cosa Nostra e 'Ndrangheta insieme (http://www.aduc.it/articolo/italia+affari+cosa+nostra+ndrangheta+insieme_5701.php) , Notiziario Droghe, 30 May 2005 41. ^ (Italian) Il fatturato della Ndrangheta Holding: 2,9% del Pil nel 2007 (http://www.antimafiaduemila.com/component/option,com_docman/task,doc_download/gid,138/Itemid,51/) , 'Ndrangheta Holding Dossier 2008, Centro Documentazione Eurispes 42. ^ Lamberti, Rob (11 February 2005). "Clans here for 50 years" (http://www.canoe.ca/NewsStand/TorontoSun/News/2005/02/11/927898-sun.html) . Toronto Sun . http://www.canoe.ca/NewsStand/TorontoSun/News/2005/02/11/927898-sun.html. Retrieved 7 April 2007. 43. ^ Close family ties and bitter blood feuds (http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/aug/16/italy.germany1) , The Guardian, 16 August 2007
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44. ^ (S panish) Mafia calabresa: cae una red que traficaba droga desde Argentina (http://www.clarin.com/diario/2006/11/08/policiales/g-04615.htm) , Clarn, 8 November 2006. 45. ^ McKenna, Jo (15 March 2010). "Mafia deeply entrenched in Australia" (http://www.stuff.co.nz/world/australia/3449655/Mafia-deeply-entrenched-in-Australia) . Stuff.co.nz. http://www.stuff.co.nz/world/australia/3449655/Mafia-deeply-entrenched-in-Australia. Retrieved 13 September 2011. 46. ^ Omerta in the Antipodes (http://web.archive.org/web/20071230104249/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897088,00.html) , Time Magazine, January 31, 1964 47. ^ Lascesa della 'Ndrangheta in Australia (http://www.altreitalie.it/ImagePub.aspx?id=79603) , by Pierluigi Spagnolo, Altreitalie, JanuaryJune 2010 48. ^ "Melbourne gangland killings - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_gangland_killings) . En.wikipedia.org. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_gangland_killings. Retrieved 2012-08-13. 49. ^ AFP lands 'world's biggest drug haul' (http://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,24147089-2,00.html) , news.com.au, 8 August 2008 50. ^ Bob Bottom (1988). Shadow of Shame: How the mafia got away with the murder of Donald Mackay. Victoria, Australia: Sun Books. 51. ^ a b Sean Cowan (10 March 2011). "Vallelonga 'met senior mafia man'". The West Australian (http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/a/-/breaking/8982579/vallelonga-met-senior-mafia-men/) 52. ^ Nicole Cox et al. "Shocked former Stirling mayor Tony Vallelonga denies mafia connection". News.com.au (9 March 2011). (http://www.news.com.au/national/former-stirling-mayor-tony-vallelonga-wanted-in-italian-mafia-crackdown/storye6frfkvr-1226018725604) 53. ^ (Italian) "A Bruxelles un intero quartiere comprato dalla 'ndrangheta." (http://www.repubblica.it/2004/c/sezioni/cronaca/narcotra/narcotra/narcotra.html) La Repubblica . 5 March 2004. 54. ^ (French) La mafia calabraise recycle Bruxelles (http://www.lalibre.be/index.php?view=article&art_id=156758) , La Libre Belgique, 6 March 2004. 55. ^ Thompson, John C. (January 1994). "Sin-Tax Failure: The Market in Contraband Tobacco and Public Safety" (http://web.archive.org/web/20070415050016/http://www.mackenzieinstitute.com/1994/sin-tax-failure9.htm) . The Mackenzie Institute. Archived from the original (http://www.mackenzieinstitute.com/1994/sin-tax-failure9.htm) on 15 April 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070415050016/http://www.mackenzieinstitute.com/1994/sin-tax-failure9.htm. Retrieved 7 April 2007. 56. ^ a b Why Italy's scariest Mob loves Canada (http://www.nationalpost.com/opinion/Story.html?id=119616) , National Post, 24 November 2007 57. ^ "Organized Crime in Canada: A Quarterly Summary" (http://web.archive.org/web/20070330134720/http://www.yorku.ca/nathanson/CurrentEvents/2005_Q2.htm#Italian) . Nathanson Society. April to June 2005. Archived from the original (http://www.yorku.ca/nathanson/CurrentEvents/2005_Q2.htm#Italian) on 30 March 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070330134720/http://www.yorku.ca/nathanson/CurrentEvents/2005_Q2.htm#Italian. Retrieved 7 April 2007. 58. ^ Nicaso, Antonio (24 June 2001). "The twisted code of silence: Part 4 Murder, extortion and drug dealing exemplified organized crime in Toronto". Corriere Canadese. 59. ^ (S panish) Tiene Italia indicios sobre presencia de crteles mexicanos en Europa (http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/418741.html) , El Universal, 15 April 2007 60. ^ (S panish) La mafia calabresa produce su cocana en Colombia (http://noticias.eluniversal.com/2007/10/30/int_art_lamafia-calabresa-p_566264.shtml) , El Universal (Caracas), 30 October 2007. 61. ^ Italian Mafia Invests Millions in Germany (http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2237523,00.html) , Deutsche Welle, 13 November 2006 62. ^ (German) Mafia setzt sich in Deutschland fest (http://www.berlinonline.de/berlinerzeitung/archiv/.bin/dump.fcgi/2006/1111/politik/0049/index.html) , Berliner Zeitung, 11 November 2006 63. ^ A Mafia Wake-Up Call (http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,500785,00.html) , Der Spiegel, 20 August 2007 64. ^ Report: Germany losing battle against Calabrian mafia (http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/281181,report-germanylosing-battle-against-calabrian-mafia.html) , The Earth Times, 12 August 2009 65. ^ (German) Italienische Mafia wird in Deutschland heimisch (http://www.zeit.de/online/2009/33/vorab-mafia-deutschland) , Die Zeit, 12 August 2009 66. ^ A mafia family feud spills over (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6949274.stm) , BBC News Online, 16 August 2007 67. ^ How the tentacles of the Calabrian Mafia spread from Italy
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(http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article2265889.ece) , Times Online, 15 August 2007 68. ^ Six Italians Killed in Duisburg (http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,500016,00.html) , Spiegel Online, 15 August 2007 69. ^ (Italian) 'Ndrangheta, preso ad Amsterdam il boss Sebastiano Strangio (http://www.repubblica.it/2005/i/sezioni/cronaca/ndrangheta/strangio/strangio.html) , La Repubblica, 28 October 2005 70. ^ (Italian) 'Ndrangheta, estradato dall'Olanda il boss Sebastiano Strangio (http://www.repubblica.it/2006/c/sezioni/cronaca/strangiorientra/strangiorientra/strangiorientra.html) , La Repubblica , 27 March 2006 71. ^ (Dutch) Maffiakillers Duisburg zijn hier (http://www.telegraaf.nl/binnenland/69258311/Maffiakillers_zijn_hier.html?p=2,1) , De Telegraaf, 19 August 2007 72. ^ (Italian) Olanda, Paese-rifugio dei killer (http://www.articolo21.info/rassegne/generale18082007/Art00149.htm) , Il Sole 24 Ore, 18 August 2007 73. ^ (Dutch) Recherche onderzoekt 'Ndrangheta (http://nos.nl/artikel/349969-recherche-onderzoekt-ndrangheta.html) , NOS , March 10, 2012 74. ^ (S panish) Los Zetas toman el control por la Forza: Nicola Gratteri (http://alertaperiodistica.com.mx/los-zetas-toman-elcontrol-por-la-forza-nicola-gratteri.html) , Excelsior, October 12, 2008 75. ^ Who are the 'Ndrangheta (http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSL1577828120070815) , Reuters, 15 August 2007 76. ^ "Songs of the Criminal Life." (http://www.npr.org/programs/atc/features/2002/oct/mafiamusic/) NPR, 2 October 2002. Accessed 8 September 2009. Archived (http://www.webcitation.org/5jhE9dGvJ) 10 September 2009. 77. ^ Gerd Ribbeck. "www.malavita.com" (http://www.malavita.com) . Archived (http://www.webcitation.org/5jhEAJi0C) from the original on 10 September 2009. http://www.malavita.com. Retrieved 8 September 2009.

Behan, Tom (1996). The Camorra (http://books.google.nl/books?id=C_xCyNEQpQQC) , London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-09987-0 (Italian) Gratteri, Nicola & Antonio Nicaso (2006). Fratelli di sangue (http://books.google.com/books? id=TTUWeZBiBrUC) , Cosenza: Pellegrini Editore, ISBN 88-8101-373-8 Paoli, Letizia (2003). Mafia Brotherhoods: Organized Crime, Italian Style (http://books.google.nl/books? id=qX5NfHTWzS0C&dq) , New York: Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-515724-9 (Review (http://www.organized-crime.de/revpao01mafiandrangheta.htm) by Klaus Von Lampe) (Review (http://www.ccjaacjp.ca/en/cjcr/cjcr68.html) by Alexandra V. Orlova) Truzzolillo, Fabio. "The 'Ndrangheta: the current state of historical research," Modern Italy (August 2011) 16#3 pp 363383. Varese, Federico. "How Mafias Migrate: The Case of the 'Ndrangheta in Northern Italy." (http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3757/is_200606/ai_n17176956/print) Law & Society Review, June 2006.

External links
(Italian) Il fatturato della Ndrangheta Holding: 2,9% del Pil nel 2007

(http://www.antimafiaduemila.com/component/option,com_docman/task,doc_download/gid,138/Itemid,51/) , 'Ndrangheta Holding Dossier 2008, Centro Documentazione Eurispes (Italian) DIA (http://www.interno.it/dip_ps/dia/pagine/semestrali.htm) , with bi-annual reports on organized crime in Italy (Italian) Italian Guardia di Finanza Website (http://www.gdf.it/) Italian organized crime groups (http://www.alternatives.com/crime/italmaf.html) (Abstracted from: The Global Mafia, The New World Order of Organized Crime) (Italian) Ammazzateci tutti (http://www.ammazzatecitutti.org/) , anti-'Ndrangheta organization (Italian) Relazione annuale sulla 'ndrangheta (http://www.camera.it/_dati/leg15/lavori/documentiparlamentari/indiceetesti/023/005/INTERO.pdf) , Commissione parlamentare di inchiesta sul fenomeno della criminalit organizzata mafiosa o similare (Relatore: Francesco Forgione), February 2008
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Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%27Ndrangheta&oldid=517594994" Categories: Calabrian society History of the 'Ndrangheta Organized crime groups in Italy Secret societies related to organized crime Transnational organized crime This page was last modified on 13 October 2012 at 16:42. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

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