Ecr412 Update Notes

Ecrin v4.12 - Doc v4.12.01 KAPPA 1988-2009 Ecrin v4.
12 Update Notes- 1/41

Ecrin v4.12 Update Notes

1. Introduction

This document gives an overview of the new options in v4.12, and can be used as a jumpstart for v4.10
users.

Ecrin v4.12 includes major additions to existing modules, such as shale gas/CBM option in the numerical
NL kernel, a new Topaze structure and logic, etc. But Ecrin v4.12 also integrates a whole new module for
Well performance Analysis called Amethyste. If you are using any KAPPA product, you have access to
Amethyste until April 2010. The main features of Amethyste are described in section 2 below.

This document is organized as follows:

2. Amethyste key features p1
3. Ecrin generic features p3
4. Analysis p7
5. Saphir p14
6. Topaze p17
7. Diamant / Diamant Master p30
8. Rubis p35

2. Amethyste key features

Amethyste, a Well performance Analysis module, is a major addition in v4.12. Amethyste is enabled if
you have a valid license of any other module (Emeraude included) for 6 months following the first official
v4.12 release.

Ecrin v4.12 - Doc v4.12.01 KAPPA 1988-2009 Ecrin v4.12 Update Notes- 2/41

Document structure
Any number of cases; any property can be redefined in a case
Single document data browser allowing drag & drop between cases

Ecrin integration
Drag & drop Amethyste cases (e.g. well model) to other Ecrin modules and run the case
dynamically from those modules
Drag and drop IPR from Saphir to Amethyste
Drag and drop PVT

PVT
Same non isothermal objects as other Ecrin modules
Black-Oil and Modified Black-Oil models
Correlations possibly constrained to user data- or tables

Well
Arbitrary geometry with depth (ID, OD when relevant, deviation, roughness)
Continuous curves accepted (Deviation survey, caliper)
Any number of restrictions (API 14B or Sachdeva)
Distinction between wellbore and flowline
Graphical well sketch
Production data can be loaded (p and q vs. time)

VLP
Tubing or annular flow
Single correlation or correlations vs. depth
Comprehensive kernel including empirical, mechanistic and drift flux models (Cullender & Smith,
Zhang 3-phase, Aziz & Govier, Baxendell & Thomas, Beggs & Brill, Chierici et al, Cornish, Dukler
& Ansari, Duns & Ross, Fancher & Brown, Gray, Griffith, Hagedorn & Brown, Kaya, Mukherjee &
Brill, Orkiszewski, Petalas & Aziz, Poettmann & Carpenter, Reinicke, Stanford Drift Flux, Taitel &
Dukler)
API for external user correlation
Automatic squaring of continuous data (e.g. Caliper)
Multiple temperature options: defined by 2-points, continuous curve, or calculated
Erosional velocity calculation and check (API 14E, Salama solid free, Salama sand)
Static liquid column (Hasan and Kabir)
Unloading velocity calculation (Turner)
Traverse output; versus depth plot showing the comparison with user data
VLP output; p vs. q plot
User data for comparison and matching

IPR
Single or multiple IPR
Vertical IPR: User, Darcy, Vogel, Transient, Fetkovich, Jones
Horizontal IPR: Joshi, Renard, Borisov, Giger, Vlis, Babu & Odeh, PSS, Fetkovich, Jones
Fractured: PSS, Fetkovich, Jones
Completion: with or w/o gravel-pack, open-hole or cased-hole
User data for comparison and matching

Display
Automatic plots for log display of the well geometry, and traverses.
Automatic X-Y plots for VLP, IPR, WPA, and Sensitivities
Addition of any plot by the user

Output
Built-in report with preview for comprehensive or plot-by-plot output
Calculation results can be copied to the clipboard
Lift curves in Eclipse format


3. Ecrin generic features

3.1. PVT
Petex load

The toolbar of the PVT Main dialog includes a button to load Petex Black Oil exports. The option will map
the tabulated properties as appropriate, according to the Saphir fluid type. The corresponding export
option is available in IPM v7 and includes an Export Fluid Type selection (see below).

IPM v7 export

Multi-temperature tables
For PVT properties defined by tables, it is possible to load more than one table and to indicate the
corresponding temperature. The interest is obviously limited to non-isothermal calculations (e.g. wellbore
calculations). Note that in the load dialog the temperature must be defined to enable the Load button.

Interfacial tensions
They are needed when wellbore corrections are made and they used to be fixed internally. They may now
be selected explicitly with a new button in the main PVT dialog; the choices are:
Oil-Gas: Abdul-Majeed, Baker-Swerdloff (used up to now), Buehler, Ramey
Gas-Water: Firoozabadi and Ramey, Hough and Rzasa, Sutton update (this last one is an update
of the Firoozabadi & Ramey correlation by Sutton)
Water-Oil: Constant, Firoozabadi and Ramey
Some correlations need an input of oil molecular weight (G-O Ramey, G-W Firoozabadi, W-O Firoozabadi)

New correlations

w
: Matthews and Russell
Z: Dranchuk and Abou-Khassem (D&K)
Pb, Rs: Al-Marhoun
Bo: Al-Marhoun
o : Andrade, Petrosky, Glaso
Rsw: Spivey, Haas, Culberson & McKettta
Bw: Spivey


Other
Water can be defined by gravity rather than salinity

Pure CO2 or pure N2 gas PVT can now be considered
Correction of Rs for sour gas contents (from Glaso)

3.2. Print slide mode
A new tab is available under Settings Plot Aspect called Slides.

There you can indicate factors for all plot components to be used in Slide mode. The Slide mode can be
activated from this dialog, or using Ctr-F6 as a toggle. The print and export functions remain WISIWYG
so to print in Slide mode, you need to activate it before printing. The changes apply to all Ecrin modules.
Note that separate factors are now given for tick length and width.

3.3. Default values
The user can be alerted if the test parameters
or the PVT parameters are equal to default
values. The alert can be done in several ways
as chosen in the Settings-Interface option
(depending on the variable).

If highlight in edition is selected, the values appear on a colored background in the main information
dialogs. This is applicable to h, rw, , , ct, and Sw in a gas + water case.

When highlight in edition and results is chosen, the status window will also indicate This analysis is
using default values once passed the Extract step (except in design). Note that in a standard Gas
analysis, the flag present within the PVT dialog if default values remain is also checked.


3.4. Production transfer
The allowed actions to drop production from Diamant to Saphir and Topaze were limited in v4.10. In
v4.12 flexibility has been added wherever feasible so that for instance phases can be dropped together or
separately. The main difficulty with this option is that a production in Diamant is defined by 3 gauges
with distinct times whereas in Saphir and Topaze, all phases share the same time vector. The new
transfer options obey the following rules:
(1) When the source and target have no phases in common, the addition of the new phase(s) causes a
resampling of the existing production. The extraction is triggered again and you are offered to re-
generate the model. The new phases are obviously added. Phases are extended with N/A or 0
depending on the context.
(2) If the source and target have common phases, for such phases you are offered either to replace the
target by the source, or to append the source data after the existing target data.

3.5. Linked production
When a complete production node is dropped from Diamant to a Saphir or Topaze well (as opposed to
dropping phases individually) the link for all phases is kept. This means that the usual Update linked
data option will update all the phases in one go.

3.6. Load EXCEL files
In all Load options, the drop list of possible formats now includes Microsoft Excel. After the file is selected
you are prompted to chose which sheet to load from; then the content is displayed in a manner
analogous to an Ascii file processing, and the usual Free, Field, or Column options are given.

3.7. Manual sorting of analyses
Available in Saphir, Topaze, and Amethyste: analyses can be re-ordered by simple drag and drop. When
executing the drag, the cursor changes to indicate the insertion location see below.

3.8. Other
The separator used when parsing ASCII files can be defined in the application Settings.
The 2D Map toolbar includes a lock option that inhibits all editions (this setting is not saved).
By default the lock is OFF; this can be changed in Settings Plot Aspects
A size button is included in the 2D Map: click and drag the mouse to measure
The Simplify option (step channel edit) includes a resample feature driven by a fixed increment
The Split option (step channel edit) includes the possibility to redefine the time of the split
manually (absolute in Diamant, elapsed time elsewhere)
2Dmap contour: when using a rectangle or a circle, the size can be specified by the area rather
than the distance to the boundary(ies) below left.

2D map contour/fault trajectory: in this dialog a new Simplify option is present where the user
can specify a minimum distance between consecutive contour points above right
A French unit system has been added among the pre-defined options
The Setting option Always show scale is on by default
The Setting option Always show scale legends is on by default
In the Dump plot option a new control is given to get, or not, the plot title
Setting Plot aspect: Autolayout. The automatic layout mode can be disabled which means that
there is no automatic repositioning of plots when say the document window is resized

If the Autolayout mode is on, this option is called when opening a file.
A gas analysis is created with the Water checked in the PVT (and Sw = 0) by default; Only
Saphir
When Closing Ecrin with a number of files opened, or selecting Windows Close All, a new
option allows to Save none:

Multiline tabs in main screen: a new option in Settings Interface can be used to select this new
display mode when the number of tabs exceeds the visible width:

Old mode:

New mode:


4. Analysis

By default options described in this section apply to Saphir and Topaze. When they also apply to Rubis
this is indicated.

4.1. Unconsolidation in multiphase
The Unconsolidation option - k(p) and (p) is not restricted to single phase analyses anymore. Available
in Saphir NL and Topaze NL.

4.2. New analysis options
In Saphir and Topaze NL when creating a new analysis, there are now dedicated options for shale gas
and coalbed methane. Those options differ slightly whether you are in the Analysis Properties / New
Analysis dialogs or the File new dialog see below. Selecting shale-gas amount to choosing Desorption
only; in Coalbed methane you activate both Desorption and Water present.

File New

New Analysis

4.3. Desorption model
This option is available in Saphir NL, Topaze NL, and Rubis. It can be applied to shale gas situations
(single-phase gas) or coalbed-methane (two-phase gas-water). Note that the model may also be
combined with unconsolidation. The solution is based on Langmuirs adsorption model. The Langmuir
isotherm gives the adsorption of gas molecules on a solid surface as a function of the pressure P:
P
P
+

=
1

where is the coverage fraction of the surface, i.e. the number of filled adsorption sites with respect to
the total number of adsorption sites on the rock surface. The Langmuir adsorption constant is a specific
quantity of the rock-gas couple.
As .P is dimensionless, the model can be written in a more convenient form by introducing
1
=
half
P
P P
P
half
+
=
half
P may be interpreted as the half pressure, i.e. the pressure where the coverage factor is .

0
P
half
1
1/2
P

Behavior of this model:
for low pressures, P
for high pressures, 1

Although Langmuirs model is the most commonly used model in the industry, other models can be found
in the literature, leading to other functions.

Adsorbed quantity: For any rock volume, the adsorbed quantity is proportional to the gas/solid surface
inside this rock volume. It may be assumed that this quantity is proportional to the pore volume Vp. It
can then be written:
( ) ( ) P Vp P m
ads G
=
Above, m
G
(P) is the mass of gas adsorbed and
ads
is a constant specific of the rock gas couple. It has
the dimension of a density, and can be called adsorption density. Two new parameters are then
sufficient to describe the adsorption model:
-
half
P : half adsorption pressure, which parameterizes the function
-
ads
: adsorption density
Those parameters are the ones presented in the interface. They are triggered by checking a Desorption
checkbox in the Model dialog.
ads
can be calculated from other parameters/conventions defined in the
literature, with the dialog below.

In coalbed methane, the typical response shows an inverse decline as illustrated by the sensitivity plot
below.

Sensitivity to Rhoads

Note that when adsorption is considered, the reserves given by Ecrin include the adsorbed gas (at initial
conditions)


Undersaturated coal
The coal is initially under saturated with gas, which means that the initial water saturation is 1 and gas
will start being desorbed only when the pressure reaches a critical value, Pc.

This option is materialized by an initial saturation drop list in the Model parameters. When under
saturated is chosen, Swi is 1 and disabled, and the critical pressure Pc-ad is added.

Diffusion
In the normal case, it is assumed that instantaneous equilibrium between the bulk and the bulk/cleats
surface occurs, while in reality, the gas diffuses slowly from high concentration zones (bulk) to lower
concentration zones (bulk/cleats surface) during production.

The diffusion process can be considered in the Model and is represented by Ficks law:

( )
s
b
b gm
G G DV q =

With:
-
gm
q the gas production rate from the bulk (kg.s
-1
)
- is the shape factor of the bulk (dimensionless)
- Dis the diffusivity constant of the bulk (ex: s
-1
)
-
b
V is the bulk volume (ex: m
3
)
- b G is the average bulk gas content (ex: kg of gas per m
3
of rock)

) (P G
ads s
= is the equilibrium gas content as predicted by the Langmuir model (ex: kg of gas per m
3
of rock), which corresponds to the concentration along the bulk/cleats surface.

Diffusivity and shape factor may be combined into one parameter:
D
1
=
This parameter is referred to as t diffusion in the Model interface.


4.4. Numerical fractured horizontal well
In addition to the new external model for this configuration, a special gridding has been developed in the
numerical kernel. In the well property dialog of the 2D Map, the Fractured horizontal well option has
been added in the Geometry drop list.

Additional parameters are the Flow type [Flow in well only, Flow in fractures only, both]; the number of
fractures. Fractures start at the extremities of the well. The gridding obviously depends on the flow
option. The gridding for the case when flow is considered in the well and the fracture is fairly complex
with some 3D refinements (and hence the display is slow). Conversely the one for flow from the fractures
only is 2D and simpler.

Note that this model is incompatible with upscaling. So even in Topaze the upscaling ratio is 0 (and
cannot be changed). For this reason, this model is not available in Rubis.

Grid for flow from fractures only

Grid for flow from fractures and wellbore

4.5. Angle for areal anisotropy in numerical models
When a model uses areal anisotropy, in addition to kx/ky a kx/ky
angle appears. This value defines a rotation angle for the x-axis.

For instance the plot opposite shows the response with an angle of
20 and a kx/ky=10. This option is implemented in Saphir, Topaze,
and Rubis.


4.6. Numerical horizontal well or fractured well and composite
A composite region created around a horizontal or fractured well is changed from a circle to a stadium
shaped contour to better resolve the grid transition from the well module to the reservoir. When the
composite region is close enough, the contour is integrated as part of the well grid module.

Ri = 1300 ft Ri = 800 ft

4.7. Analytical model developments

kx-ky anisotropy: this can be considered for the horizontal well, slanted well, and fractured wells.

Slanted well solution: extended to angles above 85 and up to 90

Horizontal in 2-layer: this model in now built-in and
accessed in a Standard analysis by selecting Horizontal
for the well model and Two layers for the reservoir. The
list of parameters is shown on the right>

The single kz/kr is the vertical anisotropy in the well
layer. This layer is determined based on the h top layer
and Zw. The calculator next to Lambda permits getting
this value from the input of the second vertical
permeability (or anisotropy).

Radial composite with linear boundaries: this combination
is allowed using an approximate solution. Results may
become erroneous if the limit is close to the well.

Multi-zone linear composite external model: This model
simulates the behavior of a well producing from a
reservoir made up of multiple rectangular compartments,
with each compartment characterized by its mobility (M)
and diffusivity (D) ratios, and the connection between
compartments characterized by a leakage factor
(following Yaxleys definition). The well may be located
anywhere in any of the compartments, and all outer
boundaries are assumed to be sealing except for the
extreme left and extreme right boundaries that can be
open, sealing or kept at constant pressure.

4.8. Undo
An Undo option is now offered in Topaze and Saphir. You can Undo and Redo the last three actions
among: a model generation, a model drag, Improve, and the Quick Generate in Topaze.

Note that Undo can be executed with Ctrl-Z and redo with Ctrl-Y


4.9. Regression point weighting
In the Regression point selection dialogs, the 3 new toolbar icons shown left are present.
With the first icon, you can select a time interval by click-and drag; when the mouse is released the
dialog below (left) pops up and the relative weight for the interval is entered.
The middle icon resets all weights to 1.
With the third icon it is possible to view the overall weight assignment; this gives the display shown
below (right).
On the plot, the size of the marker used for the regression point is linked to the weight.

4.10. Intake from Amethyste

It is possible to copy a well model defined in an opened Amethyste file within a Saphir or Topaze
document. To do so, in the well intake option, you need to select use Amethyste case. When Load is
selected you will be prompted for the file/case (below left). The subsequent flow parameter dialog is
specific (below right Figure).

With a valid Amethyste license, the well model can be edited with the icon that calls the native
Amethyste interface. Finally note that if the temperature profile was calculated in the Amethyste case,
the calculation will also be done in Saphir/Topaze.

Amethyste cases can also be dropped using the Ecrin browser to a Saphir/Topaze Analysis (or Intake
node). The same is possible on a Rubis well.

Note that the intake options in Saphir and Topaze now have the same interface with the Intake plot
shown inside the option dialog. As a consequence, the Intake plot has disappeared from the Saphir main
screen, except for existing Saphir files.

4.11. Automatic mode for time stepping and value field output
The new automatic mode avoids an inconsiderate growth of the field or model time steps. For the fields,
the number of outputs is kept at 50. For the time, the influence is essentially on the minimum time step.

4.12. Other
A new option in Settings Interpretation Misc can be used to
allow/disallow dragging models where it is not possible to preserve all the dimensionless groups
(eg in the case of a horizontal well). Off by default.
The status window shows kh and k.
When an edition invalidates the model, the keep current match values is on by default
More detailed information is displayed during Improve
The Export option of the Output panel includes an option for P Average if the channel was
simulated.
In Settings Interpretation Results a new option is present to display Main Inputs. With this
option checked, the results include a group with rw,h,phi,B,mu,ct


5. Saphir

5.1. Rubis sector to PTA
Through this option it is possible to create a Saphir document where an Analysis encapsulates a complete
Rubis model with all its inherent complexity. The model can be edited and run from Saphir, its results
seen in the usual PTA diagnostic plots, etc. Please refer to section 8.1 for more details.

5.2. Deconvolution
The following changes have been implemented:

Fourth deconvolution method: Method 3
(KAPPA) followed by Method 2 (Levitan).

History plot Show reconvolved response:
this option displays the reconvolved response
for all the applicable time range, not only on
the matched periods see opposite >

The complete rate history is used as input
(instead of the simplified version used in the
deconvolution run).

Loglog plot Show reconvolved responses: Equivalent of the matched section on the history plot, on
loglog.

PV from deconvolution: In the results, a Pore Volume based on the deconvolved response is given; this is
obtained by fitting a unit slope (PSS) line through the last deconvolution points on the loglog plot.

5.3. Multilayer analysis
Init from single layer
When creating a new multilayer analysis, it is possible to initialize this analysis from a existing single
layer analysis. In this case, the total thickness is sub-divided and the same parameters are used on all
layers, as a starting point.

Input %kh
In the Model-layer Properties dialog, one can modify the %kh directly. k is adjusted as a result.

5.4. BHP upfront calculation

With this QAQC option a gauge with a defined depth can be converted to sandface
conditions using an intake from a particular analysis. The gauge depth is taken from
the gauge properties while the sandface depth is taken from the Intake parameters.


One problem with such a correction (as opposed to
correcting the model response) is that it uses the
surface rates and they exhibit sharp changes. In turn,
those changes induce discontinuity in the correction,
as seen on the next figure.

The surface pressure used as an input to the correction was simulated by test Design and hence was
using the model sandface rates.

Test design @ sandface; Result of the correction to sandface of the surface pressure response.

5.5. VIT
Wellbore storage in the probe-probe VIT model: A drop list in the Model dialog allows choosing
the wellbore storage options between None, Constant, or Changing.
Skin at the active probe: Skin can be entered. In the results the equivalent probe radius is given.

5.6. IPRs
User data: For any IPR, it is possible to add user data on the plot, either picked on the history
plot or loaded from a file.
Darcy: Inclusion of a non Darcy flow using either the Forchheimer coefficient or non Darcy flow
coefficient.
Vogel: The productivity index can be modified after the internal calculation
Jones: a and b can either be calculated or provided.
Babu and Odeh: added for horizontal wells
Fetkovich: C can be imposed
Transient IPR: extended to vertical gas wells
Vogel: combination with Darcy above Pb is now possible

5.7. Highlight in multiple extraction
With several extracted groups, the loglog, semilog, and flexible plots include the new
toolbar options shown on the right. The B icon sets a curve in bold, on the plot and in
the legend. The Prev/Next options allow going through the list.

The pick icon can be used to pick a curve directly on the screen; this curve and its aspect in the legend
are set to bold as a result. Both the pick and the B options activate the legend if it was not on.


5.8. Other
QAQC Lines: pick X and Y: A third mode is offered to create a Line in QAQC (right click + Lines)
called Pick two points. When this mode is selected Saphir goes into Pick point mode on the
active channel; the first click defines the first point, the second click the second one. The line
results include the Slope, Intercept, dX, and dY.
PSS total skin: For a closed multi-layer models, a new result is output called Total skin (pss) -
see SPE14111, (Eq. 16).
nLayer layer rate color: the color of layer rates is the same as the corresponding layer color in
the geometry plot. This is implemented only in the layer rates plot; the display color is the one of
the uppest layer contributing to the given layer rate; layer rates not connected to any layer are
displayed in gray.
PI(p*), PI(lastp): new checkboxes in Settings Interpretation Results can be used to display
those results for the extracted group in addition to the usual PI based on pi.
Filter option in Compare files: in tabular mode, the same filter option based on wildcards as in the
Topaze compare results dialog is present.
PAS: a PAS file may be dropped from the Windows Explorer on the Saphir window frame. This
calls automatically the Load Q or Load P option of the active document and invokes the relevant
decoding options added for PAS files in v4.10.05.


6. Topaze

6.1. New document modes and structure
When a Topaze document is created it can either be typed as Single-well, corresponding to what we had
up to v4.10, or Multi-well. In Single-well mode one can obviously consider the interference of
surrounding wells but the focus is on a particular well. The Multi-well mode on the other hand opens a
new workflow where several wells can be analyzed in parallel, their forecast added, and a field profile
built from the sum. It is even possible to go one step further using the Prospect capabilities (former K-
Prospect) now integrated in Topaze.

The ability to consider different active wells in different analyses has entailed a number of structural
changes, in particular the need to move the PVT within the analysis (rather than document level). Those
changes are detailed below.

It is possible to turn a single-well document into a multi-well document. Since the latter admits only one
production per well, you may have to remove some data before switching.

6.2. Single-well document
When creating a single well document, as usual a first analysis is created on the fly. The second wizard
dialog is used to provide the necessary input to create this analysis.

For rates, the approach has been simplified compared to v4.10. There are no more rate checkboxes in
the main dialog, and any rate can be loaded, always.


In the Analysis panel a new Infos button allows accessing the above information after
creation. The reference phase controls are present and so is the choice of reference well.
The ability to change the active well/the reference phase is necessary in Multi-well. It is
also given in Single-well

As indicated above, the PVT has been moved inside the Analysis. Consequently, no more
PVT dialogs are found in the Document infos, visible with the toolbar icon. This option
recalls the Init dialog shown on the previous page with Main options Information - Units
Comments.

Inside the Well Intake dialog for a linear analysis, the user can select the phases used or
considered by the correction. This is not present in a NL analysis where the analysis PVT
drives the choice and the display on the history plot. The checkboxes drive the display on
the history plot (eg what phases are shown).

6.3. Multi-well document
A Multi-well document starts without any well nor analysis. Such a document has a number of additional
interface components, starting with a Multiwell panel page that is activated by default upon creation.

This option opens the load of multiwell file formats, namely DMP2 (Dwights export) and
Merak (.mer) files. It is also possible to load a well group from an opened Ecrin document
(this can also be done by drag and drop in the browser). With an empty document, the
reference time is set to the earliest production date found in the file. When loading a DMP2
file with well coordinates, the contour is automatically adjusted to contain all the wells.

Note that when data has been loaded, the Load option can be used to load/reload data in
any particular well.

The main function is to allow a comparison of results from a selection of analyses, in tabular
form or using bubble maps. This is described below.

The Multiwell panel page has a corresponding tab. In this tab, the left part of the screen shows the list of
wells, data, analyses, etc as relevant. The right pane includes the usual List, Infos, Plot, and Table
modes. Under the well, the rates appear as individual icons for each phase, together with any pressure
gauges. In Plot mode, a rate pane appears at the top, with a pressure pane below as relevant, showing
one gauge (a drop list is given at the top when there are several). It is also possible to view the
cumulative

A tabular display is available for a well, any one of its phase productions, or the field profile for a
particular phase. In this mode, it is possible to dynamically change the time interval; the drop list that
controls the time step duration has been moved in the toolbar just above the tabs.


A more explicit name is given to the period covered for any given line see example next for weekly
display.

Analyses
With a right click on a well, one can select Analyze to create an analysis for whatever reference phase.
This is also available from a phase production icon, in which case the reference phase is fixed. Any
number of analyses can be created for a given well. Analyses appear in the data browser under the wells
and can be viewed on a plot. For each analysis a forecast candidate is selected among the model or Arps
plots. The diagnostic appears as a bold line using the analysis reference phase color, while the reference
rate of the analysis is plotted in grey (see below, gas analysis case).

Analyses can be viewed in table mode. The actual data is displayed with a grey background while the
model extension appears on a yellow background. An export option is present in the toolbar with a
number of possible formats including Excel. Recall that the time step can be controlled in the main
toolbar. This export option is actually also enabled when looking at the real production data, not just the
analysis. One may also select some columns only and with Ctrl-C copy those columns to the clipboard.

A double click on an Analysis node in the Multiwell browser makes the corresponding tab active.


Groups
With a right click on the Groups icon one can create a Group. Its production is obtained by adding up the
selected well production. Analyses can be created for groups (Arps only). By default the list of selected
wells is all the wells without an analysis.

Field profile
In the data browser, a field profile node appears with children nodes for each phase. After selecting a
phase, right click and select Create / Edit to access the field profile dialog. In this dialog (see below) all
the wells with a production of the current phase are listed. For each one, as appropriate, a drop list of
Analyses and Forecast appears. The second droplist is similar to the one found on the Analysis plot; it
is used to select the basis for the forecast.

The overall duration of the field profile is indicated at the top of the dialog. When a model is selected as
the forecasting basis for a particular well, the flowing pressure of that well in forecast phase is entered
directly using the button in the input column.

The last 2 columns are status indicators. A legend is provided with the Show Legend button.

Coverage: well covered once well not covered well covered several times
S(imulation) range: up to the limit not generated yet (model only; Arps is dynamic)

Global indicators are given at the bottom left.

When OK or Apply is given models are extended as relevant in the same fashion as what would occur in
the analysis Forecast option. Besides, the content of the extended analyses will reflect this. The Field
profile for the particular phase appears as a single data set.


Colored bars at the top of the plot indicate when the data stops, and when the model starts (see next
Figure). The same colors are used in tabular format to distinguish the ranges: Grey = all data; Yellow =
all model; Orange = mix.

When a field profile is displayed in tabular format, a column indicates the number of wells. A well is taken
into account if one of its phases is not 0 nor N/A on the considered interval.

An export option is present in the toolbar with a number of possible formats including Excel. Recall
that the time step can be controlled in the main toolbar. One may also select some columns only and
with Ctrl-C copy those columns to the clipboard.

The simulated part of the profile is stored after calculation. This means that if a
component analysis changes at a later stage the profile will need to be updated.
When this is the case, a warning is shown on the Field profile and the invalid
phase.

Results
In this option, the results from any set of analyses/diagnostics can be compared in tabular or bubble map
format. The available diagnostics are organized in a tree diagram with checkboxes.

In table mode, the right part of the dialog displays one column per diagnostic. The buttons in the left
toolbar act as toggles to perform group selection on Models, Arps, Fetkovich TC, Blasingame TC, and rate
normalized cumulative.


The Filter field can be used to enter a mask to filter the table content. The next two icons are used to
copy the table to the clipboard, and to change between rounded/exact results. Finally, a direct option is
given to show reserves or abandonment (ie Q(ta) for Arps).

In the second tab a bubble map is plotted for the selected input or result. The example below shows
productions; at each well the cumulative production is plotted with a circle per phase (smallest to
largest). It is possible to overlay the 2Dmap contour of a selected analysis.


Prospect
This facility can be selected in the Main options of a multiwell document see Section 5.1. It is designed
to allow quick, reliable estimates of production for new field forecasts and incremental recovery studies.
Prospect is valid for oil, gas, and gas condensate wells and allows the user to model simple depletion as
well as water drive. All produced and injected fluids can be taken into account. Prospect also provides the
appropriate number of wells, types of well and their phasing for the profile generated. Each profile is
consistent with the drilling schedule and facilities constraints imposed by the user.

There are 2 distinct Prospect operating modes:

Match field profile: A target field profile is defined and the program automatically determines the
drilling schedule, on a monthly basis, to meet the target.
Build field profile: The user defines the drilling schedule manually, and the field production is built
accordingly.

Please refer to the on-line help for more information.

6.4. New options of existing plots

p-q plot
In the p-q plot a new toolbar icon is offered calling the dialog next where wells can be selectively
added to the plot. The pressure and rate gauges used in the plot for each well are selected on the fly.

Normalized rate-cumulative plot
As in the p-q plot a new toolbar icon is offered where one can select surrounding wells to correct the
material balance time (the production of those wells is taken into account in the cumulative).

Uncorrected Corrected

In the above case the situation is a 2-well reservoir where the active well is the earlier producer. The first
linear trend corresponds to the drainage area of the first well alone; the second trend gives the whole
reservoir reserves.

Blasingame Type-Curve plot
The material balance time can be corrected using the cumulative production from nearby wells. This is
achieved using the same icon as above .

Not corrected Corrected

A new toolbar icon can be used to customize the plot display. Type-curves can be toggled off/on
individually; you can also show or hide the groups, qDd, qDdi, qDdid.

New well geometries are available for fractured wells (finite or
infinite conductivity). In the parameters dialog, the well model is
selected and a governing well model parameter defined as relevant
(eg Xf below).

Fetkovich Type-Curve
The plot content can be customized as with the Blasingame Type-Curve plot.

6.5. Forecast calendar output
When a forecast has been generated the forecast results can be viewed under a calendar format. This
option is part of the History plot popup options (Forecast data) and toolbar

The time step can be changed and the average rate, and total volume of each interval is updated on the
fly. This table only shows the forecast data; it can be pasted to the clipboard.

6.6. p/z plot (aka flowing material balance plot)
The principle is to get from flowing data a plot that resembles a normal p/Z plot made in terms of
reservoir average pressure. As always the problem with this kind of analysis is that one needs the results
sought to build the plot, leading to an iterative procedure.

The Material Balance equation in gas is written:

( ) b t G c
t q
p m p m
a i
i
t
w n i n
+ =
) (
) ( ) (
(1)



Where the normalized pseudo pressure and equivalent time functions are defined as:

=
p
i i
i n
Z
pdP
p
Z
p m
0
;
2
) (
=
t
t
i
t i
a
p c p
d q
t q
c
t
0
) ( ) (
) (
) (

Using the equality [ ] ) ( ) (
2 ) (
p m p m
p
G Z
t q
c
t
i
i
i i
i
t i
a
=

equation (1) can be changed to give:
) ( ) ( ) ( t q b p m p m
w n n
+ = (2)

The principle of the flowing material balance is in essence to:

- Create a plot of

) (
) ( ) (
t q
p m p m
w n i n
versus
a
t and find a straight line to get b
- Having b, to use Equ. 2 to calculate and plot
Z
p
versus
p
G ; find a straight line and extrapolate to
get Gi

This is fine except that the time function used by the first plot,
a
t involves the average pressure hence it
requires an estimate of the reserves. The complete procedure follows.

(1) Estimate Gi
(2) Find b using equation (1) fitting a line through the second half of the data
(3) Build and plot
Z
p
versus
p
G ; fit a line through the second half and the point pi/Zi to get Gi
(4) Iterate as necessary for convergence


The following plot options are given:
[Popup] New regression or [Toolbar] : redefine by click and drag the section used for the two
straight line fits
[Popup] Set pi: change the pi value. Note that you can drag the pi/Zi pivot on the Yaxis directly. The
interactive drag gets pi by iteration.
[Popup] Set STGIIP: change the Gi value. Note that you can drag the value pivot on the Xaxis
directly. The drags cause an update of the data points.

6.7. p/Z* vs Q plot for CBM
In the p/Z plot a desorption option can be used to transform this plot into a p/Z* plot. This is an
extension described in SPE20730
[1]
where the material balance equation is transformed into:

P
F
-
F
-
=
P
i
z
i
(1 -
u
u
i
)............................ (1)

with F
-
(P) = [1 -C
]
(P
-P
) +
B
g
-v
E
i
-(1-S
w
)
and I
L
=
v
L
P
P+P
L

and 0
]
=
Pv
B
gi
- (1 - S
w
), 0
= 0
]
- F
-
(P
)

by defining Z* as
z
P
-
- F
-
Equ (1) reverts to its normal form and produces Y-values with the same order
of magnitude. p/Z* is plotted against Q and the x-intercept gives Gi which is initial free gas + adsorbed
gas.

The parameters of the Langmuir isotherm are input as P Langmuir and Rho_ad see Section 4.3 for the
definition. Note that VL is equal to the ratio of Rho_ad and the surface gas density.

[1] Material-Balance Techniques for Coal-Seam and Devonian Shale Gas Reservoirs With Limited Water
Influx; King, 1993.

6.8. Wet gas and Condensate handling
What is referred to as wet gas is a situation where the selected PVT is Gas but the specific gravity is
calculated with the option:

In this case, one should use the equivalent gas gravity -this is granted by the PVT- and total equivalent
rates, noted qg_equ. In earlier versions of Topaze, the user was offered the possibility to correct the dry
gas rates on the fly, at the end of the Load Production. This was however not offered in Edit rates, which
means that mistakes could be done quite easily.

In v4.12, the PVT has been moved inside the analysis. It is thus not possible to modify the rates based
on the PVT since different analyses may use different PVT. The only viable solution was to make the
correction dynamically when a particular analysis needs it. More precisely, the new implementation works
as follows:
The gas rates in the well production are always the dry gas alone (when opening old files a
conversion is offered).

In any analysis, the dry gas values are used for all the plots except the Blasingame Type-Curve
plot and the Fetkovich Type-Curve plot which use qg_equ. This is for consistency with the Type-
Curves (slightly compressible fluid assumption).
Intake correction is given qg_equ and treats the hydrocarbon phase as gas in whatever
appropriate model. Note that the Oil checkbox is enabled in the Phases used section; if you try
to select it a message will indicate that the oil phase must be defined, which implies that you
need to change your PVT model.
When a model is generated in p(q), the modeling engine is passed total equivalent rates. When a
q(p) simulation is made, the output is modified to show dry gas in the history plot
All reserve results are for the dry gas only

Only NL analyses were compatible with the full condensate PVT before; this is not the case anymore.
With a linear analysis, the same logic as the one for the wet gas is observed. This allows an easy
comparison of linear and NL analyses using the same PVT, in a given document.

6.9. Drag and drop Wells from Diamant
In the browser, you may now drag a whole Wells container or a Group from Diamant or Diamant
Master to Topaze. The production is copied as well as the pressure gauges. This can be also achieved
through the Load from opened Ecrin document option of the multiwell Load.

6.10. Explicit simulation target
In Topaze NL, the target values of the simulator can be
controlled explicitly. In the Model/ Forecast dialog, a new
Settings button is present >

This calls the dialog shown opposite where you can select
the rates used for the target.

In previous versions the downhole mixture was
systematically used when more than one rate was
available.

6.11. Other
When extracting with the use intake option in order to correct a surface pressure to downhole,
an explicit choice of times is available. The main interest is to discretized a wellhead pressure
that would be defined by a few steps only

In a NL analysis using Condensate PVT, the results distinguish the oil and gas reserves
Linear boundaries may be added to external models like in Saphir (with a warning).
Arps: the Edit mode in Results (for instance to change b) was not offered if the Move option
was on. They are now compatible.
Generate model: this is materialized by a new icon (and popup option) in the following
plots: Blasingame Type-Curve, Fetkovich Type-Curve, Normalized q-Q plot, p/Z Q plot. For the
first two the option is always enabled and it changes the analysis model to the results of the
current match. For the latter two, the option is enabled only if the model is analytical and it only
changes the size of the reservoir (adding a closed circle if the model was infinite).
When creating a new analysis and previous analyses exist, you can start from nothing but copy
the PVT from a previous analysis.


A Compare results option is available within any Analysis . This
option behaves like the Multiwell Results option (section 6.3).


7. Diamant/Diamant Master

7.1. Automatic Shut-in identification
The Semi-automatic shut-in option added in v4.10, tried to locate the start and end times of a build-
up, after the user has clicked inside.

This option is complemented with the Automatic shut-in option in v4.12 which is designed to find all
shut-ins within the current window, without any prior indication from the user. This method is based on
the localization of sharp slope changes and the aggregation of those changes in shut-ins. When shut-ins
are found, a refinement of the start and end time is conducted.

As any automatic method, there are situations where results will differ from what an (experienced) user
would do. Hopefully there are only few such cases and even though what the algorithm returns may
sometimes need fine adjustments, we think that it will help save time when dealing with long data
histories and we have extensively tested it on such cases.

There are two parts to the process: (1) analyzing the data to adapt data specific parameters that will
guide the detection and (2) the detection itself. Obviously the second part cannot be done without the
first one. Conversely, once an analysis is made, there is no need to analyze again, unless of course the
detection is inappropriate. If this happens, it is possible to base the analysis on a different window and to
re-try the detection.

When selecting the Automatic BU option, the dialog below pops up.

Analyze the data: The first part deals with Analysis and once again, this option is likely to be checked
only once. Most of the time this will be done on the whole data set, except if the number of points is very
large in which case you may want to analyze a smaller representative section.

Identify the shut-ins: The identification can look for build-ups or fall-offs. It is recommended to set a
minimum duration and pressure change to minimize false detections.

When the algorithm is running a progress dialog appears that gives the possibility to interrupt. The
Analysis part is completed when all points have been treated, and it is the longest step of the algorithm.
This means that if you stop a process including the analysis, you are likely to end up with nothing. On
the other hand, the detection process works on segments when it is applied to a large number of points
and the analysis was already done. In this case, shut-ins are plotted for each segment as they are
obtained.

The Run from the last shut-in option is on by default. When a previous detection was achieved and new
data has been retrieved, this option allows seeking shut-ins only after the last one found previously.


This automatic shut-in detection is usable on Temperature data as well as pressure where the algorithm
can be instructed to look for warming or cooling.

The example below corresponds to 6 months of real data. Within a few seconds the algorithm finds all
build-ups; this information can then be used to correct the rates through a derived channel. Both the
corrected rate history and the pressure can then be transferred to Saphir.

The next Figure shows the resulting Saphir loglog plot after extraction of all build-ups (without any
discrimination or correction).


7.2. Multiple shut-in Express
The multiple shut-in express is used to quickly create a Saphir file containing the extraction of a series of
shut-ins (not only one as before). This option is enabled thanks to a multiple selection mode. 3 buttons
have been added to the Shut-in toolbar: : Multi-selection toggle Select All Select None

In the multiple selection mode, a shut-in is selected with a first click and unselected with a second one.
The Multiple selection mode can be entered by pressing Ctrl or Shift.

With several shut-ins selected, the usual shut-in express option calls the dialog below, where the
fluid phase can be chosen and the historical rate data possibly truncated before the first shut-in.

The Saphir file is created next and an automatic extraction of the selected shut-ins is performed. If a
corrected production exists under the well (see section 7.3), it is used. Otherwise, the raw production
data is copied but set to 0 in the shut-ins. One interest of the option is to select All shut-ins, and in one
click, to get the multiple extraction in Saphir.

Warning: Like with the former shut-in express, default values are set in the test/PVT parameters to speed
up the Saphir file creation. Make sure that you define those values properly if you convert into a real
analysis.

Note that it is possible to truncate the data at the end of the last shut-in or not. This is applicable with
multiple or single shut-in.

7.3. Corrected production
This new option is designed to automate the process of correcting daily production (the minimum
required is a shut-in indicator channel). The option is available in the well popup menu and the browser
toolbar: . It may also be called at once on the Wells container for all
the wells in a field. The dialog below left is used to control the output. The corrected productions are
gathered under a common Corrected production container.


The function results are as follows:
Uptime is a daily average of (1 SIID)
Uptime correction : Q > Q/Uptime
Set to 0 in shut-ins: Q -> if (SIID ==1, 0, Q)
Uptime + Set to 0 in shut-ins: Q -> if (SIID == 1, 0, Q/Uptime)
And nowhere else: Q -> if (SIID ==1, 0, if (Q==0, Value, Q/Uptime))

7.4. DM: Erase/Replace export
For a data set exported to an external database, these new options allow resetting the content to match
what is in the server. With Erase, the content of the exported data set is emptied; when the DMEP is
launched next, the content will be updated. The Replace option on the other hand works instantaneously:
the tag is emptied and its content updated right away.

Note that a new popup option has also been added to force the export of the last data.

7.5. DM: Direct load from files (and clipboard, keyboard)
The Diamant Master load is not anymore restricted to data sources. Data can be loaded from files,
clipboard or keyboard directly using the standard load option of the other modules. In the Load Step1
dialog, you need to click on Load from files, clipboard to access the load from files, etc.

7.6. Mapping of Petex IFM or other integrated databases
In v4.12 it is possible to read a field structure from an external database, and to create/update a DM field
accordingly. This facility was designed originally for IFM but it has been extended as a generic facility for
any integrated database accessible with ADO. The following information can be read from the database:
Groups, Wells, Tag names. The user is given the possibility to select the tags he wants to retrieve and
when this is done, an attempt is made to find those tags in the defined data sources. If the location is
found, mirrors are created at once without the user intervention.
A mapping to the Diamant Type 1 database structure is also possible in which case productions can be
mapped in one go as direct data (i.e. loaded without filter).

7.7. Refine
This new option of the step editing allows refining part of a
data set defined by steps, on the basis of a minimum dx or
dy see dialog opposite.

A possible application is to turn a correction channel with
only few discrete values into a progressive correction. This
can be useful when dealing with production well test
channels built to correct allocated rates.


7.8. Other
The semi-automatic pick option for shut-ins works on build-ups and fall-offs. The algorithm has
been modified so that the same processing as with the shut-in auto is used.
Field production data can be loaded from a Merak (.mer) file.
DM: The status of a mirror, or a filtered data, can be set to OFF directly from Ecrin the Diamant
browser
The shut-in indicator channel can be reset to 0 with a dedicated option of its popup menu
(accessible with a right click and in the toolbar)
DM: Derived channel may now be exported to an external database; this was not allowed before.
Move/Copy: wherever relevant, if you drag a data set from a well to another, a popup menu
appears with those choices. This also applies to derived channels as well as mirrors. In the latter
case, filtered data below the mirror are moved/copied with their parent.
A backup option is given where relevant to create a copy of existing elements.


8. Rubis

8.1. Rubis sector to PTA
Through this option it is possible to create a Saphir document where an Analysis encapsulates a complete
Rubis model. Note that Saphir can run the sector only if the Saphir license has the NL level.
Model properties other than the geometry can be edited directly from Saphir; the model can be run, and
its results seen on the usual PTA plots. Note that there is no upscaling, i.e. the gridding around wells is
the fine gridding.

The sector creation starts in the Rubis 2DMap. A
sector can be created at any stage with the
button of the toolbar. The 2DMap sector behaves
exactly as a region anchor: it applies to an area
topologically defined by the intersections between the
contour and/or the faults and/or the composite limits>

An unlimited number of sectors may be created in the Rubis run. In the Rubis browser tab as well as in
the Ecrin browser all sectors are listed directly under the Field node.

Sector Edition
The sector edition dialog (accessed via a double-click on the sector in the 2DMap) is shown below.

The copy complete field checkbox allows overriding the current sector geometry and copying the
complete problem to Saphir.
The Reference well combo-box lists all perforated wells present in the sector and all perforated
wells of the problem when the copy complete field box is checked.
make phase x immobile results in setting the relative permeability to 0 for this phase x the phase
cannot be displaced anymore in any further sector simulation.
The mechanism behind the Create Saphir Document button is detailed in the next section.

The Copy start date and Copy stop date options allow truncating the transferred gauges. The Well and
Production combo-boxes enable the user to explicitly chose which production is copied to Saphir which is
necessary when the Rubis wells carry more than one production gauge. In all cases, the pressure gauges
are implicitly assumed to be bottomhole gauges, and the productions to be at surface conditions.

The sector may also be edited in the Rubis browser, but in that case the Create Saphir Document button
remains disabled.

From Rubis to Saphir
There are two ways to transfer the Rubis sector problem to Saphir:
Clicking on the Create Saphir Document button in the sector edition dialog.
Drag and drop in the Ecrin browser, of the sector to the Analyses container of an
existing Saphir document (this document cannot be an interference test).

In both cases the Rubis sector is stored in a specialized analysis detailed in the next paragraph. However
the two methods are not equivalent: in the first case (create new Saphir document), all Rubis gauges are
copied along with the wells and the document itself is initialized from Rubis. In the drag and drop case,
the Saphir document itself is not altered - the document PVT is not modified, gauges are not copied
along. This is summarized below:

Transfer type Transfer steps
Create New Saphir document
(1) Create new Saphir document
(2) Initialize the Saphir PVT by copy of the Rubis PVT
(a)

(3) Initialize the test parameters from the Rubis sector
(b)

(4) Create all wells by copy of the well sectors (gauges are also
copied)
(5) Create Sector analysis in Saphir.
Sector drag & drop (1) Create Sector analysis in Saphir
(a) Saturations used in the calculation of ct are determined with the following simple rule: So=1 when the PVT is dead
oil or saturated oil (with or without water), Sg=1 when the PVT is gas or condensate (with or without water),
Sw=1 when the PVT is water.
(b) is the average sector porosity; h is the reservoir thickness at the reference well; rw is the reference well radius.

In all situations the original Rubis contour boundary conditions (e.g., aquifer connection) are not
transferred to the Rubis sector, and the sector will systematically present no flow boundary conditions.

The Sector Analysis Type
The sector analysis is a new type of specialized analysis, next to NonLinear, Multi-Layer and Formation
Test. It presents the following specificities:
Its geometry cannot be edited in the 2DMap page.
It cannot be duplicated it is not possible to create a sector analysis from anywhere else but Rubis.
However it may be chosen as the source analysis to create a new Standard, NonLinear or Multi-Layer
analysis. In that case, only the 2DMap geometry (contour and faults) is transferred from the sector
to the new analysis.
After extraction the match lines (pressure match, time match) are not visible in the loglog plot.
Similarly it is not possible to perform any straight line analysis, to create specialized lines (wellbore
storage, fracture, channel, etc...), nor to create additional diagnostic plots (Horner, MDH, flexible,
etc...).
None of the More Tools option is available: Test Design, P Average, IPR/AOF, etc...
The Interpretation control panel page is reworked: The Deconvolution, Model, Improve and
Sensitivity buttons are replaced by the Rubis buttons: PVT, Properties, Wells, Run Settings and
Simulate.

PVT, Properties and Wells Edition

The PVT and Properties buttons open the same dialogs as in Rubis and offer a full control of
the sector PVT, petrophysical properties, initial state(s) and KrPc(s).

The wells edition is restricted to the perforations and wellbore model edition. Deleting a well or
modifying its geometry is not possible in the sector analysis.


Editing the Run Settings
The Run Settings option opens a dialog containing three pages: Well controls, Time stepping control, and
Numerical settings (below left). The Well controls page displays a mapping between the Rubis sector
well(s) and the well(s) contained in the Saphir document. This mapping not only informs the internal
Rubis document which production from which Saphir well should be used as a target, but also tells Saphir
where the output simulated pressure gauge from each Rubis well is to be stored in return.

This mapping is obvious when a new Saphir document is created from the Rubis sector, but needs to be
performed when a Rubis sector analysis is created in an already existing Saphir document. It basically
informs about the location of each Saphir well in the Rubis geometry.

The Time stepping control page allows accessing the usual time stepping and output field storage
parameters. The Numerical settings page provides a handle on the numerical settings that will be used in
the Rubis simulation.

Simulation and Results

The Simulate button is enabled once the run settings have been visited. The simulation performs in
turn the three usual Rubis calculation steps: Grid, Initialize, and Simulate.

In addition to a 3D plot displaying the unstructured grid and the simulation results, the current geometry
(contour, wells and faults) is displayed in a 2D Geometry plot- see next.


The pressures simulated at the wells other than the tested well may be visualized in the same manner as
in NonLinear analyses (double-click on the 2D Geometry plot). The following results are simulated and
displayed: pressure gauges at all wells, pressure and all saturation fields.

Results in the status window or the results dialog are those given in Rubis.

From Saphir back to Rubis
Note that the Rubis sector appears explicitly under the Saphir Analysis node in the browser. It may be
dragged to a Rubis document.

8.2. Field multipliers
For any property defined by a data field as
opposed to a cste a multiplier appears in the
property grid. This is available for k, Phi, NTG

8.3. Sublayering
In the Parameters of the background grid (Grid option) a new parameter is added: PV Max/layer. This
parameter defines the maximum fraction of the overall pore volume a grid layer can represent. Above
this value, the layer will be subdivided vertically to honor the constraint. By default, PV Max/Layer is
equal to 20%: this means that a one layer problem would be subdivided into 5 grid layers with this value.

8.4. k(phi)
In the Properties option, permeability can now be set to k(phi) in addition to the previous options
[Constant, Datat Set]. The relation has the general form: Y = a. X
n
+ b, where Y can be k or log(k) and X
can be phi or log(phi).

Clicking on the small icon next to the k(phi) text brings a dialog to define the law see next.


8.5. DM link
As in Saphir and Topaze, data dropped from Diamant Master keep an active link to the server. The link
can be viewed in the Gauge properties. Linked data can be updated using the icon present in the
Well data toolbar as shown below.

8.6. Load ZMap files
When loading a data set it is now possible to load ZMap files. These are essentially 2D files that define a
property on a regular Cartesian grid, localized by a UTM range. The recognition of the format is
automatic; if the format cannot be decoded, Rubis switches to the normal load (which would not help
much in this case).

8.7. Load everything in 2 steps in the Field Infos dialog

In the Field Infos dialog, a groupbox has been added to load all the
geometry and petrophysics in 2 steps. The first option is for loading the
contour as a list of X-Y coordinates. The second one allows loading from the
GRDECL Eclipse file format or CMG format and calls the dialog below.


The following rules/logic apply:
If only the contour is loaded the complete field is not reset, only the preexisting contour is
replaced.
If only the GRDECL file is loaded the contour is reset to a rectangle including the loaded horizons.
The following information is loaded from the GRDECL file: horizons, permeability (if available),
and porosity (if available).
The 'actnum' boolean information (telling whether a given cell is active or not) is copied to the
net to gross dataset: 0 if the cell is not connected, 1 otherwise.
The reservoir model is set to layered, with n datasets (n-1 + the default one used for the top
zone).

8.8. Other
Adsorption (see section 4.2)
Wellbore model: it is possible to init the wellbore from a case of an opened Amethyste document.
The grid size (nb of cells) is now among the results
In the Grid option, when selecting a particular well, and when the Automatic gridding option is
one, it is possible to directly set the well gridding to [Coarse, Refined(Topaze), Very fine(Saphir)].
If Automatic is unchecked, the upscaling fraction is accessible directly, as before
The notion of valid run has been added, as in Saphir and Topaze
In the display settings option (main screen toolbar) one can choose to replay animations on
all plots in loop
In the Run settings when the fast model approximation is on, you can decide to strictly honor the
null rates; this means that rates are only simplified when they are not 0
In Run Settings the Global results include Qg_Inj and Qw_Inj to distinguish injected and
produced cumulative
In the browser, a tabular mode has been implemented for dynamic data, showing Min,Max, and
average values at each time step
When a gauge plot is maximized, a time step control present in the toolbar can be used to set the
time increment (hour, day, week, month, quarter, etc). The setting is honored not only by the
display but also by the dump.

[End of Document]

Ecr412 Update Notes

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Deskripsi Asli:

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Ecr412 Update Notes

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Ecrin v4.12 - Doc v4.12.01 KAPPA 1988-2009 Ecrin v4.

12 Update Notes- 1/41

Anda mungkin juga menyukai