TRANSACTIONS of a two-slot
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ON MICROWAVE
THEORY
AND
VOL.
MTT-17,
NO.
5, MAY
1969
259
transmission
Theory
line on non-planar
and Techniques,
Microwave
of offset ~arallel-counled
Microw;ue Theory ;nd
lines,
IEEE
Trans.
[11]
pp. 715, January 1966. S. Yamamoto, T. Azakami, and K. Itakura, Coupled strip transmission line with three center conductors, IEEE Traos.
iziques, vol. MTT-14, Microwave Theory and Techniques,
[12] [13]
pp. 446-461,
IEEE Trans. pp. 542-553,
[8f]
strip
transmission
vol.
transmission line used in a IEEE Trans. on application, Microwane Theory and Techniques, (Correspondence), vol. MTT15, pp. 327-328, May 1967. [8h] H. Guckel, Characteristic impedances of generalized rectangTrans. Microwave Theory and ular transmission lines: IEEE Techniques, vol. MTT-13, pp. 27&274, May 1965. [8i] M. K. Krage and G. I. Haddad, The characteristic impedance and coupling coefficient of coupled rectangular strips in a waveTrans. Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. guide, IEEE MTT-16, pp. 302-307, May 1968. [9] G. Wendt, Statische Felder und Stattionare Strome, Encyclopedia of Physics, S. Flugge, Ed., vol. 16. Berlin: Springer, 1958 (see especially page 37). [lOa] N. I. Muskhelisvili, Singular Integral Equations. Groningen, Netherlands: Noordhoff, 1967.
microwave
integrated
circuit
[14a]
F. G. Tricorni, Integral Equations. New York: Interscience Publishers, 1957. GroninN. P. Vekua, Systems of Singular Integral Equations. gen, Netherlands: Noordhoff, 1967. I. Pa16cz, The integral equation approach to currents and fields in plane parallel transmission lines, J. Math. Mech., vol. 14, pp. 541-560, April 1966. K, Nickel, Losung eines Integralgleichungssysterns aus der Math. Z., vol. 54, pp. 81-96, 1951. Tragfliigeltheorie, L. Lcwin, The solution of singular integral equations over a multiple interval and applications to multiple diaphragms in recof Appl. Math., vol. 16, pp. 417tangular waveguides, SIAMJ. 438, March 1968. Quart. J. of F. G. Tricomi, On the finite Hilbert transform, Math., vol. 2, pp. 199-211, 1951.
[14b] H. Sohngen, Zur Theorie der Endlichen Hilbert Transformation, Math. Z., vol. 60, pp. 31-51, 1954. [14C] F. G. Tricomi, The airfoil equation for a double interval, Z. Angew. Math. Phys., vol. 2, pp. 402-406,1951, [15a] J. C. Tranter, Integral Transforms in Mathematical Physics. New York: Wiley, 1951. [15b] R. V. Churchill, The operational calculus of Legendre transforms, J. Math. and Phys., vol. 33, pp. 165-177, 1955. [15C] G. Cinelli, An extension of tbe finite Hankel transform and Znternat. J. Engineering Science, vol. 3, pp. 539applications, 559, October 1965. [15d] D. Naylor, On a finite Lebedev transform, J. Math. Mech., vol. 12, pp. 375383, 1963.
From
Approximations Characteristic
WOLFGANG
to Exact
Relations
for
Impedances
HILBERG
AbsfractApproximations for the characteristic impedance of a are special two conductor stripline and for the general function K/K derived by a transformation method recently described in the literature; the first, second, and third approximations having a greatest relative error of the order of 10s, 10B, aad 10-12, respectively. They cao be introduced into an algorithm which is based on elementary conforrnal mappings, and thus further approximations with rapidly vanishing errors can be derived. obtained by elliptic The reanlts agree with those for the function K/K integral theory. Obviously no such theory is needed to calculate characwith arbitrary accuracy. Tbe teristic impedances or the function K/K advantages of the new method are illustrated for shielded coupled-strip transmission lines, for which an extended diagram with extreme parameter values bas been worked out.
could be given exactly orIly by means of but that in [1] the theory mappings. of elliptic paper inte[2] a was made by in [1] and the
y-als was not needed at all. The calculation ~arious conformal :onnection In the following the theory was found between
heory of transformations of elliptic iategrals, in particular he Landen transform. From this connection a general and rery advantageous algorithm was derived to get the funcion K/K. In the first part of this paper it will be proved that t is possible to get the useful and general formulas of [2] without going back to elliptic integral theory. Elementary :onformal mappings as in [1] will suffice. In the second part, u-e treated, two coupled strip transmission and somewhat lines more as an interesting technical
I. INTRODUCTION
METHC)D has been developed [1] to achieve good approximations for the characteristic impedances of
some
parallel and conical transmission lines, improve these approximations step by step, so that arbitrarily good approximations, i.e., exact values, obtained. The interesting fact is that up to now these
Manuscript received May 8, 1968; revised December 26, 1968. The author is with the AEG-Telefunken Research Institute, Ulm, Germany.
complicated example. Thus it will be illustrated that the new method of calculation is simpler than the conventional (me, that it is generally applicable, and that the results agree with those obtained by the conventional theory. Further, it is ;hown that even in cases with extreme design parameters, leeded, for example, for new developments, the new method ~ives the results faster and more exactly by elementary fornulas than they can be obtained by tabulated elliptic inteyal functions.
260
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1969
---H--L--(a)
k = Cos a!,
Later on two coupled striplines
these arrangements
ponents of characteristic impedances. With these quantities the calculation of arbitrary couplings can be carried out. Cohn [3] calculated Z w,= and Z.dd fOr the lines in Fig. 2: z where
Fig. 1. (a) Coplanar parallel transmission line. (b) Conical transmission line of a strip perpendicular to a conducting ground.
en tiz
307r K(M)
K(kti)
(7)
e=anh(-aanh(:?) (8)
k: = <1 k.; and
II.
It is well known that most characteristic transmission lines cannot be given exactly functions. This is true without exception
307r K(ko)
Zodd = <z K(kO)
(9)
sion lines, which are in general use nowadays and are built in various ways. For these striplines the coplanar parallel transmission line of Fig. l(a) and the conical transmission line of a strip perpendicular to a conducting plane in Fig. l(b) are of central importance [1]. This will be illustrated by an example in Section V. The parallel transmission line of Fig. l(a) has the characteristic impedance,
=tanh(:a Coth(;%)
,10)
kd = 41 The coupling as a directional factor
K
ko. designed
specially
z
Here
q ~.
4
K(k) K(W)
(1)
coupler
K=
z even Z.dd
z ,VCII+ Zc,dd
(11)
III.
APPROXIMATIONS
in particular
The coplanar parallel transmission line of Fig. l(a) is converted into the conical line of Fig. l(b) by simple conformal mappings [1], where the relation
a
exists
4 Y
Y
/Jo
(2b)
7r
co
. ?J
(12) in
(3) and k and k are the so-called dependence moduli with the mutual
the following
general considerations.
expressions for the moduli the conical line of Fig. l(b) is chosen. For this line a first approximation can be derived in an elementary way [1], containing two expressions for different ranges of validity, having a common boundary and which together cover the whole range of definition:
moduli
z=
~ln
[1
2 cot ~
z=
13)
The conical transmission line of Fig. l(b) has the same characteristic impedance (l), but the moduli are given by
HILBERG:
CHARACTERISTIC
IMPEDANCE
APPROXIMATIONS
AND
EXACT
RELATIONS
261
The greatest relative error arises exactly at the point a = Tr/4, Z= ~/4 and is smaller than 2.36X 1(F3. By comparison of the formulas and (13) the relation for the characteristic can be obtained: impedance in (6)
approximation
K/K
is
%-=+ [2:%1
. (14) forl & SK,_
m
a cot. 2
l+k lk
Cotl ~ 1 2 k= r Cotz ;
.4
and
L<k d2
<l. (17)
+ 1
for
the elliptic 1 1 and O~k~=. 42 The numerical treatment showed these approximations than 3.10-. a further approximation to
have a relative error lower Continuing the mappings, conical line can be obtained: (15) z =~ln 2
for the
<l+cosa+#4cosa
1
O:SCYs~. (18) sin asin a.
error is the same as in (13). it is conspicuous are built the reciprocal that of the in (13) and(15) is essentially very similarly.
v1 z = V; /In 2
sin a + &4
these approximations
41+sina~4
1
K/K is
parameters 7r/2 a and k. In just the same way the second expression was derived from the first in [1]. It can easily be shown that this procedure can be generalized. approximation for one of the ranges, e.g. for 0~as~/4withv/45Z<~, an approximation obtained with or OSk2S~with the same accuracy From an the range
. dl+k+qG 2 [ dl+?c-qz
1
(19)
when looking at the expression K(k)/K(k). If k runs from O to l/@, k runs from 1 to l/vZ because of (4). Thus, knowing the function values in the range OS k< l/ti2, range 1//2 S k <1 by taking and exchanging k and k. one the gets those in the remaining reciprocal of the function
K K
@ = 27r/in [ 2 @
+ k +
+4)/
+ k +41G and
-1
Osks-$. relative far better values
From the relations (38) and (39) in [1], obtained by conformal mapping, a further approximation results by suitably choosing half the relations and introducing the same boundaries as in (13) and (15):
for O<~51
The
approximations
(18),
.~lnz
[
1 + 4COS 1
4COS a 1
_ a>
than contained in all known tables. Furthermore it should be noted that in using the approximations tlhere are no difficulties of interpolation, unavoidable with tabulated functions. At last it should be remarked that elementary function are often much better suited for general calculations than elliptic integrals, especially, for example, for integration and similar operations. IV. RECURSIONSFOR ARBITRARILY HIGH ACCURACY projection and other simple concan be
(16) z v~/in [
21+ti!!H 1 tisin
1
a
formal mappings, leading to the last approximation, run through systematically again and again.
262
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1969
the recursion
boundaries
. . ..W.
fo=:.
v=1,2, f,-, = ~
.o.
1).
(20)
theoretically
(21),
way for the inverse function point of view this means the of transmission impedance. For
computation of the geometrical parameters lines for given values of the characteristic
practical claims of accuracy it should be simplest to solve the above approximations for their arguments. V. THE SHIELDED COUPLED STRIP TRANSMISSIONLINE In the last four rows it can be seen that the recursion In this section it shall be shown, as an example of the practically important coupled striplines, why the coplanar stripline of Fig. the coplanar be obtained l(a) has a central importance, and how other can cross sections of lines can be transformed stripline from (13) together with (12): + 1 1 into this one. For
ment for N= 1 yields the approximation (18). The greatest relative error reduces from 2X 10-3 to 4X l&12. The approximation (16) cannot be obtained with this transformation cycle. It is left out. However, as we are free to introduce every suitable approximation in the algorithm, (16) ean be chosen as the beginning. The first improved approximation for N= 1 then has a greatest relative error far below I&lz. Starting from (18) yields a still better first improvement, and so on. Summarizing all the results of the algorithm that for the function (20) based on the K/K, they are
for~sZS@
@4. (22)
(13) and (16), it can be realized results into approximations identical with those obtained
after converting
den transform. The condensed general algorithm, comprising all the results above, can be written in the following way: N=0,1,2, k, = k,
1 k, = l+kj!-l H-1
The greatest relative error of 2.4X l& is good enough for the following. Let us consider the shielded coupled strip transmission line of Fig. 2. For the calculation of the coupling, the characteristic impedances Z,.em of the even mode (see Fig. 3(a)) and If we and pick out a quarter of the line Zo~~ of the odd mode (see Fig. 4(a)) must be known. take the even mode fist l).
k; k-N
. ..(N(l)
cross section (see Fig. 3(b)), then this part will have the characteristic impedance 2 Z.V,.. A mapping intothe~ axis
HILBERG
: CHARACTERISTIC
IMPEDANCE I
APPROXIMATIONS
AND
EXACT
RELATIONS
263
t
I
t
Fig. 5.
----E
----line.
with
line.
the SchwarzChristoffeI
transformation,
Fig. 2.
w
1
=s
c
first
[(z -
X,)(Z
Z2)]-M +
(23)
of the constants,
to the trans-
(24)
(:)
1 I
I --
corresponding following
relationship
cosh2 ~
.
r
I-t
h 7TU1 coshz h
(25)
-U2 (b)
-u,
4, W2.0
Before substituting
this value into (22) we have to consider impedance for the whole one half-plane, into which
that (22) yields the characteristic plane in Fig. l(a). Consequently, (c) Fig. 3. (a) Even mode. (b) A quarter cross section. (c) Mapping into a straight line. the cross section represented
has twice this value. For Z,v,n the factor 2 is eliminated throughout, and after substituting (25) into (22) the following expression is obtained:
z even=
1
[
dcoshwosh?+ 2 dh%cosh?-
1
(27)
(a)
1=
f -U2 w
(b)
- u{
~-{W2=0
The calculation is similar for the odd mode, We pick out a quarter of the transmission line (see Fig. 4(b)), which has a characteristic impedance of 2 Z.cIcI, and transform the boundary into the x axis, applying the transformation equation h w = arc r
sinh~z.
Fig. 4.
(a) Odd mode. (b) A quarter cross section. (c) Mapping into a straight line.
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1969
6 L
24
r--L
30T -
21
10 ~
10-3
I 2
I I L
I I 111
6 8 10-2
I
2
I I I I 11I
L 6 8 10-
1
2
I 4
I 1111
I I 111
6 8 101
I
2
I I I I lx
4 6 8 102
8 10
Fig. 6.
Characteristic
ZO cdd
lin@-
again, we substitute w= UI and w= u, with the corresponding values z= r and z= r, respectively, the following relationship is obtained for r/r:
If,
%/n[2dc0sh3 oro<z%
It makes no sense to apply more accurate formulas for graphical representations. In Fig. 6 the curves were calculated from (26) and (29). Instead of the symbols U1 and u,, w and s, the characteristic quantities introduced in [2] and
Substituting this expression into (22) the following mations are obtained fOr Zodd:
dsinhwsinh?+ Z.dd
marked
U2=W+)
;n [ 2 @inhwsinh?- 1
Ul=.
(31) 2
odd :/n[2usinhwsinh%l
foro<zodd<~
Comparing the curves of Fig. 6 with those of Cohn [3], the following em be recognized: in the middle area of the diagram, which alone can be compared, there is agreement. In the transition between the two Z ranges of the approximations no break is to be seen. There are apparently no difficulties in computing the curves even for extreme parameter values, as shown for very low and high ones, Just there the accuracy of the approximations even rises and the error is far starting from the this value by 2N zero, twice the line below l&3. Roughly the following is valid: impedance Z= 307r ohms and multiplying
By letting
of the microstrip
(see Fig. 5) must be obtained. By substituting b = 21A the following simple impedance is obtained for the line of Fig. 5:
where N=O, -11,-12, . . 0 yields impedances with a greatest relative error of the order of ( 103)2N. The computation can
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TRANSACTIONS
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AND
TECHNIQUES,
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1969
265
be carried
computers
or with given by
to use one of
cross sections
alternating electrical and magnetic walls can by SchwarzChristoffel transformation into [1] W. Hilberg,
REFERENCES Uber die Moglichkeit, gewisse Wellenwiderstandsformeln, die efliptische Integrale enthalten, durch Naherungsformeln beliebig hoch wahlbarer Genauigkeit zu ersetzen, Arck. Elek. Ubertragurzg, vol. 21, no. 11, pp. 603-616, 1967. [z] Naherungen fur die elliptische Integral-Funktion K/K und Rek&sionen zur beliebigen Verbesserung ihrer Genauigkeit, Z. Arzgew. Math. Pkys. (to be published). [3] S. B. Cohn, Shielded coupled-strip transmission line, IRE Trans. Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. MTT-3, pp. 29-38, October 1955. [4] W. Hilberg, Die Darstellung gewisser fur die Berechnung von Leitungen benotigter elliptischer Modulfunktionen durch Rekursionsformeln, Arch. EIek. Uberfragang, VOL 21, no. 9, pp. 451459, 1968.
a straight line (x axis). Taking the approximations for the coplanar line, the usual next step of transformation into a rectangle leading to expressions K/K can be omitted. When using the algorithms, the elliptic integral theory is obviously not needed at any point even for arbitrarily tions, i.e. for exact values. In many cases of practical In the literature applications a formula there is still another problem. is given for the good approxima-
characteristic impedance of a transmission line in the conventional form K/K with moduli k and k, and one should like to obtain good numerical values rapidly or to survey
Mode
Coupling
Between
Surface Lines
Wave
Transmission
KENNETH R. COOK,
MEMBER,
IEEE, AND
TEH-MING
CHU
The eigenvalue
equations
obtained
by
between two Goubau surface wave lines is derived utilizing and experimental
and Tiazhelov
were identical
HE TRANSFER of power between two parallel Goubau surface wave lines has received little attenT
compared to the wavelength as well as the separation of the two lines. Furthermore, their analyses were directed only to the lowest order TM mode structure. Goubau and Sharp [4] reported measured power transfer between two Goubau coupling coupling over rather between lines. However, restricted surface their data represented Bracey dielectric data on the by values of separation. and experimental waves supported
tion
action able
order TM
Leontovich type and obtain reasonable agreement between theory and experiment. His results were presented in terms of the hybrid space wave characteristics. However, for close coupling conditions his results were somewhat in error. Prior to Tiazhelov, Meyerhoff [2] used a somewhat different approach for obtaining the hybrid phase characteristics for Manuscript received September 25, 1968; revised December 26, 1968.This work was sponsored by the U. S. Department of Transportation, Office of High Speed Ground Transportation. K. R. Cook was with the Institute for Telecommunication Sciences, Environmental ScienceServicesAdministration, Boulder, Colo. 80302. He is now with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colo. T. M. Chu is with the Institute for Telecommunication Sciences, Environmental ScienceServicesAdministration, Boulder, Colo. 80302.
data presented
not have the limitations of Meyerhoffs and Tiazhelovs analyses. Also, experimental data are presented for power transfer over a much wider range of separation than previously repolted [1], [4]. We have directed our attention to the coupling between two parallel surface wave lines capable of supporting an arbitrary but finite number of TE and TM modes. By utilizing the method of point matching [3] a numerical scheme is generated which allows one to compute the coupled phase velocities for a set of surface wave structures supporting a finite number of modes. Limitations of the process are those inherent to the point matching method and computer capabilities.