Pr4PresentationSC E

1
1
DIgSILENT
Short-Circuit Calculation
Basics, Methodologies and Models
IEC 60909
2
Content
1 Basic Terminology
2 Superposition Method
3 Voltage Source Method
4 Short-Circuit currents of the different time zones
5 Example: Star-Point treatment in the distribution network
2
3
Fundamentals
Short-Circuit Calculation
Operational Conditions
Online-S/C calculation
Planning Conditions
Simplified Methods
(IEC, ANSI, ...)
Reduced Set of Data
Complete Method,
Comprehensive set of data
Method 1:
Equivalent Voltage Source
at the fault location
Method 2.1:
Superposition
Method
Method 2.2:
Solution of Diff.
Equation
Initial S/C current
I
SC
(Ikss)
i
p
I
b
I
th
m, n
I"
k
, U
k
i
i
k
(t)
4
Application in Network Planning
- S/C Capacity of existing substations
- Design and Parametrization of Protection Relays
- Dimensioning of Earthing grids
- Thermal S/C capacity of cables
- Check for sufficient S/C power at load connection
- Induction problems during unsymmetric faults
Application in Network Operation
- Staying within S/C limits during network switching
- Localizing network faults based on the fault impedance
- Clarification of protection mis-operation
Fundamentals
3
5
Upper Amplitude
DC-Component i
DC
Time
Current
Lower Amplitude
Time-Plot of S/C current (far from generator)
Fundamentals
6
Time-Plot of S/C current (close to generator)
Current
Upper Amplitude
Lower Amplitude
DC-Component i
DC
Fundamentals
4
7
S/C close to Generator
Model of the Synchronous Machine
x
d
-x'
d
S
x'
d
-x"
d
x"
d
E' E" E
t
Fundamentals
8
Important magnitudes in S/C calculation
i
p
Peak Current
i
dc
DC Offset of the S/C current
I
k
" AC Component of the initial (sub-transient) S/C/C
I
k
AC Component of Transient S/C Current
I
k
AC Component of Steady-State S/C current
Also of Importance:
S
k
" Initial S/C Apparent Power
k n k
" I U 3 " S =
Fundamentals
5
9
Symmetric Components - Principle
Im
Re
1 = a
3
a
2
a
120
120
120
Uniform Pointer in the
complex plane
I
1R
t
I
1S
I
1T
I
1R
t
I
1T
I
1S
I
1R
t
I
1T
I
1S
Pos. Sequence
System 1
Neg. Sequence
System 2
Zero Sequence
System 0
2
3
j
2
1
a + =
2
3
j
2
1
a
2
=
0 a a 1
2
= + +
Fundamentals
10
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
2
1
0
2
2
T
S
R
I
I
I
a a 1
a a 1
1 1 1
I
I
I
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
T
S
R
2
2
2
1
0
I
I
I
a a 1
a a 1
1 1 1
3
1
I
I
I
Symmetric Components - Transformation
2 1 0 R
I I I I + + =
2 1
2
0 S
I a I a I I + + =
2
2
1 0 T
I a I a I I + + =
012 RST
RST 012
( )
T S R 0
I I I
3
1
I + + =
( )
T
2
S R 1
I a I a I
3
1
I + + =
( )
T S
2
R 2
I a I a I
3
1
I + + =
Fundamentals
6
11
Symmetric Components - Impedance Measuring
Positive Sequence
System 1
Negative Sequence
System 2
Zero Sequence
System 0
Fundamentals
12
Classification of Short-Circuits
3-phase S/C
1
2
0
L1
L2
L3
Z
A1
Z
A2
Z
A0
Z
B1
Z
B2
Z
B0
~
3
n
U
c
1
I
Fundamentals
7
13
2-phase S/C
(no Earth Contact)
Fundamentals
1
2
0
L1
L2
L3
Z
A1
Z
A2
Z
A0
Z
B1
Z
B2
Z
B0
~
3
U
c
n
1
I
2
I
14
2-phase S/C
(incl. Earth Contact)
Fundamentals
1
2
0
L1
L2
L3
Z
A1
Z
A2
Z
A0
Z
B1
Z
B2
Z
B0
~
3
n
U
c
1
I
2
I
0
I
8
15
Phase-to-Earth S/C
1
2
0
L1
L2
L3
Z
A1
Z
A2
Z
A0
Z
B1
Z
B2
Z
B0
~
3
n
U
c
1
I
0
I
2
I
Fundamentals
16
2 Element Models in Symmetr. Components
Model of an External Network
~
U
1
1
2
0
R
N1
X
N1
R
N2
X
N2
R
N0
X
N0
Parameters and Calculation
k
n
1 N
" I 3
U c
Z
=
Further Parameters:
1 N 2 N
Z Z =
R
N1
, X
N1
acc. to ratio
1 N
1 N
X
R
R
N0
, X
N0
acc. to ratio
1 N
0 N
Z
Z
and
0 N
0 N
X
R
9
17
Model of Overhead Lines / Cables
1
2
0
R
L1
X
L1
R
L2
X
L2
R
L0
X
L0
C
L0
/2 C
L0
/2
R
L1
, X
L1
according to conductors/geometry and
manufacturer's data respectively
1 L 2 L
Z Z =
R
L0
, X
L0
according to conductors/geometry and under
consideration of parallel paths through earth and
neighbouring conducting materials
Temperature coefficient of the resistance for
minimum S/C value:
( ) | |
20 , L e L
R C 20 1 R + =
18
Model of 2-Winding Transformer
Parameters and Calculation:
rT
2
HV , rT
kr 1 HV , T
S
U
u Z =
rT
2
HV , rT
Rr 1 HV , T
S
U
u R =
1 HV , T 2 HV , T
Z Z =
1
2
0
R
T,HV1
X
T,HV1
R
T,HV2
X
T,HV2
3Z
E1
3Z
E2
Z
T0
10
19
Model of 3-Winding-Transformer (1)
12 rT
2
HV , rT
12 kr 1 , 12
S
U
u Z =
12 rT
2
HV , rT
12 Rr 1 , 12
S
U
u R =
23 rT
2
HV , rT
23 kr 1 , 23
S
U
u Z =

23 rT
2
HV , rT
23 Rr 1 , 23
S
U
u R =
31 rT
2
HV , rT
31 kr 1 , 31
S
U
u Z =
31 rT
2
HV , rT
31 Rr 1 , 31
S
U
u R =

1
0
R
T,HV11
X
T,HV11
3Z
E1
3Z
E3
Z
T0
R
T,HV31
X
T,HV21
R
T,HV21
X
T,HV31
2
3Z
E2
R
T,HV12
X
T,HV11
R
T,HV32
X
T,HV22
R
T,HV22
X
T,HV32
20
Model of 3-Winding-Transformer (2)
( )
1 , 31 1 , 23 1 , 12 11 HV , T
Z Z Z
2
1
Z

+ =
( )
1 , 31 1 , 23 1 , 12 21 HV , T
Z Z Z
2
1
Z

+ =
( )
1 , 31 1 , 23 1 , 12 31 HV , T
Z Z Z
2
1
Z

+ + =
1 , HVi , T 2 , HVi , T
Z Z =
1
0
R
T,HV11
X
T,HV11
3Z
E1
3Z
E3
Z
T0
R
T,HV31
X
T,HV21
R
T,HV21
X
T,HV31
2
3Z
E2
R
T,HV12
X
T,HV11
R
T,HV32
X
T,HV22
R
T,HV22
X
T,HV32
11
21
Model of Series Reactor
1
2
0
R
R1
X
R1
R
R2
X
R2
R
R0
X
R0
rR
2
n
kr 1 R
I 3
U
u Z
=
rT
2
rT
Rr 1 R
S
U
u R =
In case of symmetry:
1 R 0 R 2 R
Z Z Z = =
22
Model of the Synchr. Machine (R
G
acc. to IEC)
R
S
/X"
d
U
rG
S
rG
0.15 1kV any
0.07 > 1kV < 100 MVA
0.05 > 1kV 100 MVA
d S S
" jX R Z + =
Further Parameters:
2 S 2 S 2 S
jX R " jX R Z + = + =
Normally applicable: X
2
= X"
d
If x"
d
different from x
q
", it may be set:
( )
q d 2 2
" X " X
2
1
X " X + = =
~
U"
1
1
2
0
R
S1
X"
S1
R
S2
X"
S2
R
S0
X"
S0
Z
E
3Z
E
S
12
23
Model of the Asynchronous Machine
rM
2
rM
rM
LR
AK
S
U
I
I
1
Z
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
R
M
/X
M
U
rM
P
rM
per Pole
Pair
0.1 > 1kV 1 MW
0.15 > 1kV < 1 MW
0.42 1kV, incl.
cables
any
ASM
~
U"
1 1
2
0
R
A1
X"
A1
R
A2
X"
A2
R
A0
X"
A0
24
Model of Load/Shunt Compensation
1
2
0
R
Load1
X
Load1
not
for
IEC60909
C
Load1
R
Load2
X
Load2
C
Load2
R
Load0
X
Load0
C
Load0
0
13
25
Model of Converter Drives
Calculation in general like in case of an
Asynchronous Machine:
rM
2
rM
rM
LR
K , Conv
S
U
I
I
1
Z
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
where
I
LR
/I
rM
= 3
R
M
/X
M
= 0.10
~
U
1
1
2
0
R
Conv1
X
Conv1
3Z
E
3
R
Conv2
X
Conv2
R
Conv0
X
Conv0
26
3 Superposition Method
~
~
~
U
S1
U
S2
U
S3
U
Op,0
~ U
Op,0
+
=
U
Op,0
~
~
~
U
S1
U
S2
U
S3
U
SC
= 0
I
Op
I
Op
I
Op
I
SC
I
SC
I
SC
I
SC
+ I
Op
I
SC
+ I
Op
I
SC
+ I
Op
a)
b)
c)
Initial State before S/C
Superposition as result
Backward-Infeed at fault
location
Superposition Method
14
27
4 Voltage Source Method according to IEC 60909
Initial State before S/C:
No-Load Case
Superposition as result
approximation
Backward-Infeed at fault
location (incl. Security
Factor)
Explanation of Method
~
~
~ U
S3
=U
n3
U
Op,0
=U
n
~
+
U
n
~
~
~
U
n1
U
n2
U
n3
U
SC
= 0
I
Op
=0
I
SC
I
SC
I
SC
I
SC
I
SC
I
SC
a)
b)
c)
U
S2
=U
n2
U
S1
=U
n1
I
Op
=0
I
Op
=0
c U
n
28
IEC 60909: Principle of Correction Factors
~
U"
k
Z
k
I"
k
~
c U
n K Z
k
I"
k,IEC
15
29
IEC 60909: Voltage Correction Factors
Nominal Voltage Calc. max. S/C Current
c
max
Calc. min S/C Current
c
min
Low Voltage
U
n
1 kV
1.05 (bei U
max
1.06 U
n
)
1.10 (bei U
max
1.10 U
n
)
0.95
Medium Voltage
1 kV < U
n
35 kV
1.10 1.00
High Voltage
35 kV < U
n
1.10
If U
n
not defined:
c
max
U
n
U
m
1.00
If U
n
not defined:
c
min
U
n
0.9U
m
In general must be considered: c
max
U
n
U
m
30
IEC 60909: Transformer Impedance Correction
krT
max
T
x 6 . 0 1
c
95 . 0 K
+
=
resp.
max , Tb
rT
max , Tb
rT
max
max , b
n
T
sin
I
I
x 1
c
U
U
K
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
3-Winding Transformers:
12 kr
max
12 T
x 6 . 0 1
c
95 . 0 K
+
=
23 kr
max
23 T
x 6 . 0 1
c
95 . 0 K
+
=
31 kr
max
31 T
x 6 . 0 1
c
95 . 0 K
+
=
16
31
IEC 60909: Synch. Machine Impedance Correction
Impedance Correction
(Z
1
, Z
2
, Z
0
, with exception of Z
e
)
rG d
max
rG
n
G
sin " x 1
c
U
U
K
+
=
R
S
/X"
d
U
rG
S
rG
0.15 1kV any
0.07 > 1kV < 100 MVA
0.05 > 1kV 100 MVA
32
IEC 60909: Modeling Asynchronous Machines
- No Correction Factor
- IEC 60909 formulating Conditions under which ASM should
not be neglected (not relevant for Software implementations)
- Estimation of R
M
R
M
/X
M
U
rM
P
rM
per Pole
Pair
0.1 > 1kV 1 MW
0.15 > 1kV < 1 MW
0.42 1kV, incl.
cables
any
17
33
IEC 60909: Power Station Correction Factors
Power Stations with on-load tap changer at unit transformer
rG T d
max
2
r
2
rG
2
Netw , n
PS
sin x " x 1
c
t
1
U
U
K
+
=
Power Stations with no-load tap changer at unit transformer
( )
( )
rG d
max
T
r G rG
Netw , n
PS
sin " x 1
c
p 1
t
1
p 1 U
U
K
+
+
+
=
IEC60909 formulates modification rules for these factors
34
Comparison between IEC 909:1988 and IEC 60909:2001 (1)
IEC 909:1988 EC60909:2001
Netw.-Transf. No Impedance Correction Factor
Special considerations in the following
cases:
- A single-fed S/C current has same
direction as operational current
- Tap Changer with voltage range >5%
- S/C voltage Uk,min significantly smaller
than rated S/C voltage Ukr
- Voltage during operation significantly
higher than Un (U>1.05 Un)
Special Correction Factor
SynM Impedance correction based on UrG Impedance correction based on (1.0 + pG)
UrG (instead of UrG), when operational
voltage permanently different from UrG
Unit with on-load tap
changer
Optional Choice between
- Single correction of transformer and
Synchronous Machine
- Unit Correction
Only Unit Correction admissible
Unit with no-load tap
changer
No Correction Specific Correction Factor
18
35
Comparison between IEC 909:1988 and IEC 60909:2001 (2)
IEC 909:1988 EC60909:2001
Lines max = 80 C max according to max. possible conductor
temperature
cmax in case of
LV networks
c
max
= 1.00 c
max
= 1.05 (if U
b
< 1.06 U
n
)
else c
max
= 1.10
S/C
contribution of
ASM
- Consideration when calculation of 3P and
2P(E)
- In case of low-impedance grounding also
consideration for 1PE (no guideline for
calculation)
- Concrete calculation guideline for all fault
types
- Concrete rules for consideration of ASM
(saving effort in case of manual
calculation)
Additional
calculation
procedures
- Calculation guideline for 1-phase
conductor interruption in MV network (fuse
reaction) and a fault in the LV network
- Calculation guideline for the thermal S/C
current taken over from EC 865-1
36
Types of S/C current feeding
Single-fed One-sided
Single-fed Multiple-sided
Meshed feeding
19
37
Maximum Initial AC S/C Current I
k,max
k
2
n max
max , k
Z
1
3
U c
" I
=
Minimum Initial AC S/C Current I
k,min
k
2
n min
min , k
Z
1
3
U c
" I
=
To be considered:
- Factor c
min
instead of c
max
.
- For OHL & Cables application of Resistance values not for 20C
but for the max. possible conductor temperature.
- Network topology and Generator activity should be set for
minimum S/C current expectation.
38
Peak Current i
p
(1)
k p
" I 2 i =
Single-fed networks
k
k
X
R
3
k
k
e 98 . 0 02 . 1
X
R

+ =
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
used for all fault types (3p,2pE,2p,1p)
20
39
Peak Current i
p
(2)
Calculation of in case of meshed feeding
Method A: Uniform Ratio R/X
R/X according to the minimal ratio of all branches contributing to the S/C
current (series connections count as one branch only)
i: Branches contributing to the S/C current
Pros/Cons:
+ Easy in Application
- R/X mostly too pessimistic (too small)
)
`
= |
.
|
\
|
i
i
min
X
R
Min
X
R
40
Peak S/C current i
p
(3)
Method B: Ratio R/X at fault location
Modifications
a) In case of a ratio R/X < 0.3 in all branches the factor 1.15 need not
be applied
b) In LV networks is to be applied (1.15
b
)
max
= 1.8
c) In MVnetworks is to be applied (1.15
b
)
max
= 2.0
Pros/Cons:
+ more exact than procedure b
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
k
k
b
X
R
k b p
" I 2 15 . 1 i =
21
41
Peak Current i
p
(4)
Method C: Method of Equivalent Frequency
- All network impedances calculated for Frequency f
e

- S/C impedance Z
k,e
calculated at Frequency f
e
- Factor Kappa based on R/X ratio of Z
k,e

Pros/Cons:
+ most exact
- high calculation effort for manual evaluation
i
*
i
R R =
e
n
i
*
i
f
f
X X =
f
n
f
e
50 Hz 20 Hz
60 Hz 24 Hz
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
e
e
f , k
f , k
c
X
R
42
DC Component i
DC
t
X
R
f 2
k DC
e " I 2 i

=
R/X calculated based on
- Method A (Uniform Ratio R/X)
- Method C (Equivalent Frequency Method) with value of f
e
depending on
time interval
ft <1 <2.5 <5 <12.5
f
e
/ f
n
0.27 0.15 0.092 0.055
22
43
Breaker Current i
b
(not considered here, see IEC-60909)
Steady-State S/C current I
k
(not discussed here, see IEC-60909)
Thermal S/C current I
th
( )
k
2
th k
2
k
T
0
2
T I T n m " I dt i
k
= + =
k
Tk
0
2
th
T
dt i
I

=
m Thermal contribution of the DC component
n Thermal contribution of the AC component
44
5 Star-Point Treatment in Distribution Networks
Example
Application
~
U
1 1
2
0
Z
N1
Z
T1
Z
L1
Z
N2
Z
T2
Z
L2
Z
N0
Z
T0
Z
L0
Z
E
3 Z
E
1PE
C
L
/2 C
L
/2
23
45
Low-Impedance Grounding
~
U
1 1
2
0
Z
N1
Z
T1
Z
L1
Z
N2
Z
T2
Z
L2
Z
N0
Z
T0
Z
L0
3 Z
E
C
L
/2 C
L
/2
~
U
1 1
2
0
Z
N1
Z
T1
Z
L1
Z
N2
Z
T2
Z
L2
Z
N0
Z
T0
Z
L0
3 Z
E
C
L
/2 C
L
/2
Isolated Star-Point
46
Star-Point Compensation
~
U
1 1
2
0
Z
N1
Z
T1
Z
L1
Z
N2
Z
T2
Z
L2
Z
N0
Z
T0
Z
L0
3 X
E
C
L
/2 C
L
/2
1 C L 3
L E
2
0
=

Pr4PresentationSC E

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Deskripsi Asli:

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Pr4PresentationSC E

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

1

2 Element Models in Symmetr. Components

Anda mungkin juga menyukai