Parks

FAISALABAD AREA UPGRADING PROJECT
Environmental Development
PARKS DEVELOPMENT
in
Shadab Colony, Faisalabad, Pakistan

(June 2001) S.M. Khatib Alam and Zahid Mahmood
This document is produced as part of the Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project (FAUP) for the purpose of disseminating lessons learnt from FAUP. The views expressed are not necessarily those of DF1D or the Government of Pakistan. FAUP 2001 Parts of this case study may be reproduced for educational use, provided that such material is not printed and sold. The authors expect, that any material, which is used will be acknowledged. Front Cover: Shadab Park (developed) Layout & Designed by Kashif Abbas Malik At: FaizBakht Printers The Mall Jhang, Pakistan E-mail: faizbakht@hotmail.com
FOREWORD
This case study is the first of a series of interesting research being undertaken and produced by the team of Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project (FAUP). The experiences mentioned cover a seven year period (1994 2001). The context of this study is environmental improvements within slum areas in Faisalabad, focusing on active community participation on converting open spaces to beautiful parks.
Learning from FAUP's experience of community interaction in the process of park development, the commissioner Faisalabad constituted the Parks and Horticultural Cell in 1999. The responsibility of this Cell is to undertake the rehabilitation of the parks and green belts with the active support of community participation. This experiment has been very successful at the city-wide level as it was in Shadab Colony depicting that the integrated and inclusive approach to development can be replicated. This has paved the way for the belief that the community can be responsive if there is transparency and if confidence-building measures are implemented.
I would like to take this opportunity to thank those members of the FAUP team that have spent many long hours compiling and documenting the data for this particular piece of work. Everyone associated with the study is congratulated and acknowledged for their efforts, it has truly been a team effort. I am sure that we have a document that will be a valuable asset to practitioners and academics alike.
Dr. Tariq Sardar Director Parks and Horticultural Cell Faisalabad Municipal Corporation June 8th 2001
PREFACE
The environment and its impact on human development are at the forefront of global policy thinking. Urbanisation as a phenomenon is impacting on the physical environment itself with consequences for human populations. The influx of people from the rural to the urban is placing city populations under tremendous pressure. At the forefront of these rapidly changing demographic trends are slum areas and katchi abadis. In Faisalabad there are approximately 52 slum areas and 129 recognised katchi abadis, nearly all of which are characterised by extreme poverty, In terms of inadequate access to basic services such as education, primary health care, water, sanitation, income generation and recreation. The opportunity to break free from the constraints placed by the poverty trap are limited. Under the direction of the Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project (FAUP) the improvement of the environmental conditions of katchi abadis and slum areas has been an important component of the process of social development. There is evidence that if poor and/or marginalised communities are given the necessary tools and technical assistance to develop their internal capacities, then they can mobilise themselves into effective organisations at a local level and occasionally at the city-wide level. These communities can provide huge assistance to government line departments, if they are taken as equitable and equal partners in development. Shadab Colony, located in Faisalabad, Pakistan is one such area which although still classified as a slum area by government line departments, can no longer claim to be a slum area. The area has changed enormously since the arrival of FAUP in 1994. The technical assistance provided by FAUP has enabled communities to mobilise themselves to undertake many small projects including improving the environment by converting a number of open spaces to beautiful parks. There have been far reaching benefits to the immediate communities in the vicinity of the parks as well as those from adjacent areas. Perhaps one of the most important has been that the local communities have considerably improved their own "feel-good" factor. This case study will highlight the relationship between improved health, economic activity and social capital and the consequence of a positive physical environmental improvement. It will document the transformation of behaviour of people in low income communities which has resulted in an improvement in their lives. The report is the result of obtaining information and cooperation from all FAUP team members but a special mention needs to be made of Nadir Ehsan, Ejaz Ahamd and Wajid Hassan who have provided valuable direction. Furthermore, we would like to thank all community members from Shadab Colony and in particular Mr. Shahid Maqbool who very kindly shared his photographs of park development of the area. Zahid Mahmood FAUP Environmental Development Officer S.M.Khatib Alam Project Co-ordinator
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Environmental Improvement in Slum Areas Case Study: Park Development in Shadab Colony, Faisalabad
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword Preface EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 CHAPTER 1 -INTRODUCTION Background of the Project FAUP Objectives The Role of the Communities in Shadab Colony CHAPTER 2-PRE FAUP INTERVENTION A Profile of shadab colony Infrastructure component of FAUP Employment & income patterns in 1994-1996 Socio-economic environment of shadab colony Infrastructure environment Social environment Economic environment Health environment Political environment Community representation in 1994 Concluding thoughts CHAPTER 3 -POST FAUP INTERVENTION Socio-economic development in shadab colony Project management tools Community participation & empowerment Needs assessment The physical process of park development a) project implementation committee b) removal of garbage c) land levelling d) fertile soil filling e) construction of boundary walls f) construction of entry gates g) footpaths tracks flower beds h) tree planting i) installing a fountain j) visitors k) Ladies Park June 2001 Process of Park Development Conflict management The policy on the removal of buffaloes from municipal limits The role of women in park development projects The other gender: the role of men in supporting Cost-benefit analysis of park development The benefits of cost-sharing Linkages with Government Line Departments CHAPTER 4 -THE IMPACTS OF PARK DEVELOPMENT Nature of the benefits Social benefits Economic benefits Health benefits Nature of the beneficiaries Land value of shadab colony
1
2 2 2 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 14 14 15 16
3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6
Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project
Page (i)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
4.7 4.8 5.0
The impact of park development on local businesses Park development by FMC CHAPTER 5 -LESSONS LEARNT
18 18 20
APPENDICES S.W.O.T analysis Terms of Partnership List of Boxes Box 2-1: Haji Akram -Naqvi Park Box 2-2: Ms. Nighat Saleem -Ladies Park Box 2-3: Mrs. Khan -Shadab Colony Resident Box 2-4: MA Jinnah Development Society 1-Shadab Colony Box 3-1: AIDA Model for community Involvement in Park Development by FAUP Box 3-2: Mr. Rana Bashir -MA Jinnah Development Society 1-Jinnah Park Box 4-1: Dr. Abdul Wahid Ghauri -Shadab Colony Box 4-2: Ms. Kanwal -Ladies Park Box 4-3: Case Study 1-Rehmat Park Box 4-4: Case study 2 -Jinnah Park List of Tables Table 2-1: Conditions in 1994-1996 Table 3-1: Level of female MPCOs membership Table 3-2: Work contribution to park development Table 3-3: Cost Component of each park development Table 4-1: Socio-economic profile of Shadab Colony for 2000 Table 4-2: Rise in commercial and residential property prices in Shadab Colony Table 4-3: Businesses lost on land that is now Jinnah Park List of Figures Figure 1-1: FAUP integrated development approach Figure 4-1: Number of visits to the parks per day (2001) Figure 4-2: Issues related to parks Figure 4-3: Rise in values of residential/commercial properties from 1995 to 2001-06-08 21 22
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Environmental Improvement in Slum Areas Case Study: Park Development in Shadab Colony, Faisalabad communities and government line departments. The projects confirmed the belief that government line departments and communities could work together. It is a cost-effective way of improving the social, economic, health environment of slum areas if land happens to be already available.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
When the Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project (FAUP) was established in 1994, one if it's main pillars was the tangible improvement in the environmental and health needs of the people within those pilot areas. Evidence from many existing studies suggests that the social, economic, health and cultural well being of a particular group is directly relative to the quality of the physical and social environment in which they prevail. One of the mainstays of the project has been the promotion of community mobilisation and involvement in the development process. FAUP has been particularly successful in managing the community facilitation processes. A key focus of the work has been to provide healthy environments for the urban poor in Faisalabad. The four FAUP pilot areas are Shadab Colony, Islamnagar, Chak 7jb and Noorpoora. Firstly, the project is being run through government line departments, in this instance, the FDA and not through civil society organisations such as NGOs. Secondly, the integrated nature of the project means that sectors such as environmental health improvement, basic education, small enterprise development and infrastructure development are central to the overall goals of the project. This case study will be specifically focusing on the park development aspect of improved environmental and health linkages before and after FAUP interventions at the community level. Thirdly, since the project is working through an existing government department the support of other government line departments has been easier. The problems associated with NGO government relations have not surfaced in this instance to such an extent. These factors lend to the unique nature in which the project is designed and implemented. Thus it becomes all the easier to forge ahead with the facilitation of community driven initiatives. This report highlight's why park development is such a good idea, is it sustainable and whether it can be replicated for other similar communities and circumstances. In this context park development is positive for a number of reasons.
The study will document park development initiatives in Shadab Colony from a social development perspective. This will include the processes associated with community mobilisation and development at lane, neighbourhood and area levels. In particular the tools used to support the formation of Multi-Purpose Community Organisations (MPCOs). Have these initiatives resulted in greater gender development and empowerment? To what extent were these community driven development initiatives participatory and who made the decisions? Was there conflict between groups with vested interests in the open plots and how was this overcome i.e. conflict management. As a consequence has there been an impact on education, health, environmental and gender indicators for Shadab Colony and can this be measured and if so how? The pre-FAUP era will analyse the quality of life through social, economic, health and environmental indicators. This will inform the "needs assessment" for the development of parks in Shadab Colony. It will suggest that the physical and social environment prevailing within Shadab Colony contributed to poor levels of health, education, economic productivity and cultural development. Then an analysis of those indicators will be documented following the park development projects and its benefits to the population in terms of the quality of life. There is both quantitative and qualitative evidence to suggest that park development initiatives have been hugely beneficial to the communities in the colony. These range from better health, to greater levels of social interaction and an increase in the value of residential and commercial properties and the land on which they are built. In addition the report will outline the cost benefit analysis of the park development projects. Whether the exercise was worthwhile and what sort of costs could be involved if other communities should want to develop parks for their areas. The conclusion will offer the lessons of park developments have been for Shadab Colony. Were they beneficial and if so, is there a suggestion that they be incorporated into a city development strategy (CDS) for Faisalabad? Should such projects become part of the development paradigm for urban services for the poor.
The parks were an opportunity for the local communities to actually visualise the impact and the end product of the development process and its benefits It was an important way to mobilise the communities and get them behind a cause such as park development for which an appetite already existed. The process exemplified how an equitable partnership could work between the
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
Photo:
Open space designated for Shaheen Park
1.0
1.1
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Project
FAUP has been engaged at three levels:

At the policy making forums At the city-wide level At community level
The Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project (FAUP) was initiated in the late 1980s. This was in response to the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between the Governments of Pakistan and the United Kingdom. The main purpose of the project was in keeping with the international development policy commitments of the British Government to working towards poverty alleviation in low -income urban areas. FAUP is co-financed by the Government of Pakistan (20%) and the Government of United Kingdom (80%) the latter being a grant. Typically the mechanism for the delivery of those funds is based on a cost sharing model. The community contributes to tertiary (lane and/or neighbourhood level) level infrastructure projects by contributing 50% cost in cash/or services in kind against an equal cash contribution from FAUP. 1.2 FAUP Objectives
The delivery of the secondary level projects in the four pilot areas occurs through the Faisalabad Development Authority (FDA) - a government line department. This characterises the innovative and distinctive nature of the project. FAUP is not an NGO, rather it is working through a government institution and it is the very nature of this relationship that defines its groundbreaking work. The work is undertaken in a number of sectors such as basic education, health and environmental improvement, small enterprise development and infrastructure development. These sectors are held together by the common nucleus of -social development. See Figure 1-1 below. Figure 1-1: FAUP Integrated Approach To Development
The main objective of the FAUP is to work towards eradicating poverty by improving the quality of life for the poor. The target group for this package includes the most disadvantaged and vulnerable groups within the city of Faisalabad. This objective has been held together by five main threads 1) Working to establish community organisations with skills, capacity and alliances to enable the poor, women and the poorest, who are most vulnerable and at risk, to access their needs and rights. 2) Demonstrating successful ways to improve the security and livelihoods of the poor, including the poorest. 3) Assisting the service providers to have the capacity to work with and respond to the demands of the poor 4) Creating an enabling environment through helping to establish a policy framework and mandate to ensure pro-poor focused urban development. 5) Finally, establishing structures able to sustain and take forward urban poverty focused development and look towards supporting the emergence of a lead urban poverty reduction organisation (with co-ordination, policy and advocacy roles) and the absorption of key functions back within line departments.
Enterprise Development
Basic Education
Social Development
Health & Environment
Infrastructure Development
Within FAUP there are many innovations but perhaps among the most important include: the projects ability to facilitate an equitable working partnership between the communities (mostly poor, including the poorest and the most vulnerable in society) and local government institutions; and the project is able to demonstrate an integrated and inclusive approach to development;
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The project is working in selected four pilot areas of Faisalabad City: Noorpura, Islamnagar, Chak 7jb and Shadab Colony. Shadab Colony is the focus of this case study. 1.3 The Role of the Communities in Shadab Colony
FAUP intervention, some MPCOs in Shadab such as MA Jinnah Development Society were welfare societies operating at the neighbourhood level. The communities identified park development as a priority following an awareness campaign by FAUP and the local MPCO activists highlighting the importance of a healthy living environment. The issue had been contentious for some time amongst the communities themselves. Vested interests had prevented progress and the issue of parks stagnated. It was with the arrival of FAUP and the subsequent formation of organised community forums that people were able to implement their wishes for the environmental improvement of their area. In the case of Shadab and its park development projects, FAUP has been instrumental in empowering low-income and vulnerable communities and giving them the necessary tools to make reality their decisions and improve the quality of their lives.
Central to the ethos of the project has been the principle of community driven development facilitated by FAUP. The approach is best defined as process oriented development rather than concentrating purely on a product-oriented approach. The mobilisation of communities led to the formation of Multi-Purpose Community Organisations (MPCO). These operate at the lane, neighbourhood and area level depending on the nature of their maturity, membership and registration status. Prior to
Figure 1-2: Map of Shadab Colony showing the various open spaces converted to Parks
SCHOOL
MOSQUE
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4 11 6
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5 MPCO LANE LEVEL
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REHMAN DEV SOCIETY
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TAMIR-E-MILLAT DEV SOCIETY
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M.A. JINNAH DEV. SOCIETY-I
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REHMAT PARK
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SOCIAL DEV COMMITTEE (WO)
M.A. JINNAH DEV. SOCIETY-II
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SHAHEEN PARK
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SHAHEEN DEV SOCIETY
REHMAT DEV SOCIETY
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LADIES2 PARK
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MADINA PARK
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BA
CHAPTER 2 PRE-FAUP INTERVENTION
Photo:
Open space d designated esignated for Jinnah Park
CHAPTER 2 PRE-FAUP INTERVENTION (1994)
2.0
PRE - FAUP INTERVENTION (1994)
2.2
Infrastructure Component of FAUP
2.1 A Profile of Shadab Colony Shadab Colony is a slum area of about 100 acres situated on the Jhang road about 4 km from the city centre. It has a population of 8,901 people with an average household size of 7.55 persons. (See Table 21) Initially it was agricultural land, which had been fragmented into plots and sold by its owners to the current residents. The residents are mostly migrants from different parts of the city and nearby villages who came to work. Planned in 1965 the colony was nicknamed "Azab Colony" which when translated into English from Urdu means "the colony from hell". The definition of a slum, according to FAUP is "private land used for residential purposes without any adequate provision of urban services", which is exactly what Shadab Colony was. A battle ensued between the community and private developers in the courts for the right to a healthy environment. Box 2-1: Haji Akram (Karachi wala) -Naqvi Park
Mr. Akram known lovingly as "Karachi wala" meaning from Karachi is a 66-year-old man who is one of the oldest residents of Shadab Colony. In 1994 this was a terrible place, with no clean water, no street lights, broken roads, open drains and open places where some families kept buffaloes and goats. When it rained the water would fill the lanes and stagnate causing excrement to overflow into our houses. In the rainy season the insects, in particular mosquitoes were a problem, especially with buffalo and goats standing around in dung. It was difficult to get to the mosques and remain clean for prayers because you had to pass by the buffalo, who would often wag their tails to remove flies and mosquitoes and in the process dirty passers by. In every household there were at least two people who would be ill from either malaria or other diseases, in particular young children. With so many houses made from mud they were particularly susceptible to stagnant water. This is why this place was known as "Azab Colony". The original land on which Shadab Colony was located belonged to a Mr. Sardar Ghazanfar Khan. Mr. Sardar handed the land to private developers who then tried to sell the land. When the colony was planned seven open places were reserved for parks and six places for mosques. Problems arose in 1982 when the private developers tried to sell the plots. The community objected and when all else failed, matters ended up in court. For the next 13 years, there were many problems and they all culminated in a major court battle in 1995 when the courts ruled in favour of the community. Originally 50 people were involved in fighting for the cause and by the end of the 13-year struggle, only a few were still fighting since most had become discontented and discouraged. One in particular, Mr. Rana Bashir. lost his business in the process of struggling to secure the land for the community. While legally the colony is called Shadab, the people would like it to be called " Bashir Colony" to thank Mr. Rana for his efforts. Mr. Akram states"Finally we got our parks and the colony has been transformed from a living hell to an area in which people actually enjoy living".
Environmental infrastructure and its upgrading is an important component of FAUP. In a city like Faisalabad, access to water supply, sewerage, drainage, street lighting, solid waste management, pavements/roads and general environmental improvement are fundamental needs of the city and its people. The FAUP strategy has been to focus tackle the irregular and inadequate infrastructure facilities in the four pilot project katchi abadis and slum areas of Faisalabad. Working in partnership with the Water & Sanitation Agency (WASA) and FMC, FAUP is implementing a range of primary, secondary and tertiary level environmental infrastructure projects. As part of the environmental and health aspects of the project, park development was implemented in Shadab Colony -this was done in association with local neighbourhood level MPCOs of the area. 2.3 Employment and Income Generating Activities during the period 1994 to 2001 Most people in Shadab Colony have a wide variety of jobs. The majority tend to be employed in the labouring sector in nearby factories or self-employed. Until 1999, the dominant income -generating activity was the rearing of buffalo for milk. Many families kept buffalo and then sold the milk at a cost of 10-12 rupees per litre. Another common activity was the selling of dung cakes by local women for a price of 10-12 rupees per hundred. This was done on an own property basis and on a sharecropping arrangement where women would collect the dung from buffalo owners to make cakes and then returned half the product to the owner whilst selling the remaining half. Today (June 2001), the buffaloes have been removed from the municipal limits in line with the new policy of the municipality and some of the affected persons have tried to adjust to developing other skills that are prevailing in the area, whilst others have become unemployed. There remain a few professional people in the area working mainly as teachers, government officers and one or two are employed in the legal profession. There is a certain amount of household production that takes place in the colony. There is for example a cluster of small household units involved in plastic injection moulding. These units are equipped with between one to five locally produced injection moulders. Some of the units are entirely family based, others employ a few young labourers. These units manufacture ink containers bottle tops, plastic spoons and kitchen equipment. The quality of the products depends largely on the type and origin of the raw material. Some items are produced using local plastic pellets, others are produced from imported Japanese granules. There are also a number of small carpentry units making furniture and wooden switchboards. Page 4
A number of people from the colony are employed in one of the nearby factories located along the Jhang road. There appears to be no real objection to women working outside of the colony. There are a number of key sources of employment for women in the area including a garment factory located on the Jhang road, which employs around 30 women. Most of the sources of employment are small and diverse. Examples include a chilli and turmeric-grinding unit, where women earn fairly meagre Rs. 35 per day, a rice mill and a variety of other food processing units. Many women are involved in cutting, embroidery and stitching at home on a piece rate basis. Women who cut and trim the edges of embroidered sheets earn Rs. 35 per dozen sheets.
People lacked focus and purpose in their lives Poor quality of domestic life
From the female perspective: Very little social interaction between women Difficulty in getting marriage proposals for young women due to low social standing associated with area. Women lacked any constructive role outside of the home Women felt dis-empowered and excluded 2.7 Economic Environment The economic landscape of the area was very different prior to the park development initiatives. The poor physical environment contributed to the following: Lack of employment opportunities Low value of local land and property Poor business environment Poor accessibility to area Loss of potential employment opportunities to manpower from other areas 2.8 Health Environment Poor physical and social environment contributed to a number of health related ailments. These impacted on the social and economic well being of the community. High incidence of diarrhoea Malaria and hepatitis High mortality rate Low birth rate Poor sanitation and hygiene Table 2-1: Conditions in 1994 to 1996
Description Total population Total Houses Average person per house Average income range per household Average area per house Drinking water facility supply Boring (individual/common) Can water Other Sewage disposal Open plot Drain Sewer Solid waste disposal Street Open plot Drums Filth depot Type of toilet Field Septic tank Drain connected Sewer connected No & % age 8,901 1,179 7.55 persons Rs. 2000 - 3000 per month 5.13 Marla = 0% -99.6% =0.4%
A few women have set up vocational training centres at their homes where they teach girls to cut, stitch, embroider and knit. One such trainer, who happens to have a Diploma, runs a centre for 15 girls. She charges Rs. 110 per trainee for the first month and Rs. 60 per month thereafter. There are also one or two private schools in Shadab colony. A young graduate runs one of the larger private schools with separate streams for boys and girls. Some women also run small schools from their homes. The incidence of private education in Shadab colony appears to indicate a certain level of prosperity for at least some of the residents. 2.4 Socio-economic environment of Shadab Colony Prior to FAUP intervention and the subsequent park development initiatives the social, economic and health conditions of the incumbents was terrible according to local residents. There is ample qualitative evidence to support this viewpoint. 2.5 Infrastructure Environment The lack of a suitable infrastructure meant that the people endured terrible hardships: This included No provision for clean drinking water No street lighting No pavements and streets No provision for solid waste disposal Poor sewerage and drainage No local parks 2.6 Social Environment From the male perspective the following were highlighted as key issues: Poor physical environment resulted in very little social interaction No motivation to raise standards in education Poor personal hygiene a reflection of the immediate physical and social environment
=5.80% =0.75% =93.45% =1.20% =61.55% =0.20% =37.05% =0% =0% =6.60% =93.40%
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2.9 Political Environment The successful mobilisation of communities into structured multi-purpose entities has a level of empowerment. In the recent local government elections (May 31 2001) a number of people from these MPCOs had registered themselves candidates. The social development of the communities has created an enabling environment conducive to participation at the political level. The net effect of this empowerment has been the politicisation of development activities in Shadab Colony, where the success of the projects have been used to launch political careers.
Box 2-2: Ms. Nighat Saleem -Ladies Park
The Social Development Committee for Women was formed in 1996. It was not registered and there was no support from the government. Ms. Saleem is the president of this committee. Eventually linkages developed with FMC but through the support of FAUP. The committee has established a women and enterprise training centre, which develops the skills of local women in knitting and embroidery. Each workshop contains a batch of 30-35 women. At the time when the park was being developed the committee organised local women to carry out the supervisory role including the co-ordination of the labour activities. The benefits of the park have been numerous including all round improvement in the health of the women, improved social interaction between the women, greater levels of mobility. The committee sees its objectives as : 1) working to improve the conditions of the area. 2) working to improve the social, economic and health environment of women. 3) to educate , train and develop the skills of local women in Shadab Colony.
These organisations then became MPCOs with the intervention and support of FAUP. Many local community based organisations existed but without formal structures and very little membership. They were single-issue organisations and operational in very limited terms. 2.11 Concluding Thoughts
It's evident that before the introduction of FAUP's community driven park development initiatives in Shadab Colony, the prevailing social, economic and environmental health conditions were generally poor. Personal accounts support the view that the poor physical and social environment negatively impacted all spheres of local life in Shadab Colony. For example, poor health in particular, for women and young children. Then economic dimensions such as the low value of property and land in the area all impacted on the social standing of the people. Box 2-4: MA Jinnah Development Society I Shadab Colony MPCO
This was formed in 1992 but at the time was known as MA Jinnah Welfare Society. It was not registered at the time. The society had many meetings with FAUP but there were scant opportunities to take that collaboration forward. In 1996 a number of projects were approved which included infrastructure work such as roads development, tertiary level sewer lines, street lights through the support of MCF and solid waste disposal. In 1996 when the courts decided in favour of the local communities work began on a social forestry programme which included park development. This meant an area level re-organisation. This was important because with the passage of time, in this instance, three to four years, there was a need for greater accountability and transparency. The greater accountability has created a greater level of confidence and trust amongst the community of the effectiveness and importance of the MPCO. There are stronger linkages with FAUP, NGOs and government departments. In addition the organisation has fostered the development and empowerment of individuals, a number of its members will be standing in the forthcoming local government elections in order to build on the work done by the MPCO and strengthen its links with government structures. It is now a fully registered local community based organisation. It has been responsible for overseeing the development of Jinnah Park.
2.10 Community Representation in 1994 At this stage the area was represented by small c o m m u n i t y b a s e d a c t i v i t y o rg a n i s a t i o n s . Development committees tended to represent communities on the ground. Local organisations such as the MA Jinnah Welfare Society and the Social Development Committee for Women lacked community wide representation and were not often registered entities.
Box 2-3: Mrs. Khan -Shadab Colony Resident
Points out that she has been in the neighbourhood for nearly 25 years. They have numerous problems from but poor health is a major one. The children are ill most of the time with diarrhoea and malaria, which means they cant go to school, Even many adults are too sick to go out and search for work. Many of the men spend most of their time away from the area. Their lives are thoroughly miserable, with little or no support from the government. Most of the jobs undertaken by the women are in the home, making clothes, or decorating goods because we cant afford to move away from the neighbourhood and are often not fit or strong enough to leave our homes due to our illnesses or those of our children. We are house bound and feel like prisoners in our homes.
The purpose of the report will now be to assess what has been the impact on the lives of the ordinary people in the face of such community driven initiatives as park development. How have these developments created the necessary enabling environment that fosters greater social cohesion, economic vigour and environmental health improvements? Which social development principles have been implemented in the process of area upgrading within Shadab Colony?
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CHAPTER 3 POST-FAUP INTERVENTION
Photo:
Jinnah Park in early development stage.
3.0
3.1
POST-FAUP INTERVENTION
Social Development in Shadab Colony
3.3
Community Participation & Empowerment
As part of its commitment to the improvement in the physical infrastructure and healthy environments, FAUP facilitated park development initiatives through community driven and empowerment schemes. In 1994 the communities identified a number of key requirements for infrastructure upgrading. These included:

The role of the communities has been instrumental in developing the seven parks in Shadab Colony. The communities were empowered with the assistance of FAUP through the formation of MPCOs. The process involved orientation and incluced: Familiarisation of the area Individual contacts and project introduction Community meetings and project details Formation of MPCOs based on participation Needs assessment and prioritisation Development of options Project preparation Project approval Implementation/execution Impact monitoring/evaluation Box 3-1: AIDA Model for Community involvement in Park Development by FAUP
Water and sanitation Sewerage Street lighting Solid waste disposal Park development FAUP supported the community decision to prioritise park development for a number of pertinent reasons:
The visual impact of a tangible project like parks would make a real difference to the communities and thus ensuring maximum participation on other sub-projects. It was sufficiently attractive for the communities to ensure that structured groups were formed and became active almost instantly. The first park scheme was given priority by the communities because it needed to become the "litmus test" by which the communities could judge for themselves of the benefits of active participation 3.2 Project Management Tools
Awareness: community activists and FAUP field staff encouraged an awareness campaign to raise the profile of the existing environment and its problems among the community. Problems such as the dilapidated state of the physical environment, poor hygiene, terrible odour, solid waste, stagnant water were all having a negative impact on the population. Frequent meetings, exposure visits, health sessions were arranged to highlight the environmental problems of the area. Interest: once awareness had been created the communities began discussing the issues among themselves. This spawned interest and discussions began about the possibility of turning the open plots into parks for the children and women. Desire: Interest translated into active dialogue between the communities and FAUP team. There was discussion about the parks and the need for a healthy environment. This resulted in a request for assistance from FAUP. Action: This was time for action. Community activists took the responsibility for park development in the neighbourhoods of Shadab Colony. Initially lane level MPCO's were formed and then later neighbourhood MPCOs became involved. Funds were raised and resources were allocated. The result is that six parks have been developed in the project area.
With the aid of project management tools such as SWOT analyses (see Appendix 1) and AIDA analysis, the park development projects were assessed, initiated and implemented by the communities. The SWOT analysis allowed FAUP and the communities to assess the potential impacts of the park development project and its activities. While AIDA set out the communication and conceptual framework for greater community interaction at the project level in Shadab Colony. The social development and empowerment of the communities of Shadab Colony has been process oriented, participatory and includes:

Community participation and empowerment Needs assessment Conflict resolution Role of Women in Development (WID) Institutional linkages (line departments)

Armed with the above working models communities in Shadab were able to exercise their rights and work towards the development of the parks. At the neighbourhood level MPCO's such as MA Jinnah Development Society I and Social Development Women's Committee requested FAUP assistance to: Share in the cost of the development of the parks To provide the necessary technical assistance to implement the projects
Page 7
Following this initial dialogue between the MPCO's and FAUP, the working terms of a partnership (ToP) were signed (see Appendix 2). Under the terms and conditions of the sub-project, the division of labour was as follows:

Local communities were responsible for the operations and maintenance of the parks through the MPCO FAUP would seek and/or human resources/ funding from the FMC to assist with park maintenance The communities mobilised and contributed at all stages of the development. The conceptual stage, design phase, purchase of material, supervision and monitoring the progress of the projects. Hence, the local MPCOs having developed the necessary capacity, skills and confidence were able to keep direct links with government line departments such as FMC and request human resources. The self-assurance to do so came following a number of confidences building measures such as training workshops on various aspects of project implementation. 3.4 Needs Assessment
Photo: Some of the members of the project implementation committee
b)
Removal of Garbage
The committee supervised the removal of garbage from the selected sites. Resources were given by the FMC.
This is an important exercise in any development process. Therefore the community was responsible for identifying and prioritising its needs and requirements. With the facilitation of the FAUP team the community was able to identify the need for park development projects in Shadab Colony. This ensured community participation at every level of the project and decision making processes. 3.5 The Physical Process of Park Development
Photo: Removal of garbage and buffaloes from the site was the first activity
C)
Land Levelling
With a team of FAUP specialists, preliminary survey work was carried out in the following manner: Water and soil from the area were sent to a laboratory for testing Existing waste vegetation was removed Old soil was replaced with new fertile soil Designated area underwent land levelling Suitable trees, shrubs and grasses were planted A) Project Implementation Committees (PIC)
Local labour was used to undertake this activity and was supervised by the committees at a low cost.
Project implementation Committees were formed at each park level, which included FAUP team members. MPCOs nominated representatives for the committees through a series of resolutions. These committees were then responsible for the monitoring of the park development activities.
Photo:
Land levlleling
Page 8
d) Fertile Soil Filling The next step following land leveling and once again supervised by committee.
h) Tree Planting Trees were planted at the request of the community in order to improve the physical environment of the park and area.
Photo: Treating the land including soil filling
e) Construction of Boundary Walls These were necessary in order to protect the parks from trespassers and the potential of wastewater coming from adjoining streets. In some places iron mesh was used an alternative to boundary walls.
Photo: Trees was planted
h) Installing Fountains Fountains have been installed (designed, constructed and maintained) by the communities for most of the parks.
Photo: Construction of boundary walls and entry gates
f) Construction of Entry Gates Entry gates were constructed in all the parks to secure a main point of entry. g) Footpaths Tracks Flower Beds It was decide by the communities to improve the aesthetic outlook of the park by planting trees, flower and preparing footpaths.
Photo: A centre piece was created by the communities for a fountain
j) Visitors The park is often used as a meeting place, especially when there are visitors to the area. The MPCO proudly delivers a presentation on the development of the parks in Shadab Colony
Photo: Construction of footpaths
Photo: DFID visitors tot he project (1998)
Page 9
CHAPTER 3 POST-FAUP INTERVENTION k) Ladies Park June 2001
Environmental Improvement in Slum Areas Case Study: Park Development in Shadab Colony, Faisalabad According to accounts from members of MA Jinnah Development Society II the issue of clearing the land was problematic. Those who were being asked to move and make way for the parks would lose their businesses and regular incomes as a consequence. They resisted and objected in the strongest possible way. The communities themselves undertook the process of conflict management and resolution through education and awareness workshops under the tutelage of FAUP. However it is important to highlight that a large number of those who lost their businesses were not poor but relatively well off families. In some instances these people owned more than 15-20 buffaloes. Each buffalo costing approximately Rs. 20-25,000. Many were able to start new businesses. Many now are settled and happy with the improvements in the environment, especially the parks. A large majority of the households including those who originally protested are the direct or indirect beneficiaries of the new environment such as higher value of local properties. 3.8 Policy on removal of buffaloes from Municipal Limits
Photo:
Ladies park has blossomed into a beautiful place
3.6
Process of Park Development
Figure 3-1: Process of park development
Parks Development
Needs Assessment
In 1999 the local government of Faisalabad issued a policy to outlaw all buffaloes from city areas to outside the municipality parameters. This was an important decision on the part of the city since it rendered all encroachments and subsequent business illegal. Part of thinking behind this policy was the desire to clean up the city and its physical environment. There were problems with solid waste disposal, blocked drainage and sewers, which contributed to poor all round social environment in Faisalabad. Keeping in line with government policy those families had no choice but to move out and seek alternative employment. So how was the process managed? Well it was the community that took responsibility, through regular meetings which were designed to educate those who were against the idea of changing the physical make up of the area through park development. These meetings were organised by the respective MPCOs and their members where the advantages of park development and tree planting were discussed. The advantages were:

FAUP
MPCO
FMC
3.7
Conflict Management
The process of mobilising the community for park development was not free of controversy. Open space which had been earmarked for park development, was occupied by buffalo and other temporary shelter arrangements by some residents. The buffalo were a source of income for their owners. The land was also used for waste disposal. However, majority of the residents regarded these encroachments as contributing to a very poor and unhealthy physical and social environment.
Availability of clean space Reduction in waterborne diseases Improved social and physical environment Change in marshy conditions/insects Playing area for children Arguments against the parks centred on the view that there would be loss of business for existing families and that there would be loss of privacy through intrusions.
Page 10
Photo: Converting the open spaces into parks has enabled other projects like paving projects also to implemented by communities
Box 3-2 describes the account of a member of MA Jinnah Development Society II who was part of the conflict between communities. Box 3-2: M r. R a n a B a s h i r - M A J i n n a h Development Society I -Jinnah Park
Buffalo were kept on empty land and owned by probably 4/5 people who also happened to do good business from them. The problem for the community was that there was also dirty stagnant water and other health hazards. Eventually these people were forcibly removed by the FMC, they sold their buffaloes and therefore lost their businesses. However the situation in other parks such as Medina Park and Jinnah Park were far more serious in terms of opposition. In Jinnah Park there were some 100 buffaloes and the strength of the opposition was hugely vociferous. The issue was also being dragged out through the courts since 1979. 42 members of the community were involved in the court case to try and remove the encroachments. Eventually the communities succeeded in removing the encroachments. Similarly in 1999 a local government directive, which became policy, called for the removal of all buffalo from the city to the periphery. A number of physical and environmental health problems were being directly linked to people who happened to own buffalo, which were kept on open plots. Therefore keeping in line with the new citywide policy many families lost their businesses. This resulted in buffalo being sold. Families then moved out of the area and began other businesses. Some did very well and some did not do well. Some tension remains and people feel that they were unjustly dealt with. However most feel that the parks have been a positive development for the area and some of those people are now members of our local MPCOs.
Photo: Jinnah park has blossomed into a beautiful place
3.9
The Role of Women in Park Development Projects
Conceptual Framework At this stage a conceptual framework which sets the context for the role of women in communities and civil society organisations will be a useful tool. According to a recent report entitled "Human Development in South Asia -2000" by the Mahbub ul Haq Human
Page 11
Development Centre, it is necessary to delineate between terminology such as women in development and empowerment. This allows greater clarity in the conceptual understanding of the role of women in grass roots projects and community development. Since a key component of this study is the role of "women in the development of parks" it is meaningful to address this particular concept briefly. The original Women in Development approach was based on the premise of equity. This recognised the importance of women's participation in the development process as reproductive, productive and community workers with the support of sate intervention. The efficiency approach currently more popular with development theorists focuses on the practical needs of women and works to enhance their contribution to the development process in order to ensure the efficiency and effectiveness of project interventions. The empowerment approach considers women's improved condition and position to be ends in themselves, rather than only a means to broader development goals. This approach focuses on meeting their strategic needs in terms of the triple role but unlike the equity approach focuses on the bottom-up, self-reliant approach. These equity and empowerment approaches have been labelled as Gender & Development (GAD) approaches because of their emphasis on strategic needs. The park development initiatives have given the women of Shadab the platform to identify their strategic needs i.e. good primary health care, greater social standing, economic vitality etc. The women have been central to the development of those initiatives and in the case of the "Ladies Park" instrumental in its design, planning and physical development. The vehicle for their active participation has been the Social Development Committee for Women their local MPCO. Under the auspices of FAUP the role of women with the community has been an integral part of the human development process. Perceptions suggest that women are singled out for domestic duties and very few partake in other economic activities. However women are important partners in development paradigms and should be included in all activities where possible. Under the strategic direction of FAUP they have been encouraged to participate and form local groups. Women make up 26.45% of the population and girls 16.85% in Shadab Colony. Women have played an important role in the development of parks in Shadab colony. This has been through the FAUP supported MPCO's at the neighbourhood and area level. The outcome has been the "Ladies Park" which has been the responsibility of the Social Development Committee for Women (SDCW). This forum was able Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project
to organise women in the community to contribute to the construction of the park. The women of Shadab Colony have also undertaken the provision of manholes, brick pavement work in the streets, the implementation of a sewerage system and earth filling activities at a lane level. These activities are considered non-traditional and the fact that they have been initiated by organised groups of women is all the more encouraging and remarkable. 3.10 The Other Gender: The Role of Men in Supporting Women
It is important to recognise that gender issues cannot be sufficiently addressed through focusing on women only. The transition from "Women in Development" to "Gender & Development" does not occur without reference to men. Men have played a key role in supporting women in Shadab to implement the park development projects. The construction of the parks took place with the support of male organisations. Male groups assisted the women with the collection of the communities' share and the physical work of the "Ladies Park". The development of the "Ladies Park" has been hugely beneficial for the women of Shadab Colony. There have been marked improvements in the social, economic and health situation of women in the area. These will be addressed in more detail in the next chapter of this report. Table 3-1: Level of Female MPCOs membership
Shadab Colony Sr. No. MPCO 1. Social Development Women Committee 2. Anjuman-e-Khawateen H/1 3. Women Organisation NH-B 4. Women Organisation NH-F Street-4 5. Women Organisation NH-D 6. Women Organisation N1 1-G Source: FAUP MPCO Study 2000 Member 30 60 10 13 25 50
3.11 Cost-Benefit Analysis of Park Development The parks have been developed on cost-sharing basis with the community contributing 50% and FAUP contributing 50% towards the projects. To date the total
expenditure has been Rs. 1,482,052 in total. The communities through the MPCOs at the neighbourhood level have contributed Rs. 741,026 for the development of these parks. The preparation costs of a park vary depending upon the size of the land and its other requirements. For example parks in Shadab colony vary in size from 14,043 sq. ft to 73,146 sq. ft. The average cost of developing a park is worked out at Rs. 6.43 per sq. ft. This
Page 12
Table 3-3: Cost comparison of each park development
Name of Park Jinnah Park MPCO: MA Jinnah Development Society 1 Area: 34,055 sq.ft Average Cost: Rs. 14.60/sq.ft Madina Park MPCO: Tamir-aMillat Development Society Area: 29,909 sq.ft Average cost: Rs. 3.30/sq.ft Shaheen Park MPCO: Shaheen Development Society Area: 14,043 sq.ft Average cost: Rs. 7.98/sqft Ladies Park MPCO: SDCW Area: 29,388 sq.ft Average cost: Rs. 6.95 /sq.ft Rehmat Park MPCO: Rehmat Development Society Area: 39,330sq.ft Average cost: Rs. 4.50lsq.ft Shadab Park MPCO: MA Jinnah Development Society II Area: 73,146sq.ft Average cost: Rs. 3.55/sq.ft Naqvi Park MPCO: Rahman Development Society Area: 31,495sq.ft Average cost: Rs. 4.19 /sq.ft Total Share (Rs.) FAUP share (Rs.) 248,750 Community Share (Rs.) 248,750 Total Cost (Rs.) 497,500
figure is inclusive of all material, labour and other miscellaneous costs (see Table 3-3) for parks 3.12 1) The Benefits of Cost-Sharing Working through line departments previously was costly since it involved working through contractors, which raised the cost of any development cost by 50-55%. By working directly with the community the project was available at a more cost-effective rate. MPCO's were able to obtain raw materials for Park Development at cheaper rates. Material costs were lower than the government schedule rates. By working through a partnership agreement between the community and FAUP, the implementation of the parks have been cheaper since there were no third parties or go between. The community-FAUP partnership was able to complete the projects within given time frames, which was cost-effective. The assumption that Pakistani line departments are buearacratic. The community is responsible for the operations & maintenance, and all relevant decisions, which is a strong indicator of the level of joint ownership of the park development projects. Linkages with Government Line Departments
2)
49,375
49,375
98,750
3)
56,025
56,025
112,050
4)
5)
102,132
102,132
204,264
3.13
88,516
88,516
177,032
The communities sought the support of the Faisalabad Municipal Corporation (FMC) by removing the buffalo encroachments. There were other areas in which the FMC was also able to extend its support by: Providing tractors and loaders for the removal of garbage from the open plots Providing grass for a number of the parks Providing seven gardeners for park maintenance who are responsible for watering the plants, regularly cutting the grass and weeding.
130,115
130,115
260,230
Table 3-2: Work contribution to park development

FAUP/Community intervention Site clearance Levelling Dressing of lawn Barbed wire Iron gates Water pumps Plastic pipes Tools Trees Grass seeds Grass cutting machinery Government FMC Inputs Policies Removal of Grass encroachments Gardners such as Electrical buffaloes connections Disposal of for water rubbish heaps pumps and and stagnant street lights water with subsidy Improvement Major encroachments in the overall environment of were the area removed
66,113
66,113
132,226
741,026
741,026 1,482,052 6.43/sq.ft
1,482,052
Total Expenditure (Rs.) Total Average Cost (Rs.)
Page 13
CHAPTER 4 IMPACTS OF PARK DEVELOPMENT
Photo:
Developed Ladies Park.
4.0
I M PA C T S OF DEVELOPMENT
PA R K

The seven parks in Shadab Colony facilitated by FAUP and implemented by the communities have been influential in changing the lives of the residents. Improvements in the physical and social environment bring with them social, economic and health related benefits. 4.1 Nature of the Benefits
Lower cases of diarrhoea, malaria, cholera and hepatitis Children are now well enough to go to school Adults are well enough to go to work Improved sanitation and personal hygiene Availability of an exercise area for the local women, men and children Greater reduction in the levels of pollution Feel good factor -people are happier now Box 4-1 below highlights the general practitioner's view of environmental health in Shadab before and after the arrival of the parks in the area. Box 4-1: Dr. Abdul Wahid Ghauri Shadab
Has been practising medicine in fine area since 1996 and is the longest serving doctor in tie area. He felt qualified to comment on community health issues before and after the advent of park and infrastructure development initiatives. His patients tied expressed a desire to, improve their health and the prospects for the general improvement is environmental health of the area. He felt that, the physical environment of Shadab vas extremely poor, including terrible pollution and therefore diseases such as malaria, typhoid, cholera, influenza and skin ailments were common place among the residehis of Shadab colony. The indirect impacts of poor health inciuded a high incidence of malnutrition among females and young children due low level of income among vulnerable groups. There there also high level s of mental illnesses particularly among women due to fate marriages and maternity diseases such as infertility, miscarriages, abortion and irregularities in menstrual cycles.
While there are substantial benefits for the community in the physical environment, there are also other benefits which may appear less tangible though no less important for the community. The parks have given the area an opportunity to mobilise itself into an organised commune, which has been important for the sum of its constituents and its human development. 4.2 Social benefits
These have been far reaching for both the male and female members of the community. The following are highlighted:

Greater social interaction between the community The area now has a common meeting place to discuss important issues There are now a greater number of marriage proposals for young girls in the community due to an improved self image of the residents and social standing with amongst family members Greater pride felt by the communities their achievement Feel good factor - the people are happier 4.3 Economic Benefits
Box 4-2: Ms. Kanwal - Ladies Park

Recalls that during here childhood her cousins and relatives would not visit them. This was due to the existing poor environment, such s marshy conditions, bad odour and mosquitos and was given the name of Azab Colony (colony frm hell). Whenever thee were marriages in the area it would require a huge effort by the community to clean the area and make preparations for local weddings. I lost two proposals because of the terrible state of our neighbourhood. One particular family didnt even enter the house, they turned away after having to walk through the open plots, with the buffalo and solid waste. Following the development of the ladies park the number of proposals increased and eventually I was married. I am happily married now with two children and am grateful to the park for it changed my life.
There have been a number of very important economic gains made by the community since they invested in the development of local parks. These include:

The area has attracted a greater level of business activity. Rise in the value of land and local properties Use of local labour for work 4.4 Health Benefits
There has been an improvement in primary health care for those living in the area. These have included:
Page 14
4.5
Nature of the Beneficiaries
There are direct and indirect beneficiaries to the parks. Similarly those who live within the direct vicinity will have greater access to the parks, there social, economic and health impacts are likely to be greater. Figure 4-1 shows the number of visits per day by men, women and children to all the parks in Shadab Colony. The chart shows figures for those who live within the park area and outside the vicinity. More men and children use the park, less women visit the parks. This is to be expected in a country like Pakistan where cultural and religious barriers inhibit female mobility. Quantitative Evidence in support of Park Development Research undertaken by FAUP suggests that the housing and commercial market sector has benefited from the environmental facelift given to Shadab Colony. The research is based on a sample of households from the seven park areas. Discussions a were held with male and female groups. These groups were from the immediate vicinity of the parks and not beyond that. In 1996 the average household contained 7.55 persons and in 2000 this number had reduced to 7.08 persons per household. While the sample size is diminutive there is value in analysing this quantitative data for the purpose of identifying relationships, trends and measuring the extent of the benefits discussed earlier. The team conducted group discussions to ascertain whether people felt that there had been tangible environmental improvements. Each group contained an average of 15 participants. There were 7 men's groups and 6 women's groups. There were a total of 13 groups.
Table 4-1: Socio-economic profile of Shadab Colony for 2000

Description Total population Total Households Average person per house Average income per household Average income range per household Average area per house Drinking water facility Supply Boring (individual/common) Can water Other Sewage disposal Open plot Drain Sewer Solid waste disposal Open plat Drums Filth depot Type of toilet Field Septic tank Drain connected Sewer connected No. & %age 8,659 1,223 7,08 persons Rs. 5,557 per month Rs. 3003 - 4000 per month 5.13 Marls = 0%
= 99.6% = 0.4% = 0% = 5.0% = 95.0% = 30.0% = 33.0% = 37.0% = 0% = 0% = 5.0% = 95.0%
Figure 4-1:
Number of visits to the Parks per day (2001)
500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0

Male of area Male (Outside) Female of area Female (Outside) Children of area Children (Outside)
Number of visitors
Types of visitors to all the parks in Shadab Colony
Page 15
Figure 4-2 shows that the vast majority of people living in Shadab Colony believed that there was less pollution, improved social interaction and cohesion as a result of the parks. A majority also felt that there was better health in the area and a reduction in disputes. However there were small minorities who disagreed with this view. 4.6 Land Value of Shadab Colony One of the most successful factors to emerge out of the park development initiatives has been the increase in value of commercial and residential property. While an improvement in the environment is hugely beneficial to its community evidence suggests that there are economic and financial spin off's too. Communities in Shadab have seen a marked upturn in the value of their properties and land over a six-year period. This rise in financial equity has been a bonus Evidence (Figure 4-3) indicates that since improvements in the physical and social environment there has been a increase in value of residential and commercial property. However the figures also suggest that recently there has been a steadying in the value of residential property whereas there is a steep increase in the value of commercial value. Commercial property sees an increase by nearly 300%o from the years 1999 2001. While a steady rise is recorded in the residential home sector between 1996 -1998.
Photo: Before and after situation of Shadab Park and adjacent area; the development has raised the value of land in this slum area
Figure 4-2:
100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0
Issues related to the parks
% ages
Reduction of Pollution
Cleanliness
Reduction of dipputes
Social Interaction
Decrease in diseases
Issues raised by communities

No %ages Yes %ages
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Figure 4-3:
Rise in values of residential / commercial properties from 1995 to 2001
160,000
Value of Property (Rs.)
140,000 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Years
Residential (H) Min Residential (H) Max Commercial Min Commercial Max
Figure 4-4:
Average rise in rent for Shadab Colony
Average Rent per month (Rs.)
3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0

2.5 5.0 Land (Marla) Avg.Rent 1996-97 Avg.Rent 2000-01 10.0
Figure 4-4 shows that rent values have also increased in the area. The average rent rose sharply in 2001. This can be attributed to an influx of new families into the area, from higher income brackets. The figures for 1998-1999 were unobtainable. In particular residential property has seen a sharp upward turn in its financial value. Table 4-2 shows that there has been upward mobility in the prices of residential and commercial properties in Shadab Colony. This cannot be solely attributed to park development since a range of other infrastructure improvements have been undertaken in the area over the last seven years by FAUP.
Hence it becomes clear from both quantitative and qualitative sources that since the environmental improvements in Shadab Colony the value of residential and commercial property and land has appreciated considerably. This is of economic benefit to the communities in the area and will play a significant role in the fight against poverty within slum areas such as Shadab Colony. It stresses the importance of initiatives such as park development for poor urban areas.
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Table 4-2:
No 1 Item
Rise in Commercial and Residential Property Prices in Shadab Colony

Prior to FAUP 1994 (Rs.) 60,000 Post FAUP 1997 (Rs.) 80,000 - 100,000 Post FAUP 1999 (Rs.) 125,000 - 150,000 Post FAUP 2001 (Rs.) 135,000 - 150,000 Reasons Construction of main road and provision of other infrastructure facilities in the area Construction of main road and provision of other infrastructure facilities in the area Park development Sewerage Solid waste system School improvement Park development Provision of infrastructure facilities such as Sewerage, Solid waste system, School improvement
Commercial Rate per marla on the main road Commercial Rent of shops on the main road
Residential Rate per marla other than those on the main road
100 - 300
500 - 700
800 - 1,200
1,000 - 1,200
35,000 - 45,000 Depending upon the type of construction the rental value of the same house has almost doubled during this period
40,000 - 50,000
55,000 - 70,000
50,000 - 80,000
Residential Rent of houses
Same
Same
Same
4.7
The Impact of Park Development on Local Businesses
The process of negotiating the development of the parks was not easy for the communities. There were a number of local businesses that raised objections to the parks. At the centre of the issue were the locally owned buffaloes. In some instances local communities had been engaged in court proceedings for several years trying to evict the buffalo owners from the plots marked for park development. The sizes of these businesses varied depending on the number of buffalo (see Table 4-3). The cost of each buffalo varies between Rs 20-25,000. Some of the families asked to move were not poor by any definition. While in some cases the courts ruled in favour of the communities, the other crucial factor behind the removal of encroachments was the decision by the local government to implement a city-wide buffalo removal policy in 1999. This was seen as the solution to a number of problems such as solid waste disposal, poor sewerage and blocked drainage. Hence, government policy reinforcing and formalising the removal of illegal encroachments. This was a positive step for the communities of the Colony, which now could go ahead with the development of its parks. It is true that some people lost their livelihoods but a number have been able to recuperate their loss of earning through other means. Those with entrepreneurial tendencies have been able to reestablish themselves successfully in new businesses. A very small minority has been unable to resettle but the vast majority of those displaced are enjoying the new improved environment of Shadab Colony.
In addition the loss in earnings should be weighed up against the rise in financial equity. The overall improvements have resulted in higher land and property prices over the last seven years, greater employment opportunities as the case study below suggests. The overall picture is a lot brighter for a vast majority of the residents and in the short-term proved to be a small price to pay. 4.8 Park Development by FMC
There are twenty green belts spread across Faisalabad. The total number of parks under the responsibility of the horticultural department of the FMC number 157. Until 1999, the Faisalabad Municipal Corporation had no coherent strategy for the development of parks in the city. Since 1999, the city has been divided into 3 zones by the municipality and each zone is allocated to a garden inspector, with a garden branch in charge, a magistrate and a Director in charge of Parks and Horticulture Cell (P&HC). It is the responsibility of this body to carry out periodical reviews. In 2001, under the instructions of the current Commissioner the P&HC was established as an independent body with the sole duty of undertaking a city wide phased rehabilitation programme involving the development of parks and city beautification. This cell comprises the Additional Project Director, FAUP as In-charge, municipal officer, in-charge garden branch (MCF) and the staff of garden branch. Currently ten parks per month are rehabilitated in each of the zones. The cell employs approximately 560 staff, 4 water lorries, 1 tractor, 2 pick up vans and 1 loader.
Page 18
Table 4-3:
S No. 1
Businesses lost on land that is now Jinnah Park

Name No. of buffaloes 50 Business after Buffaloes Selling second hand old things Selling second hand old things Milk selling Depending on his sons Restaurant Milk selling Labour Remarks Difficult to set up a new business again. Happy with the new business and enjoying the beautiful park environment Now they constructed a new house in that locality Satisfied with the new business
Malik Sadiq Haji Talib Malik Ahmad Mar Aslam Javaid
14
3 4
Mar Akram Akhtar Baba Umar Din
12 04
Firstly he faced difficulty, now have improved business from out of city He has five sons, one is in army, two in local business and other two Labour in textile mill. He is earning more then buffalo related business and satisfied with the new endeavour He is purchasing milk from other sources and selling milk in city His satisfied with new job
5 6 7
Muhammad Yaqoob Qadir Nazir
05 04 08
FMC has a nursery from which 50,000 plants have been utilised in the various parks of the city. For their part the local well-off communities have also provided a large sum of plants (300,000) at their own cost. The responsibility for park maintenance has been handed over to the local communities' vis-a-vis area wide committees. The figures below show the total cost incurred in 2000 in maintaining the parks, but do not include the figures for local salaries, fuel costs or electricity. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Purchase of Khakas, fertile soil etc Purchase of plants Repair of grass cut machine Purchase of pumps Purchase of pipe plastic Repair of vehicle = Rs = Rs = Rs = Rs = Rs = Rs 11,580 24,000 5,000 4,985 1,755 24,900
Box 4-4: Case Study 2 - Jinnah Park

Malik Sadiq A 47 year old man, and the eldest brother of three. He has a basic education up to matriculation. He supports a family of six children, with the oldest studying in 8'" class. The three brothers were urban farmers and kept 50 buffaloes and had been in business for 15 years in the open plot, which eventually became Jinnah Park. They had a successful business. They were against park development because they had no other means of income and would have lost everything for which they had worked so hard. They feared they would be unable to establish another business. MA Jinnah Development Society with the support of the judiciary was able to remove us from our land. We were not helped to relocate and decided to sell our buffaloes and try to make a fresh start. Eventually we found our feet and started another business in the timber market. We encountered many problems in the beginning since we were new to this business. We are now starting to feel settled. With the benefit of hindsight times were very difficult but with the help of Almighty God we are now doing well. We can see that the parks have improved the environment of our area but we often feel sad that we lost our business and a way of life. Not everyone who lost his or her buffaloes has been able to recover like we have. Some' provisions should have been made for those people who were being displaced by the government or the local community organisations.
Total = Rs101,720 Box 4-3: Case Study 1 - Rehmat Part

Riaz Ahmed Rajoca Has 5 children and used to have 8 buffaloes before the construction of Rehmat Park. He was asked to move and cordially obliged. He was unable to support his family having sold his buffaloes. However MA Jinnah Development Society came to the rescue and offered him a job as a gardener for a period of 8 months. Since the move away from the area he has been facing economic problems. He has been earning Rs 2000 per month. Eventually he gave up the job as a gardener and now sells milk from the villages into the city. However he remains adamant that his best days have been lost and that their economic well being will never be the same.
Page 19
CHAPTER 5 LESSONS LEARNT
Photo:
Madina Park development in early stages.
Photo:
Madina Park before development.
CHAPTER 5 LESSONS LEARNT
5.0
LESSONS LEARNT
1. The Park development projects in Shadab Colony are of social, economic and cultural value to lowincome urban households. They have been of immense financial benefit to the communities. The process of developing the parks has been peopleoriented, participatory and gender inclusive. Efforts should continue to replicate this development model citywide and countrywide. 2. There is quantitative and qualitative evidence to suggest that improvements in the social and physical environment of low-income urban community's correlates with better primary health care. Park development projects should become part of social development agenda of urban services for the poor and urban upgrading projects. 3. There were many successful candidates who stood in the recent local government elections that were also key members of many MPCOs from Shadab Colony. Many will now have the opportunity to be at the forefront of decision making and influence relating to the day to running of the parks. They will have an opportunity to have access to resources, improved communication between the communities and FMC and more efficient service delivery. This will strengthen institutional linkages and the environment for working in partnership between the communities and local government bodies. 4. The projects were based on the principle of community participation and were successful with clear tangible benefits. The lessons learnt should be taken forward and shared city and countrywide. 5. The parks have developed for the communities of the slum areas and are accessible to the marginalised and very poor, depending of course ones definition of the very poor. The participatory nature of the development process ensures that everyone is involved in the decision-making processes and the product is available to its consumers. Is park development sustainable? In short yes. FAUP has been able to place the necessary mechanisms to ensure that the principles and pillars of implementing development related projects would continue and be replicated in other contexts and scenarios.
life. This has been a case study in empowerment at the individual and community level. The forth coming local government elections (31 may) will offer an opportunity for people who have come through this process to harness and channel that newly found empowerment. 8. Shadab Colony is now an area where people would like move into from other areas. A slum area previously the infrastructure makeover has transformed the area. The process can be replicated but there is the need for community will and facilitation on the ground. The desire on the ground that self help is an important component in driving the agenda forward.
9.
10. A key ingredient in the success of the park development projects has been the value of having an organised community forum to support the development of such an initiative. Without the forum the communities would not have been able to organise themselves into effective action platforms necessary to develop such complex relationships and projects.
6.
7.. The process of implementing a development project whether it is park development or not in nature is a two-way learning process. The communities of Shadab Colony should take their experiences forward into other areas and facets of Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project
Photo:
Communities as an active and equitable partners to government can alleviate many of the problems that exist in Pakistan
Page 20
APPENDICES
Photo:
Shadab Park in early stages.
APPENDIX 1 SWOT Analysis
SWOT Analysis
Strengths
Social interaction Social facility Playing ground for children Greater respectability factor Increased number of marriage proposals for women in the area Greater inward investment Increase in property value Use of local labour Improvements in primary health Reduction in diseases Improvement in hygiene and sanitation Greater number of children going to school Community mobilisation in practice Platform for other potential initiatives
Weaknesses

Issue of prioritisation against need for water or sanitation requirements Poor quality soil and water will impede the flourishing of trees and plants The need for tertiary level infrastructure to support the successful development of social forestry initiatives There exists the potential for conflict between communities Reliant on the availability of open plots Possible loss of private enterprises working in an informal economy Loss of income for private enterprises such as buffalo keepers
Opportunities

Community participation Community mobilisation Gender empowerment & participation Developing greater linkages with municipalities, line departments Improvement in social, economic and cultural well being of the community Establishing a platform for other potential initiatives Improvement in the health environment of the community To develop an understanding of the processes involved in implementing micro-projects
Threats/Constraints

Eviction of encroachments a protracted process Communities seeking political support to create obstacles external funding Availability of external facilitation mechanism i.e. FAUP Lack of political will to support such development Lack of community will to initiate such development projects
Page 21
APPENDIX 2 Terms of Partnership
Terms of Partnership
For the Maintenance of Shadab Park in Shadab Colony
Responsibilities of MA Jinnah Development Society-II (MPCO)

Responsibilities of Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project
Responsibilities of Faisalabad Municipal Corporation

To participate in discussion to seek proper solution and determine modality for the O&M of the park. To advise MPCO for proper O&M of the park based on its technical experience of similar works in the other parts of the city. To coordinate with FAUP & MPCO concerned regarding O&M of the park. To allocate financial resources for the park if required. To arrange manpower (specially gardener) for the O& M for the park. To provide the plants and grasses etc. and other help on payment or free of cost keep the park in good conditions. To provide knowledge and arrange informal and formal training etc. regarding O&M of the park.
To conduct meetings of the MPCO regularly to be attended by majority members.

To keep record of such meetings including the attendance of the members and the decisions made in the general body meetings. To nominate committee for the O&M of the park and determine their roles and responsibilities. To discuss & appraise needs regarding O&M community park in the general body meetings. To raise resources for the O&M of the park through different means which also include visitors, MPCO members and GO and NGOs etc. Maintenance of bank account of the funds meant for O&M of the park. To prepare plan of action regarding O&M of the park. To k e e p r e c o r d o f t h e community park with respect to the expenses to be incurred on O&M. To p r o v i d e a l l p o s s i b l e assistance and to extend cooperation to FMC/FAUP for O&M of the park. To collect data/information relating to the park, if desired by the FMC or FAUP.
To discuss and help the MPCO to appraise needs regarding O&M of the park. To assist the MPCO to raise funds for O&M of the park from different sources. To facilitate and ensure opening of the joint bank account by the MPCO for operation & maintenance of park. To provide information / assistance to Faisalabad Municipal Corporation. To help the MPCO to scrutinize and finalize the cost estimation of O&M of the park. To d evelop linkages among FMC and other institutions regarding O&M of the park. To forward the request of O&M to Faisalabad Municipal Corporation and other institutions.
Signed on behalf of MPCO: 1. President 2. General Secretary 3. Treasurer
Signed on behalf of FAUP: 1. Additional Project Director 2. Senior Social Organizer 3. Senior Engineer 4. Environmental Development
Signed on behalf of FMC: 1. Administrator 2. Chief Engineer 3. In charge garden branch
Page 22
A RESULT OF GOVERNMENT-COMMUNITY PARTNERSHIP
Photo:
Jinnah Park being used for community meetings.
About the Authors

S.M. Khatib Alain - Project Manager He is the project manager for the DFID funded Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project in Pakistan responsible for coordinating the activities of a diverse team of local and expatriate staff engaged in a multi-sectoral participatory approach to the upgrading of urban environmental infrastructure and social services. Mr. Alain joined the project in 1997.
Zahid Mahmood - Environmental Development Officer He has a M.Sc. in Forestry from the Pakistan Forest Institute (PFI), Peshawar, with specialisation's in forest products and engineering. He has been part of the FAUP team for last four years and has been responsible for coordinating a number of small projects in solid waste management, parks development and environmental clubs in school. Similarly he has been part of the process of developing linkages with government line departments and non-governmental organisations.
Back Cover: Open space for Shadab Park (Before Development)
Project Management Unit

Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project Gulistan Colony No.2, Millat Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan Tel: +92 (0) 419210051 Tel: +92 (0) 419210052 Fax: +92 (0) 419210059 E-mail: faupfda@fsd.comsats.com.pk
Project Management Consultants

GHK International Ltd., 526 Fulham Road, London, SW6 5NR United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0) 20 7736 8212 Fax: +44 (0) 20 7736 0784 E-mail: email@ghkint.com Internet: http://www.ghkint.com Internet: hftp://www.ghkpak.com

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FAISALABAD AREA UPGRADING PROJECT

Shadab Colony, Faisalabad, Pakistan

Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project

4.7 4.8 5.0

Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project

Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project

Open space designated for Shaheen Park

FAUP has been engaged at three levels:

Health & Environment

Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project

5 MPCO LANE LEVEL

TAMIR-E-MILLAT DEV SOCIETY

M.A. JINNAH DEV. SOCIETY-I

SOCIAL DEV COMMITTEE (WO)

M.A. JINNAH DEV. SOCIETY-II

SHAHEEN DEV SOCIETY

REHMAT DEV SOCIETY

Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project

CHAPTER 2 PRE-FAUP INTERVENTION

Open space d designated esignated for Jinnah Park

CHAPTER 2 PRE-FAUP INTERVENTION (1994)

PRE - FAUP INTERVENTION (1994)

Infrastructure Component of FAUP

Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project

CHAPTER 2 PRE-FAUP INTERVENTION (1994)

Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project

CHAPTER 2 PRE-FAUP INTERVENTION (1994)

Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project

CHAPTER 3 POST-FAUP INTERVENTION

Jinnah Park in early development stage.

CHAPTER 3 POST-FAUP INTERVENTION

Community Participation & Empowerment

Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project

CHAPTER 3 POST-FAUP INTERVENTION

Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project

CHAPTER 3 POST-FAUP INTERVENTION

Photo: Treating the land including soil filling

Photo: Trees was planted

Photo: Construction of boundary walls and entry gates

Photo: A centre piece was created by the communities for a fountain

Photo: Construction of footpaths

Photo: DFID visitors tot he project (1998)

Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project

CHAPTER 3 POST-FAUP INTERVENTION k) Ladies Park June 2001

Ladies park has blossomed into a beautiful place

Process of Park Development

Figure 3-1: Process of park development

Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project

CHAPTER 3 POST-FAUP INTERVENTION

Photo: Jinnah park has blossomed into a beautiful place

The Role of Women in Park Development Projects

Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project

CHAPTER 3 POST-FAUP INTERVENTION

CHAPTER 3 POST-FAUP INTERVENTION

Table 3-2: Work contribution to park development

741,026 1,482,052 6.43/sq.ft

Total Expenditure (Rs.) Total Average Cost (Rs.)

Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project

CHAPTER 4 IMPACTS OF PARK DEVELOPMENT

Developed Ladies Park.

CHAPTER 4 IMPACTS OF PARK DEVELOPMENT

Box 4-2: Ms. Kanwal - Ladies Park

Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project

CHAPTER 4 IMPACTS OF PARK DEVELOPMENT