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CHIJ SECONDARY (TOA PAYOH) PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 2008 SECONDARY FOUR (SPECIAL/EXPRESS) COMBINED HUMANITIES Paper 2 Geography Elective 2192/ 02 1 hour 30 minutes 25 AUGUST 2008 Additional materials: Answer paper

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your class, register number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use a soft pencil for any rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Section A Answer one question. Section B Answer one question. Write all answers on the separate answer paper provided. Candidates are encouraged to support their answers with the use of relevant examples. Sketch maps and diagrams should be drawn whenever they serve to illustrate an answer. The Insert contains Fig. 4B for Question 4. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

This document consists of 9 printed pages.

[Turn over]
Section A Answer one question from this section. 1 (a) Study the 1:25 000 Map Extract provided which is part of the island of Dominica in the Lesser Antilles (Carribbean). (i) Using evidence from the map ONLY, describe the physical features of the coastline in the part of the map indicated in Fig. 1 below. [5]

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68 85

not to scale

81 66
Fig. 1 (ii) With the use of clearly labelled diagrams ONLY, explain the formation of the coastal landforms found in the part of the map indicated in Fig.2 below. [6]

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74 85

not to scale

82 72
Fig. 2

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(b) Study Photographs A and B which show two different river landforms.

Photograph A

Photograph B

Explain the differences in the formation of the landforms shown in Photograph A and Photograph B. [6] (c) With reference to named example(s), assess the success of the use of dams as a strategy to reduce the effect of river floods. [8] [Total: 25]

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2 (a) Using Figs. 2A and 2B, describe the ways tropical rainforests differ from tropical monsoon forests in their adaptation to rainfall and temperature. [7] Temperature (C) and rainfall (mm) for a typical tropical rainforest location Fig. 2A

Temperature (C) and rainfall (mm) for a typical tropical monsoon forest location Fig. 2B

(b) Study Photograph C, which shows a part of the tropical rain forest that has been cleared for human activities. With the help of Photograph C: (i) describe the causes of deforestation; (ii) explain the negative impacts of deforestation. [5] [5]

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Photograph C (c) With reference to a named example(s), assess the extent to which methods used to conserve the rainforest have been successful. [8] [Total: 25]

Section B Answer one question from this section. 3 (a) Study Fig.3A which shows the average food consumption of developed countries and less developed countries over time.

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Fig. 3A Fig. 3A Compare the changes in average food consumption over the years between the developed and less developed countries. [4] (b) Fig.3B shows the rate of change of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita for the USA and China.

Fig. 3B Supporting your answer with data, describe and explain the differences in the GDP per capita of USA and China over the years shown in Fig. 3B. [6] (c) Using Fig. 3C, explain why educating women in developing countries should improve the quality of life for the population. [7]

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Decreased infant and child mortality

Womans personal development

Training in farming and other economic activities

Social and welfare development

Womens education

Economic development

Quality of life improves

Fig. 3C (d) Using named examples, discuss the international efforts made to alleviate uneven development in the world. [8] [Total: 25]

(a) Study Fig. 4A which shows the projected increase in total demand for different food types between 1993 to 2020.

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Fig. 4A (i) Compare the projected increase in demand for different food types between developing countries and developed countries. [4] (ii) Explain the differences in the projected increase in demand for meats and cereals between developed countries and developing countries. [4] (b) Study Fig. 4B (Insert) which shows major genetically modified (GM) crop production countries. (i) Describe the distribution of the major GM crop production countries shown in Fig. 4B. [4] (ii) Suggest reasons for the difference in percentage of GM crops grown on crop land found in Argentina and Australia. [5] (c) Assess the extent to which developments in food production overcome the problems of malnutrition. [8] [Total: 25]

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Section A (Physical Geography) Answer one question from this section. 1 (a) Study the 1:25 000 Map Extract provided which is part of the island of Dominica in the Lesser Antilles (Carribbean). (i) Using evidence from the map ONLY, describe the physical features of the coastline in the part of the map indicated in Fig. 1 below. [5] Possible answers The coastline is scenic spot with steep cliffs overlooking the sea. Point Guignard is a look-out point, where one can see rivers entering The Soufriere Bay. There are about 2 km of such rocky coastline. South of the road at Soufriere (6783) the coastline takes a concave shape of a bay until it ends in a spit-like curved peninsula, at Scotts Head. Again it is a scenic spot, with rocky cliffs below a high point, where a TV relay station is suitably sited. Marks 1 1 1 2 1 max 5

(ii) With the use of clearly labelled diagrams ONLY, explain the formation of the coastal landforms found in the part of the map indicated in fig. 2 below. Formation of Headlands/ Cliff Bay Beach Any 2 landforms (3m each X 2 = 6m) Students should annotate on the diagrams. More than 1 diagram is necessary for each landform to illustrate FORMATION. Refer to TB/ Marianne Chongs book for diagrams.

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(b)(Explain the differences in the formation of the landforms shown in Photograph A and Photograph B. [6] Possible answers Marks Waterfalls are found in the upper course of a river when the 2 gradient of a river bed is steep, while deltas are found at river mouths on gentle gradient. This explains the difference in river energy found at the waterfall and at the delta. The high energy level results in greater erosion at the waterfall while the lower energy level results in greater deposition. Waterfalls are formed in areas with alternating resistant and non-resistant rocks but deltas are formed at the river mouth where there is a drop in river energy as the river enters a larger body of water sea. The delta is formed when there is a large volume of sediments in the river, while this is not necessary in the formation of the waterfall. That is why delta is formed at the lower course where much erosion of larger particles would have been carried out earlier and the drop in river energy results in the accumulation of the fine sediments. At the upper course of the river where waterfall is found, the river energy is too high for such accumulation of sediments to take place. 2

(ii) Suggest reasons for the differences between the features. Possible answers Waterfall is an erosional feature while a delta is a depositional feature. Waterfalls may be formed where there are different zones of rock resistance and less resistant rocks are eroded faster than more resistant rocks whereas deltas are formed from accumulation of sediments over time. There is a drop in river energy resulting in deposition in delta, whereas the steep gradient where waterfalls are found encourages high river speed, thus increasing erosional rates.

[2] Marks 1 2

2 max 2

(c) With reference to named example(s), assess the success of use of dams as a strategy to reduce the effect of river floods . Concept Possible answers Three Gorges Dam in China Very effective as the reservoir built behind the dam can hold back and store flood waters. It has additional advantages of irrigation purposes and production of HEP for industrial and domestic uses. It is also a tourist attraction, but causes land upstream to be permanently lost/ destroyed. It can stop flooding downstream but good farming land can be permanently flooded behind the dam. Another effective method of flood control is to construct coordinated groups of dams and reservoirs on the headwaters of the streams that lead into the main river . One

[8]

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good eg is the Hoover Dam on the Colorado River. During times of high water, the dams operate to successfully slow down the flow. The floodwaters are released to each succeeding dam and are finally emptied into the main river. However on the Missouri River,flood control measures failed to contain the great flood in 1993.The raging floodwaters also inflicted major damage to the dams and ruined an additional 12 million acres of cropland, and caused over $10 billion damage. The dams trap the sediments needed and fine sediment (clay and silt) flows downstream .

Level 1 (0 -3 marks) Knowledge of use of dams to control floods is limited. Explanation is vague and incomplete and poorly linked to specific examples. Answer based on only one benefit/disadvantage. Simple unsupported evaluation. No clear reference to any named example. Level 2 (4- 6 marks) Enough knowledge about use of dams to control floods. Able to give at least one other eg.of use of dam to make a comparison. Judgements made are relevant to Singapore but lack depth and detail. Level 3 (7- 8 marks) Able to compare use of dams and at least 2 flood control measures and sound explanation. Describe at least three benefits and /or disadvantages with explanation /elaboration. Answer includes some reference to more than one advantage/disadvantage. Judgements made are relevant to and place specific examples are given. Both sides of the argument are considered each with valid support.

2 (a) Using Figs.2A and 2B, describe the ways tropical rainforests differ from tropical monsoon forest in their adaptation to rainfall and temperature. [7] Concept Variety and distribution of tree species Tropical Rainforest The equatorial rainforest is found in areas with a high annual rainfall, ranging from 1,500 to 3,000mm,and uniformly high temperatures of 25 to 30 c throughout the year. There are many species of trees. It is common to find 300 - 400 species in one hectare of land. The abundance of sunlight and rain supports a huge number of tree species. In addition, the high annual temperature and rainfall Tropical Monsoon Forest They have fewer species than the rainforest due to the lower amount of rainfall received. There are 200 species per hectare. Marks

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ensure that plant growth is continuous all year round.

Leaves

The trees are evergreen, as they do not shed all their leaves over the same period of time.

The trees are deciduous in nature because of the lack of water during the dry season. At this time, a large number of trees shed their leaves in order to prevent the loss of water through transpiration.

Roots

Most trees have shallow roots, because water and nutrients are found in the top layer of the soil.

Deep roots anchor the trees and tap into groundwater during dry months.

Bark

Smooth and thin bark as there is no need to protect trees from harsh climate

Thick and rough barks to protect trees against drought and fires which can break out in the hot dry season

Accept other possible answers.

Max 7

(b) Study Fig C, which shows a part of the tropical rain forest that has been cleared for human activities. (i) describe the causes of deforestation. Concept Possible answers Settlements The need to build settlements for the large population. For eg. Brazil is trying to resettle people from densely populated cities such as Rio de Janeiro to less densely populated parts of the country. Similarly, a transmigration policy in Indonesia resettles poor and landless Indonesians from densely populated islands such as Java and Bali to less populated islands such as Kalimantan and Sulawesi. Rapid Urbanisation Rapid urbanisation requires large tracts of land to be opened up for development of infrastructure such as transport system,e.g. the Transamazion highway across the Amazon forest. Forested lands are cleared for building of housing, schools and many other facilities. In Brazil, farming has resulted in large-scale damage to the Amazon forest. The collective actions of subsistence farmers have also brought much damage to the forest. These farmers are poor and they could not keep up the productivity of the land given to them by the government. [5] Marks

Agriculture

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Once the land is not fertile, they will go deeper into the forest to open up more land. Industries Land has been cleared to provide land for development of industries. As a country develops, industries expand and more land is needed for the building of factories. Deforestation takes place so that resources like timber and minerals like gold can be extracted. This brings in revenue to the country which may boost economic growth and thus development within the country. 1

Resources

1 max 5

(ii) Explain the negative impacts of deforestation. Concept Global Warming Possible answers As forests such as the Amazon forest helps to significantly absorb carbondioxide and release oxygen into the atmosphere, the removal of trees can affect the atmospheric conditions. Deforestation can result in an increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere as less is absorbed by plants which will lead to global warming. Soil Trees help to improve the soil fertility by absorbing nutrients Deterioration into the roots before these nutrients are dissolved and removed from the soil by water flowing downwards. When the trees die, they decompose and the nutrients are released back into the soils. However, deforestation takes away this storage mechanism. Thus, the topsoil is no longer protected and causes increased soil erosion to take place. Floods and When land is cleared, interception of rainfall by the trees is Water reduced and surface runoff increases. This will lead to Quality flooding in the lower areas. Furthermore, the topsoil together with its decomposed materials washed off by the runoff is deposited on the river beds.Thus affecting the quality of the river water as these decomposed materials may decrease the pH level and change cthe living environment of the Air Pollution aquatic life. Forest fires have created haze and smoke clouds which have caused airports to close and have affected many people with respiratory illness. An example is the 1997 haze caused by the forest fires in Kalimantan and Sumatra which affected Loss of countries like Singapore and Malaysia. biodiversity Deforestation has also led to the extinction of flora and fauna, many of which have yet to be discovered. Destruction and eventual extinction will cause a reduction in biodiversity in the Impact on long run and lessen the chances of survival of the other inhabitants organisms. Deforestation also disrupts the culture and lifestyle of the many tribes that live in the jungle. As these groups are forced to resettle in the cities, their culture, knowledge and way of life will be lost. (c) With reference to a named example(s), assess the extent to which methods used to conserve the rainforest have been successful.

[5] Marks 1

1 1 max 5

[8]

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Concept Selective cutting

Possible answers This allows the cutting of only selected single or groups of trees that have met a certain criteria. For eg. Only trees of a certain minimum circumference can be cut and only a certain number of trees per hectare of forest can be harvested. However, this measure requires strict law enforcement and often, it is difficult to carry out such Establishment enforcement. of laws and Some governments have issued clearing permits and policies established measures against illegal loggings. In 1988, the Brazilian government withdrew its financial support and tax incentives in order to limit the clearing of forest for new cattle ranches. However, illegal logging remains a problem, Agro-forestry accounting for 80 per cent of logging activities because of weak enforcement and corruption. Agro-forestry is another measure to help reduce deforestation by growing trees in farms. For eg.in 2005, Brazilian cedar and mahogany were grown on almost 10 000 hectares of land near Manaus. However, such a project requires a lot of capital and can only be undertaken by big Conservation companies and with government support. There is also a long period of waiting for the trees to mature before harvesting. Efforts have also been made to set aside lands as reserves. Currently, only four per cent of the Amazon rainforest is protected as environmental reserves. Another 20 per cent has been set aside as tribal reserves. This is only effective if the tribal groups such as the Amazonian Indians do not sell off the land to commercial investors looking to exploit the forest. Candidates may include the following material: Detailed schemes such as selective logging. And methods restricting use of heavy machinery, General management methods such as government policies, Financial investment in forest reserves, National Parks, Withdrawal of licences/issue to acceptable organisations, Use of helicopters for heli-logging, Community forest developments, eg. village forestry, Ideas on sustainable forestry, eg. replanting/reafforestation, Ideas relating to ecotourism, Role of international agencies and foreign governments, Mention of specific areas/schemes/parks, eg. Taman Negara National Park. Success may be expressed in general terms-more trees conserved, or related to each method- heli-logging has limited success because of expense. A full answer does not need to include all the above points. Candidates at each level will show the following characteristics: Level 1 (0 3 marks) General answers with no detail of methods, eg. stop felling trees. No example/s.

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No indication of success or general statement of success. Level 2 ( 4 6 marks) Statements naming method but no/little detail, eg selective logging. At least one example given may not be linked to specific method. Brief attempt at indication of success fewer trees cut down Level 3 ( 7 8 marks) More than one method with detail, eg. Foreign governments reduce loans or put conditions on further felling , at least one example given and linked to method (s) Success of method must be specific and related directly to the method,eg. heli- logging limits the damage to other trees and wildlife but it is not cost effective. Clear statements of how measures used were successful in named area(s) and how measures used were less successful in named area(s). Development 3 (a) (i) Compare the changes in food consumption over the years between the developed and less developed countries . [4] Possible answers DCs still consume more than the LDCs but the LDCs are closing the gap. Between 1995 and 2000, the DCs consumed 110 kg per capita wheras LDCs consumed 90 kg.per capita . The rate of increase in food consumption is greater in LDCs compared to the DCs. LDCs have increased food consumption by almost 100% from 40 to 80 kg per capita from 1070 to 2000. Marks 2 2

(b) Supporting your answer with data, describe and explain the differences in the Gross Domestic Product GDP per capita of USA and China over the years shown in Fig. 3B. [6] Possible answers GDP per capita of China is lower (US$ 1000) than that of USA (US$ 15000) in 1985 and in 2005, the GDP per capita of China remains lower (US$ 9000) than that of USA (US$ 13000). The gap between the GDP per capita of China and USA narrows over the years. (1985: difference of US$ 14000; 2005: difference of US$4000) Increase in GDP per capita would be steeper in China with great progress in development after it opened its market, while increase in GDP per capita would not be as steep in US as the country has already achieved much development in the earlier years. China has most of its workforce working in the primary industry unlike USA which has a larger proportion in the secondary and the tertiary industry. Farmers in China make very small income. Hence the GDP per capita in China is lower than in US. Marks 1

Describe

Explain

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(c)(i) Using Fig.3C,explain why educating women in developing countries should improve the quality of life for the population. [7] Concept Impact on infant mortality Possible answers Social and welfare Awareness of contraceptives and nutritional needs of both mother and child. Health improves and hence cut infant mortality rate. Evidence of surviving children dispel need to have more children and pop growth decreases. Number of new born babies decrease, more money can be channelled to develop community on social and welfare services which includes better housing, greater availability of drinking water,health care services all these add up to improving the quality of life. Women are main workers in the fields. Education of women will help them use better faring methods, use Green Revolution technologies viz HYV and MVs; chemical fertilizers,pesticides and herbicides in the appropriate amounts so as to ensure good harvests, three instead of once a year. Women can also work in small scale primary industries. Employment of women will bring in extra income which can buy basic material needs to improve the familys standard of living. With employment of women in newly created industries which are generally dependent of labour viz as the traditional garment/textile industries or simple manufacturing of household items, the nations unemployment rate falls, the economy becomes healthy. With an economy developing on secondary and tertiary industries,the country GDP will improve. Most women in developing countries have no education and they are not gainfully employed. So the education of women liberates them not only for their personal development, but also the improvement of family welfare and the countrys economic growth. Womens unaccounted time and work can be in productive and remunerative employment. The cycle of poverty can then be transformed into a virtuous cycle. Marks 1 1 1

Farming & other economic activities

1 1 2

Economic activities

2 1 1 max 7

(c)(ii)Using named examples, discuss the international efforts made to alleviate uneven development in the world. [8] Candidates may include the following material: - international efforts made to alleviate uneven development in the world may be in the form of international organizations and international agreements to encourage international co-operation - international organizations may provide aid, in the form of financial or technical assistance to help alleviate uneven development - Egs of international organizations include World Bank, Asian Development Bank - World Bank provides aid to LDCs to help them develop economically and socially. Members of the World Bank provide loans to LDCs at low or no

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interest. The loans can then be used to improve their level of development through projects to improve sanitation and water supply, or to finance vaccination and immunization programmes However the effectiveness of aid is sometimes questioned as the real effectiveness has not been established since some states in Africa which have received aid for years do not seem to enjoy a higher level of development yet Aid may be given with certain political motives and many conditions attached which may not benefit the LDCs in the long run. Eg. LDCs may have to import goods from the donor countries at a much reduced tax and the aid given to be used to buy the goods from them Eg. Myammar government is wary of aid from some donor countries as they fear the political motives that drive those aid. International agreements are made when leaders of some countries meet to discuss and make decisions to tackle world issues together. Egs of international agreements include UN Millennium Development Goals and United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea The UN drew up an agreement to help LDCs to achieve greater development and addresses issues such as poverty, hunger. Individual countries opt to pledge their commitment to carry out the measures, and the countries may have their own commitment and priority and political agenda. Effectiveness may also be hampered when leaders lack that commitment to carry out the measures. (Total 25 marks)

Refer to Descriptors of Levels

Food 4a (i) (ii) Compare the projected rate of increase in demand for different food types shown in developed countries and developing countries. [4] greatest percentage increase in demand for meats among all food types in developing countries(120%) generally, increase in demand for different food types in developing countries is much higher than in developed countries. Cereals: almost 3 times more in developing than in developed countries Meats: almost 6 times more in developing than in developed countries Explain the differences in the rate of increase in demand for meats and cereals between developed countries and developing countries. [4] greater development within developing countries and therefore increase in middle class group with greater purchasing power and thus greater increase in demand for meats within developing countries, whereas change in developed countries is not as significant since demand for meats among people within developed countries has always been present. [2] greater demand in cereals in developing countries may also be a result of the greater increase in birth rates within developing countries than in developed countries [2]

4b (i) Describe the distribution of the major GM crop production countries shown in Fig. 1B. [4] - the major GM crop production countries are found in North America, South America, Asia, Australia and South Africa - Highest number concentrated in South America -Highest amount of GM crops produced in USA, North America

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-Highest proportion of GM crops in relation to its crop land grown in Argentina, South America -Major GM crop production countries in the other continents have an extremely small proportion of GM crops in relation to their crop land - No major GM crop production countries in Europe Any 4 points 1m each

(ii) Suggest reasons for the difference in percentage of GM crops grown on crop land found in Argentina and Australia. [5] - people in Australia more aware of the potential harm of GM crops to health, while people in Argentina, a less developed country, may be less educated and aware of the possible harm - more organised opposition in developed countries like Australia where many groups may protest on environmental grounds than in less developed countries like Argentina - economic benefits of GM crops more attractive to less developed countries like Argentina than to developed countries like Australia which can rely on other industries to boost its economy - Argentina faces less conducive physical environment like climatic conditions for crop cultivation and thus GM crops which can withstand harsh conditions may allow the expansion of crop land within Argentina itself, whereas Australia generally has a more conducive physical environment for crop cultivation without having to rely on use of GM seeds. - Attractive to less developed countries like Argentina because GM seeds increase yields and can help solve food shortage whereas developed countries with higher GDP per capita have greater food security as they have the resources to import food if yields are not good Any 5 points 1m each (c) Assess the extent to which developments in food production overcome the problems of malnutrition. [8] Candidates may include the following material: Developments in food production include: Impact of Green Revolution and Blue Revolution leading to increase in yields Use of high yielding varieties and technology increases yields and thus with surplus, income can be generated as the surplus can be for sale Genetically modified food also means food with greater nutritional value is being made available to people Increase in yields should also solve the problem of food shortage and fewer people would thus face the problem of malnutrition However, food prices have increased drastically despite the increase in yields Great increase in food prices will lead to food insecurity especially in less developed countries where food becomes unaffordable for the majority poor Malnutrition is still a serious problem despite the global increase in yields

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Malnutrition may be a result of poor nutrition, and thus increase in yields may not address the nutritional value of the diet of poor people Dominance of agri-business means poor has actually little access to the food Improvements in technology means greater accessibility and better transport network to bring food to poor

Candidates at each level will show the following characteristics:

Descriptors of Levels
Level 1 (0-3m) Knowledge is either very thin or narrow. The bulk of expected knowledge is missing. Explanation is very limited, perhaps some simple points, but very big gaps. Evaluation is in over simple statements and lacking supporting evidence. Examples are very general, could be anywhere, or are inaccurate. Level 2 (4-6m) Some knowledge is shown but lacking depth throughout or only good in places. Some points are explained, but one or more important steps missing. One or more evaluative statements have some valid support, but unbalanced or incomplete. Examples may be relevant but lack depth and detail. Level 3 (7-8m) Good knowledge is shown, but may be thin in some places or have minor gaps. Most expected points are explained, only small steps in logic missing. Both sides of the argument are considered, each with valid support. Examples show some place-specific details. END OF PAPER

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