Topic: EFFECTS OF ABIOTIC FACTORS ON CYTOKININS

Submitted To: Dr SUMERA Submitted By: AYESHA QAISER(414) SABA LATIF(445) SABA MUJAHID(985) NADIA RIAZ(3027) Sehrish Khalid(3038) TAHIRA ILYAS(3042) BS IV 7TH SEMESTER (BOTANY MAJOR)

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CONTENTS Introduction
Cytokinins Promote Cell Expansion and Greening in Cotyledons

Abiotic factors and their effects

Effect Of Root Temperature On Cytokinin Activity In Root Exudate Of Vitis Vinifera L Temperature Effects On Cytokinin Accumulation And Kernel Mass In A Dwarf Wheat Cytokinin Activity In Water-Stressed Shoots' Changes In Endogenous Cytokinins Induced By Water Stress The Role Of Root Cytokinins During Water And Salinity Stress Absisic Acid And Cytokinin Contents Of Leaves In Relation To Salinity And Relative Humidity Effects Of Short-Term Red Radiation And Choline Compounds On Cytokinin Content, Chlorophyll Accumulation And Photo Morphogenesis In Wheat Seedlings The Effects Of Light Quality On Endogenous Cytokinin Levels In Ipt-Transgenic Tobacco

 Effects Of Mineral Nutrition On Endogenous Cytokinins In Plants Of Sunflower (Helianthus Annuus L.) The Anti-Aging Power Of Coconut Water Refernces

Cytokinin
Cytokinins (CK) are a class of plant growth substances (phytohormones) that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots. They are involved primarily in cell growth and differentiation, but also affect apical dominance, axillary bud growth, and leaf senescence. Their effects were first discovered through the use of coconut milk in the 1940s by a scientist at the University of WisconsinMadison named Folke Skoog. There are two types of cytokinins: adenine-type cytokinins represented by kinetin, zeatin, and 6-benzylaminopurine, and phenylurea-type cytokinins like diphenylurea and thidiazuron (TDZ). The majority of adenine-type cytokinins are synthesized in the roots. Cambium and other actively dividing tissues are also sites of cytokinin biosynthesis. There is no evidence that the phenylurea cytokinins occur naturally in plant tissues. Cytokinins are involved in both local and long distance signalling, the latter of which involves the same in planta transport mechanism as used for transport of purines and nucleosides. Typically, cytokinins are transported within the xylem

Cytokinins Promote Cell Expansion and Greening in Cotyledons

The promotion of cell enlargement by cytokinins is most clearly demonstrated in the cotyledons of dicots with leafy cotyledons, such as mustard, cucumber, and sunflower. The cotyledons of these species expand as a result of cell enlargement during seedling

growth. Cytokinin treatment promotes additional cell expansion, with no increase in the dry weight of the treated cotyledons. Leafy cotyledons expand to a much greater extent when the seedlings are grown in the light than in the dark, and cytokinins promote cotyledon growth in both light- and dark-grown seedlings. As with auxin-induced growth, cytokinin-stimulated expansion of radish cotyledons is associated with an increase in the mechanical extensibility of the cell walls. However, cytokinin-induced wall loosening is not accompanied by proton extrusion, as it is in auxinenhanced cell elongation. Neither auxin nor gibberellin promotes cell expansion in cotyledons.

Effect of Root Temperature on Cytokinin Activity in Root Exudate of Vitis vinifera L

Root exudates of plants of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Thompson Seedless, grown in nutrient cultures with root temperatures maintained at either 20 or 30 and with shoots at a common air temperature, were assayed for cytokinin activity. After chromatography of freeze-dried sap on paper with n-butanol/acetic acid/water (4:1:1). Activity was detected with a soybean callus assay. For both root temperatures, major activity appeared between RF 0.6 and RF 0.8, at about the same concentration in each case. The major difference between the 2 samples was the presence of activity at R F 0.1 to 0.2 in the 20 sample and its absence in the 30 sample. The higher root temperature resulted in increased shoot and root elongation, increased dry matter accumulation by both shoots and roots, and also altered the morphological appearance of the roots.

Temperature Effects on Cytokinin Accumulation and Kernel Mass in a Dwarf Wheat

The objectives of this study were: To quantify post-anthesis kernel cytokinin levels in Tibet Dwarf, a dwarf wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) that accumulates elevated quantities of leaf cytokinins; and (2) to measure the effects of temperature on kernel cytokinin accumulation and mature kernel mass in this wheat. Post-anthesis kernel cytokinin accumulation was measured in control plants maintained at 25/12 C (day/night) and treated plants which received a 7 d exposure to 35/25 C beginning at anthesis and grown to maturity at 25/15 C. Zeatin (Z), dihydrozeatin (diHZ) and their respective ribosides were the predominant cytokinins detected in control and treated plants. Minimal quantities of isopentenyl adenine-type cytokinins were detected. Kernel

cytokinin content peaked within 3 d after anthesis in both groups and returned to baseline levels within 12 d. Relative to controls, exposure to high temperature reduced kernel cytokinin content approx. 80% within 1 d after anthesis. Because kernel cytokinin in control Tibet Dwarf plants exceeded that previously measured in other varieties by over 100-fold, the reduced content of treated plants still exceeded that of untreated plants of other varieties. The increased cytokinin content did not enhance thermotolerance. The temperature treatment reduced mature kernel weights approx. 27%, similar to reductions measured in other wheat varieties.

Cytokinin Activity in Water-stressed Shoots'

Water stress applied to the plant shoot through enhanced evaporative demands reduced cytokinin activity in extracts of xylem exudate and leaves. This reduction resembled the changes in cytokinin activity caused by water stress applied to the root. Cytokinin activity in detached wilting leaves decreased rapidly. Recovery took place after several hours in a humid chamber. Experiments with "4C-kinetin indicated that the mechanism of the inactivation and its reversal involve a chemical transformation of the cytokinin molecule.

Changes In Endogenous Cytokinins Induced By Water Stress

Xylem exudates and /or leaves of stressed plants usually exhibit reduces CK content and activity. The response is usually rapid and CK activity returns to a normal level after a release of stress. The explanation for the detection of reduced CK content under water stress is either a reduction in CK, Biosynthesis or enhanced degradation.

Recently decreased content in CK was found in Alfalfa under drought. This ck content decrease was accompanied with accelerated senscence.the effects were less pronounced in plants inoculated with Glomus or Rhizobium than in controls. The contents of Z,zeatin riboside (ZR). Isopentanyladenine (Ip) and isopentanyladenosine (Ipa) in rice substantially decreased with the decrease in soil moisture but only slightly increased after rewatering. Decreased content of CKs and accumulation of abcissic acid in water stressed plants leads to strongly increased ABA/CKs ratio. This ratio was also increased in apoplastic solution of water stressed cotton and sunflower but the CK concentration was not significantly changed. In contrast in PEA the cytokinins content increases under salt stress. This increase was mostly due to the strongly elevated riboside levels, especially in roots.

The Role Of Root Cytokinins During Water And Salinity Stress

The growth reduction effects on plants, of salinity and drought have never been adequately explained although many theories have been proposed. previous work indicated that cytokinins are produced in the roots, possibly regulate shoot growth, and are inhibited by water stress. five week-old seedlings were subjected to stress by adding nacl, carbowax 6000, or mannitol to their nutrient solutions in 2 equal portions over 48 hours. The full stress was terminated after 24 hours. root exudates were then assayed for cytokinin activity, and the active extract showed proportional decreases in callus growth with increasing dilution. The cytokinin activity in the extract also decreased linearly with increasing nacl in the nutrient solution. Similar variations with carbowax 6000 or mannitol indicated this was not an osmotic or specific ionic effect. Increase of nacl also decreased l-leucine carbon 14 incorporation into leaf discs indicating salt-induced decrease in leaf protein synthesis resulted from cytokinin deficiency. cytokinin levels rose after termination of stress.

the thesis that cytokinin signals root stresses to the shoot causing decreased plant growth even at very low stress levels was considered probable. (casey-arizona)

Abscisic Acid and Cytokinin Contents of Leaves in Relation to Salinity and Relative Humidity
The question is raised whether the hormonal modifications in a plant exposed to osmotic root stress result directly from the decrease in water potential of the root environment or disturbances of the plant's water balance. Tobacco plants were held for 24 hours under either high or low relative humidities, with or without salt. The amount of abscisic acid in the leaves of salinized plants rose markedly in low, but not in high, relative humidity. No change in the amount of extractable cytokinins was detected in any treatment. It is tentatively suggested that variations in the water content of leaves constitute a primary signal for modification of plant hormonal balance. Itai and Vaadia were first to propose and support the thesis that water balance in higher plants may be under hormonal regulation. They showed that the amount of cytokinins translocated in the root exudate of plants was drastically reduced after 48 hr of salination and water stress, and that this reduction was proportional to the concentration of NaCl or mannitol in the nutrient solution. The idea that cytokinins are involved in the regulation of plant water balance was further supported when Livne and Vaadia found that cytokinins increased stomatal opening and transpiration. It was inferred that root stresses such as caused by drought and salination alter the hormonal balance of the stressed plants and that at least one aspect of this modification would involve a decrease in the amounts of root-synthesized cytokinins which would reach the shoot. An inferred decrease in leaf cytokinins was presumed to reduce stomatal opening and also to arrest vegetative development, thereby improving the water balance of the stressed plant. While this thesis has not been contradicted in later work, it would seem that the major initial hormonal signal regulating the response of plants to conditions disturbing the water balance is more complex. Recent research points out that ABA

Closes stomata. And that ABA content increase in leaves of plants exposed to water and osmotic stresses. It is our hypothesis that in response to such stresses, a decisive change occurs in the ratio between leaf cytokinins and ABA and That the site of the initial hormonal modification may be the leaf. They premised that if the root was the initial site of the plant response to salination, salination-induced hormonal modificationswould occur irrespective of the evaporative demandsimposed on the plant. In this work we examined the contents of ABA and cytokine ins in leaves of plants exposed to salination under high or low relative humidities.

Effects of Short-term Red Radiation and Choline Compounds on Cytokinin Content, Chlorophyll Accumulation and Photo morphogenesis in Wheat Seedlings
Effects of choline compounds (2-chloroethyltrimethylammonium chloride and 2-ethyltrimethylammonium chloride) as well as red radiation (R) pulse on the dynamics of cytokinin changes, growth and chlorophyll (a + b) accumulation were studied during the growth and greening of etiolated wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L., var. Mironovskaya-808). The seedlings were grown for 120 h in the dark and then exposed for 72 h to white light. Pretreatment of caryopses with cholines and pre-irradiation of etiolated seedlings with R inhibited elongation of both coleoptile and first leaf; but the same factors accelerated these growth responses when seedlings were exposed to white light. Chlorophyll (Chl) accumulation and the first leaf appearance from coleoptile were accelerated by the pre-treatments as well. Far-red radiation (FR) reversed all effects of R but choline pre-treatment eliminated partly R/FR photoreversibility. Two compounds with high cytokinin activity (tested on a fresh weight basis by the bioassay with Amaranthus caudatus L.) were found in shoots and first leaves. One of them had Rf, UV absorbance spectrum and the biological

activity similar to N6-( 2-isopentenyl) adenosine. Another cytokininlike substance was not identified with the used standards. Stimulation of greening by R pulse and cholines was accompanied with accelerated accumulation of both cytokinin-like substances. We conclude that the influence of R and cholines on the concentration of substances with cytokinin activities detected in the leaves might be involved in the stimulation of Chl accumulation.

THE EFFECTS OF LIGHT QUALITY ENDOGENOUS CYTOKININ LEVELS IN TRANSGENIC TOBACCO

ON IPT-

Similarities exist between the effects of phytochrome and cytokinins on plant growth and development (e.g., chloroplast development, amaranthin synthesis, seed germination). It is unclear, however, if and how these two systems interact. The coaction between phytochrome and cytokinins was investigated by using Nicotiana plumbaginifolia plants transformed with the isopentenyl transferase (ipt) cytokinin gene and treated with end-of-day (EOD) red (R) and far-red (FR) light. The ipt gene was under control of either a constitutive cauliflower mosaic virus promoter (35S-plants) or an inducible, heat shock promoter (HS-plants). When treated with EOD FR light, whole plants were characterized by decreased chlorophyll concentrations and increased fresh weights. When treated with EOD R light, 35S-plants contained high concentrations of zeatin riboside (ZR) compared to plants treated with EOD FR light. When treated with EOD FR light, HS-plants contained high concentrations of ZR compared to plants treated with EOD R light. Both cytokinin responses were photoreversible. The reasons for the differences between the 35S- and HS-plant responses are not known. Results appear to implicate interactions between phytochrome and cytokinins in plant growth and development.

Effects of Mineral Nutrition on Endogenous Cytokinins in Plants of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
The effects of inorganic nutrients on the levels of endogenous cytokinins in plants of sunflower (Helianthus annuusL.) grown in sand culture were studied. Low levels of nitrogen resulted in rapid decreases in the levels of cytokinins extracted from leaves, buds, roots, and root exudates. Similar effects were observed with phosphorus deficiency, but the effects of potassium deficiency on the cytokinin content of leaves was less marked. The cytokinin content was higher in plants supplied with nitrogen as nitrate than in those supplied with ammonium sulphate or ammonium nitrate. The decline in cytokinin levels in derooted shoots and detached leaves could be reversed by supplying them with nutrient solution. Although leaves on intact plants may normally be dependent upon the supply of cytokinins from the roots, isolated leaves have the capacity for cytokinin production when supplied with inorganic nutrients.

The Anti-Aging Power of Coconut Water

Some of the most interesting components of coconut water are the plant growth hormones, particularly cytokinins. Cytokinins are a group of hormones that regulate growth, development, and aging. In some respects they are similar to human hormones with a similar name of cytokines. Cytokinins are also known as antiaging hormones. Cytokinins regulate cell division and influence the rate at which plants age. Depending on the amount of cytokinins present, the aging process in plants can be either accelerated or

retarded. One of the active sites of cytokinin production is in the roots. From here the hormone is carried by the sap throughout the plantmuch like our bloodstream disperses hormones. Portions of plants that are deprived of cytokinins age faster than normal, Conversely, if additional cytokinins are added to a plant, normal aging is retarded. Cytokinins also have an anti-aging effect on human cells and tissues. Normal human cells, as they age, go through a progressive and irreversible accumulation of changes until they reach a stage at which they finally die. Young cells are plump, round, and smooth. As they age they become irregular in shape, flatten out, enlarge, and fill up with debris; cell division slows down and eventually stops, which is ultimately followed by death.

Refernces
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.13653040.2000.00544.x/full www.wikipedia.com