VOCABULARY (Leo Jones, unit 4)

Give a lecture (about) Speak (about) Talk (about) Gestures Body language Grumbling the act of complaining about sth Mumbling, muttering, whispering speaking in a quiet voice in a way that is not clear Nagging complaining Doodle to draw lines, shapes, etc. especially when you're bored or thinking about sth else Jot sth down to write sth quickly Note sth down to write down sth important so that you will not forget it Scribble to write sth quickly and carelessly, especially because you don't have much time Sketch to make a quick drawing of sb/sth Glance at to look quickly at sb/sth Scan to look at every part of sth carefully, especially because you're looking for a particular thing or person Skim to read sth quickly in order to find a particular point or the main points Chuckling laughing quietly Grinning smiling widely Shrug to raise your shoulders and then drop them to show that you don't know or care about sth Sniggering laughing in a quiet, unpleasant way, at sth rude or at sb's problems or mistakes Stammer to speak with difficulty, repeating sounds or words and often stopping, before saying things correctly Frown namrtiti se Gasp to take a quick, deep breath with your mouth open, especially because you're surprised or in pain Gulp sth down to swallow large amounts of food or drink quickly Scowl to look at sb/sth in an angry or annoyed way Sneer to show that you have no respect for sb by the expression on your face or by the way you speak Murmur to say sth in a soft, quiet voice that is difficult to hear or understand Shriek to give a loud high shout, for example when you're excited, frightened or in pain Squeak to make a short high sound that is not very loud Screem, yell Imply, suggest, intimate Implicate to show or suggest that sb is involved in sth bad or criminal Expression, idiom, phrase Attitude, tone

Irony, sarcasm Collocation, cliche, platitude, proverb Jargon Slogan Accent, dialect Instructive giving a lot of useful information Objective judgements Powerful prejudices Stoutly condemn strongly dissaproving sth Importation Virtuous behaving in a very good and moral way Guttural (of a sound) made or seeming to be made at the back of the throat To mitigate make sth less harmful, serious etc. Furtive behaving in a way that shows you want to keep sth secret Prettiness Quaint attractive in an unusual or old-fashioned way (n. Quaintness) Twang way of speaking, especially one in which the sounds are produced through the nose as well as the mouth Civic connected with a town or city Beetroot cvekla Derisive unkind and showing that you think sb/sth is ridiculous Synonyms: Objective - impartial Prejudice - bias Instructive - revealing Exhilarating - stimulating Euphoria - happiness Mitigated - moderated Associations - connotations Formulate - devise Aesthetic - artistic Pet - favourite Derisive contemptuous Badge - emblem Intrinsic - inherent The men - workers Excite - arouse Forming adjectives: - able: negotiable, readable, desirable, acceptable, admirable, describable, advisable, breakable, communicable, forgivable, predictable, recommendable; - ing: moving, daring, tempting, satisfying, describing, astonishing, convincing, overwhelming, promising, upsetting;
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- ive: repetitive, acquisitive, appreciative, decorative, cooperative, deceptive, descriptive, productive, preventive; - al: influential, orchestral, financial, practical, conventional, educational, fictional, functional, intentional, musical, personal, professional, proportional, seasonal, secretarial, sensational; - ic: poetic, dramatic, emphatic, systematic, diplomatic, enigmatic, idealistic, magnetic, materialistic, optimistic, pessimistic, realistic, romantic; - ous: cautious, poisonous, glamorous, adventurous, ambitious, fictitious, religious, malicious, spacious; - ly: daily, neighbourly, fortnightly, quarterly, weekly, yearly; - ed: talented, red-faced, curly-haired, long-legged, pale-skinned; Make sb/sth out recognize Be done for to be in a very bad situation Be/have to do with sb/sth to be about or connected with sb/sth Make room for sb Make sth up Make sth up to sb Make ends meet Make amends Making a mountain out of a molehill Make a scene Make up for lost time Do justice to sb

Leo Jones (unit 7)

Stationery materials for writing and for using in an office (pens, paper, envelopes Brands, makes, varieties (of drink) Boutique Mall, shopping centre, precinct A wide range of articles, goods, merchandise A bargain, good value, value for money Retailer a person or business that sells goods to the public Manufacturer, supplier, wholesaler End-user Patron Purchaser Trader a person who buys and sells things as a job Vendor a person who sells food or newspapers, usually outside on the street; a company that sells a particular product Purchase, sale, transaction Make a down payment, pay cash down, pay a deposit
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Pay a bribe give money to someone in order to persuade them to help you Pay a ransom pay money to sb so that they will set free a person who is being kept as a prisoner by them To be under guarantee, warranty Courteous polite Knowledgeable Lenient not strict enough Obsequious servile Subservient too willing to obey other people SYNONYMS: Parlance jargon To meander wander Critical faculties ability to judge objectively State-of-the-art ultra-modern Banal dull and repetitious Glorified seeming more important than in reality Avalanche plethora Oasis refuge Proceeds profits Gratifyingly agreeably Barmy crazy Mock-up replica Blithely in a carefree manner Cough up spend Pleasure dome palace of delights Compound nouns: 1. Noun + noun: service industry, department store, pleasure dome, credit card, bar code, charity shop 2. Adjective + noun: central heating, public relations, open air, indoor plants, yellow pages 3. Longer phrases: cost of living, rule of thumb, do-it-yourself, value added tax. COMPOUNDS: Inverted commas, mineral water, general knowledge/election/public, oneparent family, current account/affairs, stainless steel, traveller's cheque, compact disc, exclamation mark/point, swimming pool/bath/cap/costume/hat, skating rink, chain gang/letter/mail/reaction/store, travel agency/agent, wastepaper basket, air-conditioning, burglar alarm, common sense, driving licence, estate agent, fancy dress, generation gap, greenhouse effect, hay fever,
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heart attack, hire purchase, income tax, junk food, mail order, mother tongue, nervous breakdown, package tour, paper clip, parking meter, pedestrian crossing, pocket money, shopping mall, show business, unemployment benefit, weather forecast, window-shopping

Leo Jones (unit 8)

Article report Circulation number of copies sold Editorial leader Issue number Magazines monthlies and weeklies Main story lead story Newsreader newscaster The papers the dailies Reporter journalist Reviewer critic Reverberated echoed Unassailable that cannot be destroyed, defeated or questioned Eroded damaged Titillated and tantalised excited and fascinated Gauche awkward Chillingly frighteningly Shadowy that not much is known about Elusive mysterious To seep flow slowly and in small quantities Post-natal connected with the period after the birth of a child Unrelenting (exposure) (In) defiance open refusal to obey sth/sb Obscure unknown Bow your knee to the will of sb Denouement ending Alluring attractive in a mysterious way Causes charities Mythological status legendary position Sideline unimportant event Dignified calm, serious and deserving respect Establishment rulling classes Whirlwind happening very fast To bespatter accidentally cover sth with small drops of water Inflated higher than acceptable or reasonable Patisserie a shop/store that sells cakes Mercenary a soldier who will fight for any country that offers payment

PREFIXES: Anti-nuclear Anti-government Anti-war Anti-democracy Anti-feminist Pro-environment Pro-nationalist Pro-strike Pro-American Pre-recorded Pre-Christmas Pre-prepared Precooked Superglue Super-rich Superpower Superstar Superintelligent Half-finished Half-empty Half-full Half-frozen Half-asleep Half-brother Half-truth Halfway Unbutton Undress Untie Unblock Underestimate Counter-attack Counterproductive Counterintuitive Countermeasure Re-elect Rewritten Recycled Reappear Rebuild Recapture Refillable Reunited Reusable Underfunded Underdeveloped Unload Unfasten Over-react Overcooked Overindulge Overestimate Overprint Oversimplify Overvalue Outlive Outrun Outsell Outgrow Outnumber Outvote Outwork

Self-adjusting Self-catering Self-contained Self-defeating Self-educated Self-explanatory Self-sufficient

Co-author Co-educational Co-director Co-exist Co-owner

Ex-colleague Ex-boyfriend Ex-boss Ex-director Ex-official Ex-owner Ex-policeman Ex-president

Semiprofessional Semi-final Semi-precious Semi-automatic Semi-circular Semi-educated

Sub-zero Sub-committee Sub-standard Subheading Subtitle

Bring sth home to sb make sb realize how important sth is Bring children up To get away with Bring sth about cause Get round sth find a way to deal with sth in spite of difficulties Get over sth Bring out the worst in sb Get on with sb Get you down make you feel depressed To bring the house down make the whole audience laugh Get the joke understand the point of joke To get even Time's getting on running out Get sth across to sb make sb understand sth Get behind with sth not making progress Get through complete

Leo Jones (unit 10)

Animal-lover Nature-lover Environmentally friendly Endagered species (of animals and plants) Precarious not safe or certain, dangerous Risky (business) involving the possibility of sth bad happening (Selective) breeding the keeping of animals in order to breed from them Cultivation the preparation and use of land for growing plants and crops To accept the theory Naturalist a person who studies animals, plants, birds and other living things Naturist nudist To get worked up become very excited or upset about sth Worked down tired Acid rain To wither dry up and die (of plants) To shrink become smaller (of clothes) To flourish develop quickly or grow well Recycled To incinerate burn sth until it's completely destroyed Rodent any small animal that belongs to a group of animals with strong sharp front teeth (mice, rats, rabbits) Amphibian any animal that can live both in water and on land Carnivore any animal that eats meat Marsupial any animal that carries its young in a pocket of skin (called a pouch) on the mother's stomach
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Crustaceans crabs, lobsters Herbivore any animal that eats only plants Mammal any animal that gives birth to live babies, not eggs Reptiles snakes, crocodiles, tortoises Domesticated animals Vermin wild animals or birds that destroy plants or food, or attack farm animals Claw one of the sharp curved nails on the end of an animal's foot Hoof the hard part of the foot of some animals, for example horses Fangs sharp teeth at the front of the mouths of some animals (snakes or dogs) Paw the foot of an animal that has claws or nails Pincers claws of crabs or lobsters Whisker any of the long stiff hairs that grow near the mouth of a cat, mouse, etc. Plumage the feathers covering a bird's body Fleece the wool coat of a sheep Hide an animal's skin, especially when it is bought or sold or used for leather Wasp - osa Ant mrav Feeler antenna of an insect (television) aerial Antlers - horns that grow on the head of male deer Binoculars dvogled Flock (of sheep, goats or birds) Herd (of cows, deer, elephants) Pack (of wolves, dogs) Shoal (of fish) Swarm (of bees, flies) a large group of insects Endearing loveable Raw material a basic material that is used to make a product On the verge of extinction Minute extremely small Centipede a small creature like an insect, with a long thin body and many legs Clam a shellfish that can be eaten Rudimentary basic Precursor forerunner Propensity a tendency to a particular kind of behaviour Biological diversity To preserve to keep sth in good condition Anathema a thing or an idea which you hate because it is the oppostite of what you believe To cook sth up (to concoct) invent sth, especially in order to trick sb Crane a large bird with long legs and a long neck
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Captive unable to escape Put pressure on someone Set a trap for someone Set your teeth on edge make you feel physically uncomfortable Put two and two together Put someone at their ease to make sb feel relaxed and confident Set a question to someone Put a stop to something Set a good example Put someone in the picture Set fire to something Set your watch Put pen to paper Set the scene Put your foot in it to say or do sth that upsets, offends or embarrasses sb Set you back cost you Put paid to sth to stop or destroy sth, especially what sb plans or wants to do Put all your eggs in one basket to rely on one particular course of action for success rather than giving yourself several different possibilities Put sb off to cancel a meeting that you have made with sb; to make sb dislike sb/sth or not trust them/it Put down to sth lay the blame on sth Put your foot down to be very strict in opposing what sb wishes to do Set sth back delay the progress of sth Set up to create or start sth Set out begin a job with a particular aim or goal Put sb down to make sb look or feel stupid, especially in front of other people Put yourself in someone's shoes Put sb in a bad light Putting it on pretending