WHO Model List of Essential Medicines

WHOModelList
of
EssentialMedicines
15thlist,March2007
Statusofthisdocument
ThisisareprintofthetextontheWHOMedicineswebsite
http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/en/index.html
15thedition
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList(revisedMarch2007)
ExplanatoryNotes
Thecorelistpresentsalistofminimummedicineneedsforabasichealthcaresystem,listingthe
mostefficacious,safeandcosteffectivemedicinesforpriorityconditions.Priorityconditionsare
selectedonthebasisofcurrentandestimatedfuturepublichealthrelevance,andpotentialforsafe
andcosteffectivetreatment.
Thecomplementarylistpresentsessentialmedicinesforprioritydiseases,forwhichspecialized
diagnosticormonitoringfacilities,and/orspecialistmedicalcare,and/orspecialisttrainingare
needed.Incaseofdoubtmedicinesmayalsobelistedascomplementaryonthebasisofconsistent
highercostsorlessattractivecosteffectivenessinavarietyofsettings.
Thesquareboxsymbol()isprimarilyintendedtoindicatesimilarclinicalperformancewithina
pharmacologicalclass.Thelistedmedicineshouldbetheexampleoftheclassforwhichthereisthe
bestevidenceforeffectivenessandsafety.Insomecases,thismaybethefirstmedicinethatis
licensedformarketing;inotherinstances,subsequentlylicensedcompoundsmaybesaferormore
effective.Wherethereisnodifferenceintermsofefficacyandsafetydata,thelistedmedicine
shouldbetheonethatisgenerallyavailableatthelowestprice,basedoninternationaldrugprice
informationsources.
Therapeuticequivalenceisonlyindicatedonthebasisofreviewsofefficacyandsafetyandwhen
consistentwithWHOclinicalguidelines.Nationallistsshouldnotuseasimilarsymbolandshould
bespecificintheirfinalselection,whichwoulddependonlocalavailabilityandprice.Medicines
arelistedinalphabeticalorder,withinsections.
ThepresenceofanentryontheEssentialMedicinesListcarriesnoassuranceastopharmaceutical
quality.Itistheresponsibilityofeachlocalregulatoryauthoritytoensurethateachbrandisof
appropriatepharmaceuticalquality(includingstability)andthat,whenrelevant,differentbrands
areinterchangeable.
Dosageformsofmedicinesarelistedinalphabeticalorderandthereisnoimplicationofpreference
foroneformoveranother.Standardtreatmentguidelinesshouldbeconsultedforinformationon
appropriatedosageforms.
Entriesofthetypeoralliquidareintendedtopermitanysolution,suspensionorotherformof
liquid.Granulesforreconstitutionasanoralliquidmaysubstitutefororalliquids,andtypically
carrybenefitsintheformofbetterstabilityandlowertransportcosts.Ifmorethanonetypeoforal
liquidisavailableonthesamemarket(e.g.solution,suspension,granulesforreconstitution),they
maybeinterchangedandinsuchcasesshouldbebioequivalent.Itispreferablethatoralliquidsdo
notcontainsugarandthatsolutionsforchildrendonotcontainalcohol.
Entriesofthetypetabletareintendedtoallowvariousformsofimmediatereleasetabletsuchas
uncoated,filmcoated,crushable,chewable,dispersibleetc.Entericcoating,ontheotherhand,
modifiesdrugrelease,andentericcoatedproductsareamodifiedreleasedosageform.Crushable,
chewableanddispersibletabletsmaybeeasiertoadministertopaediatricpopulationsandtothe
elderly.
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
15thedition(March2007)
1. ANAESTHETICS
1.1 General anaesthetics and oxygen
halothane
Inhalation.
ketamine
Injection:50mg(ashydrochloride)/mlin10mlvial.
nitrousoxide
Inhalation.
oxygen
Inhalation(medicinalgas).
thiopental
Powderforinjection:0.5g;1.0g(sodiumsalt)inampoule.
1.2 Local anaesthetics

Injection:0.25%;0.5%(hydrochloride)invial.
bupivacaine
Injectionforspinalanaesthesia:0.5%(hydrochloride)in
4mlampouletobemixedwith7.5%glucosesolution.
Injection:1%;2%(hydrochloride)invial.
lidocaine
Injectionforspinalanaesthesia:5%(hydrochloride)in
2mlampouletobemixedwith7.5%glucosesolution.
Topicalforms:24%(hydrochloride).
Dentalcartridge:2%(hydrochloride)+epinephrine1:80000.
lidocaine+epinephrine(adrenaline)
Injection:1%;2%(hydrochloride)+epinephrine1:200000invial.
ComplementaryList
Injection:30mg(hydrochloride)/mlin1mlampoule.
ephedrine
(Foruseinspinalanaesthesiaduringdelivery,topreventhypotension).
1.3 Preoperative medication and sedation for short-term procedures
atropine
diazepam
Injection:1mg(sulfate)in1mlampoule.
Injection:5mg/mlin2mlampoule.
Tablet:5mg.
morphine
Injection:10mg(sulfateorhydrochloride)in1mlampoule.
promethazine
Oralliquid:5mg(hydrochloride)/5ml.
2. ANALGESICS, ANTIPYRETICS, NON-STEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY

MEDICINES (NSAIMs), MEDICINES USED TO TREAT GOUT AND DISEASE
MODIFYING AGENTS IN RHEUMATOID DISORDERS (DMARDs)
2.1 Non-opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIMs)
acetylsalicylicacid
ibuprofen
EML 15
Suppository:50150mg.
Tablet:100500mg.
Tablet:200mg;400mg.
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Oralliquid:125mg/5ml.
Suppository:100mg.
paracetamol*
Tablet:100500mg.
*Notrecommendedforantiinflammatoryuseduetolackof
provenbenefittothateffect.
2.2 Opioid analgesics

codeine
Tablet:30mg(phosphate).
Injection:10mg(morphinehydrochlorideormorphinesulfate)
in1mlampoule.
morphine
Oralliquid:10mg(morphinehydrochlorideormorphine
sulfate)/5ml.
Tablet:10mg(morphinesulfate).
Tablet(prolongedrelease):10mg;30mg;60mg(morphine
sulfate).
2.3 Medicines used to treat gout

allopurinol
Tablet:100mg.
2.4 Disease modifying agents used in rheumatoid disorders (DMARDs)

chloroquine
Tablet:100mg;150mg(asphosphateorsulfate).
ComplementaryList
azathioprine
Tablet:50mg.
methotrexate
Tablet:2.5mg(assodiumsalt).
penicillamine
Capsuleortablet:250mg.
sulfasalazine
Tablet:500mg.
3. ANTIALLERGICS AND MEDICINES USED IN ANAPHYLAXIS

chlorphenamine
Injection:10mg(hydrogenmaleate)in1mlampoule.
Tablet:4mg(hydrogenmaleate).
dexamethasone
Injection:4mgdexamethasonephosphate(asdisodiumsalt)in
1mlampoule.
epinephrine(adrenaline)
Injection:1mg(ashydrochlorideorhydrogentartrate)in
1mlampoule.
hydrocortisone
Powderforinjection:100mg(assodiumsuccinate)invial.
Tablet:5mg;25mg
prednisolone*
EML 15
*Thereisnoevidenceforcompleteclinicalsimilaritybetween
prednisoloneanddexamethasoneathighdoses.
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4. ANTIDOTES AND OTHER SUBSTANCES USED IN POISONINGS

4.1 Non-specific
charcoal,activated
Powder.
4.2 Specific
acetylcysteine
atropine
Injection:1mg(sulfate)in1mlampoule.
calciumgluconate
deferoxamine
Powderforinjection:500mg(mesilate)invial.
dimercaprol
Injectioninoil:50mg/mlin2mlampoule.
DLmethionine
Tablet:250mg.
methylthioniniumchloride(methylene
blue)
naloxone
Injection:400micrograms(hydrochloride)in1mlampoule.
penicillamine
potassiumferrichexacyanoferrate(II)
2H20(Prussianblue)
Powderfororaladministration.
sodiumcalciumedetate
sodiumnitrite
sodiumthiosulfate
5. ANTICONVULSANTS/ANTIEPILEPTICS
carbamazepine
Tablet(chewable):100mg;200mg.
Tablet(scored):100mg;200mg.
diazepam
Injection:5mg/mlin2mlampoule(intravenousorrectal).
Injection:500mg/mlin2mlampoule;500mg/mlin
10mlampoule.
magnesiumsulfate*
*Foruseineclampsiaandseverepreeclampsiaandnotforother
convulsantdisorders.
Injection:200mg/ml(phenobarbitalsodium).
phenobarbital
Oralliquid:15mg/5ml(asphenobarbitalorphenobarbital
sodium).
Tablet:15100mg(phenobarbital).
EML 15
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Capsule:25mg;50mg;100mg(sodiumsalt).
Injection:50mg/mlin5mlvial(sodiumsalt).
Oralliquid:2530mg/5ml.*
phenytoin
Tablet:25mg;50mg;100mg(sodiumsalt).
Tablet(chewable):50mg.
*Thepresenceofboth25mg/5mland30mg/5mlstrengthson
thesamemarketwouldcauseconfusioninprescribingand
dispensingandshouldbeavoided.
valproicacid
Tablet(crushable):100mg.
Tablet(entericcoated):200mg;500mg(sodiumvalproate).
ComplementaryList
Capsule:250mg.
ethosuximide
6. ANTI-INFECTIVE MEDICINES
6.1 Anthelminthics
6.1.1 Intestinal anthelminthics
albendazole
levamisole
Tablet:50mg;150mg(ashydrochloride).
mebendazole
Tablet(chewable):100mg;500mg.
niclosamide*
*Niclosamideislistedforusewhenpraziquanteltreatmentfails.
praziquantel
Tablet:150mg;600mg.
Oralliquid:50mg(asembonate)/ml.
pyrantel
Tablet(chewable):250mg(asembonate).
6.1.2 Antifilarials
ivermectin
ComplementaryList
diethylcarbamazine
Tablet:50mg;100mg(dihydrogencitrate).
suraminsodium
Powderforinjection:1ginvial.
6.1.3 Antischistosomals and antitrematode medicine

praziquantel
Tablet:600mg.
triclabendazole
Tablet:250mg.
EML 15
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ComplementaryList
Capsule:250mg.
oxamniquine*
*Oxamniquineislistedforusewhenpraziquanteltreatmentfails.
6.2 Antibacterials
6.2.1 Beta Lactam medicines
Capsuleortablet:250mg;500mg(anhydrous).
amoxicillin
Powderfororalliquid:125mg(anhydrous)/5ml.
amoxicillin+clavulanicacid
Tablet:500mg+125mg.
ampicillin
Powderforinjection:500mg;1g(assodiumsalt)invial.
benzathinebenzylpenicillin
Powderforinjection:1.44gbenzylpenicillin(=2.4millionIU)in
5mlvial.
benzylpenicillin
Powderforinjection:600mg(=1millionIU);3g(=5millionIU)
(sodiumorpotassiumsalt)invial.
Powderforinjection:1g(assodiumsalt)invial.
cefazolin*
*Forsurgicalprophylaxis.
Capsule:400mg.
cefixime*
*Onlylistedforsingledosetreatmentofuncomplicatedano
genitalgonorrhoea.
Capsule:500mg;1g(assodiumsalt).
cloxacillin
Powderforinjection:500mg(assodiumsalt)invial.
Powderfororalliquid:125mg(assodiumsalt)/5ml.
Powderfororalliquid:250mg(aspotassiumsalt)/5ml.
phenoxymethylpenicillin
Tablet:250mg(aspotassiumsalt).
procainebenzylpenicillin
Powderforinjection:1g(=1millionIU);3g(=3millionIU)in
vial.
ComplementaryList
ceftazidime
Powderforinjection:250mg(aspentahydrate)invial.
ceftriaxone
Powderforinjection:250mg,1g(assodiumsalt)invial.
Powderforinjection:250mg(asmonohydrate)+250mg(assodium
salt);500mg(asmonohydrate)+500mg(assodiumsalt)invial.
imipenem*+cilastatin*
*Onlylistedforthetreatmentoflifethreateninghospitalbased
infectionduetosuspectedorprovenmultidrugresistantinfection.
EML 15
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6.2.2 Other antibacterials

Capsule:250mgor500mg.
azithromycin*
*OnlylistedforsingledosetreatmentofgenitalChlamydia
trachomatisandoftrachoma.
Capsule:250mg.
chloramphenicol
Oilysuspensionforinjection:0.5g(assodiumsuccinate)/mlin
2mlampoule.
Oralliquid:150mg(aspalmitate)/5ml.
Powderforinjection:1g(sodiumsuccinate)invial.
ciprofloxacin*
Tablet:250mg(ashydrochloride).
*Finalselectiondependsonindicationforuse.
Capsuleortablet:100mg(hydrochloride).
doxycycline*
Capsuleortablet:250mg(asstearateorethylsuccinate).
erythromycin
Powderforinjection:500mg(aslactobionate)invial.
Powderfororalliquid:125mg/5ml(asstearateorethyl
succinate).
gentamicin*
Injection:10mg;40mg(assulfate)/mlin2mlvial.
Injection:500mgin100mlvial.
metronidazole
Oralliquid:200mg(asbenzoate)/5ml.
Suppository:500mg;1g.
Tablet:200500mg.
nitrofurantoin
Tablet:100mg.
spectinomycin
Powderforinjection:2g(ashydrochloride)invial.
Injection:80mg+16mg/mlin5mland10mlampoules.
sulfamethoxazole+trimethoprim
Oralliquid:200mg+40mg/5ml.
Tablet:100mg+20mg;400mg+80mg.
trimethoprim
Tablet:100mg;200mg.
ComplementaryList
Capsule:150mg.
clindamycin
Injection:150mg(asphosphate)/ml.
Injection:250mg(sodiumsalt)in4mlampoule.
sulfadiazine
Tablet:500mg.
EML 15
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vancomycin
Powderforinjection:250mg(ashydrochloride)invial.
6.2.3 Antileprosy medicines

Medicinesusedinthetreatmentofleprosyshouldneverbeusedexceptincombination.Combination
therapyisessentialtopreventtheemergenceofdrugresistance.Colourcodedblisterpacks(MDTblister
packs)containingstandardtwomedicine(paucibacillaryleprosy)orthreemedicine(multibacillary
leprosy)combinationsforadultandchildhoodleprosyshouldbeused.MDTblisterpackscanbesupplied
freeofchargethroughWHO.
clofazimine
Capsule:50mg;100mg.
dapsone
Tablet:25mg;50mg;100mg.
rifampicin
Capsuleortablet:150mg;300mg.
6.2.4 Antituberculosis medicines

ethambutol
Tablet:100400mg(hydrochloride).
Tablet:100300mg.
isoniazid
Tablet(scored):50mg.
isoniazid+ethambutol
Tablet:150mg+400mg.
Tablet:400mg.
pyrazinamide
Tablet(dispersible):150mg.
rifampicin
Tablet:
60mg+30mg;150mg+75mg;300mg+150mg.
rifampicin+isoniazid
60mg+60mg(Forintermittentusethreetimesweekly).
150mg+150mg(Forintermittentusethreetimesweekly).
rifampicin+isoniazid+ethambutol
Tablet:150mg+75mg+275mg.
Tablet:
rifampicin+isoniazid+pyrazinamide
60mg+30mg+150mg;150mg+75mg+400mg.
150mg+150mg+500mg(Forintermittentusethreetimes
weekly).
rifampicin+isoniazid+pyrazinamide
Tablet:150mg+75mg+400mg+275mg.
+ethambutol
streptomycin
Powderforinjection:1g(assulfate)invial.
ComplementaryList
Reservesecondlinedrugsforthetreatmentofmultidrugresistanttuberculosis(MDRTB)shouldbeused
inspecializedcentresadheringtoWHOstandardsforTBcontrol.
amikacin
EML 15
Powderforinjection:1000mginvial.
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capreomycin
cycloserine
ethionamide
Tablet:125mg;250mg.
kanamycin
Tablet:200mg;400mg.
ofloxacin*
*Levofloxacinmaybeanalternativebasedonavailabilityand
programmeconsiderations.
Granules:4ginsachet.
paminosalicylicacid
Tablet:500mg.
6.3 Antifungal medicines
Vaginalcream:1%;10%.
clotrimazole
Vaginaltablet:100mg;500mg.
Capsule:50mg.
fluconazole
Injection:2mg/mlinvial.
griseofulvin
Lozenge:100000IU.
nystatin
Pessary:100000IU.
Tablet:100000IU;500000IU.
ComplementaryList
amphotericinB
Capsule:250mg.
flucytosine
Infusion:2.5gin250ml.
potassiumiodide
Saturatedsolution.
6.4 Antiviral medicines

6.4.1 Antiherpes medicines
aciclovir
Tablet:200mg.
EML 15
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6.4.2 Antiretrovirals
Basedoncurrentevidenceandexperienceofuse,medicinesinthefollowingthreeclassesofantiretrovirals
areincludedasessentialmedicinesfortreatmentandpreventionofHIV(preventionofmothertochild
transmissionandpostexposureprophylaxis).TheCommitteeemphasizestheimportanceofusingthese
productsinaccordancewithglobalandnationalguidelines.TheCommitteerecommendsandendorses
theuseoffixeddosecombinationsandthedevelopmentofappropriatenewfixeddosecombinations,
includingmodifieddosageforms,nonrefrigeratedproductsandpaediatricdosageformswithassured
pharmaceuticalquality.
6.4.2.1 Nucleoside/Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Oralliquid:100mg(assulfate)/5ml.
abacavir(ABC)
Tablet:300mg(assulfate).
Bufferedpowderfororalliquid:100mg;167mg;250mgpackets.
didanosine(ddI)
Capsule(unbufferedentericcoated):125mg;200mg;250mg;
400mg.
Tablet(bufferedchewable,dispersible):25mg;50mg;100mg;
150mg;200mg.
Capsule:200mg.
Oralliquid:10mg/ml.
emtricitabine(FTC)*
*FTCisanacceptablealternativeto3TC,basedonknowledgeof
thepharmacology,theresistancepatternsandclinicaltrialsof
antiretrovirals.
lamivudine(3TC)
Tablet:150mg.
Capsule:15mg;20mg;30mg;40mg.*
stavudine(d4T)
*TheCommitteeexpectsthisdosageformtobereviewedfor
possibledeletionatthenextmeeting.
Powderfororalliquid:5mg/5ml.
tenofovirdisoproxilfumarate(TDF)
Tablet:300mg(tenofovirdisoproxilfumarateequivalentto
245mgtenofovirdisoproxil).
Capsule:100mg;250mg.
zidovudine(ZDVorAZT)
SolutionforIVinfusioninjection:10mg/mlin20mlvial.
Tablet:300mg.
6.4.2.2 Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Capsule:50mg;100mg;200mg.
efavirenz(EFVorEFZ)
Tablet:600mg.
EML 15
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nevirapine(NVP)
Tablet:200mg.
6.4.2.3 Protease inhibitors
Selectionofproteaseinhibitor(s)fromtheModelListwillneedtobedeterminedbyeachcountryafter
considerationofinternationalandnationaltreatmentguidelinesandexperience.Ritonavirisrecommended
foruseincombinationasapharmacologicalbooster,andnotasanantiretroviralinitsownright.
ThissectionwillbereviewedbytheCommitteeasapriorityatitsnextmeeting.Itisexpectedthat
applicationforaheatstabletabletformulationcontaining200/50mglopinavir+ritonavirwillbesubmitted
forthenextmeeting.
Capsule:200mg;333mg;400mg(assulfate).
indinavir(IDV)
Capsule:133.3mg+33.3mg.
lopinavir+ritonavir(LPV/r)
Oralliquid:400mg+100mg/5ml.
Oralpowder:50mg/g.
nelfinavir(NFV)
Tablet:250mg(asmesilate).
ritonavir
Oralsoliddosageform:100mg.
saquinavir(SQV)
Capsule:200mg.
FIXED-DOSE COMBINATIONS
efavirenz+emtricitabine*+tenofovir
antiretrovirals.
emtricitabine*+tenofovir
Tablet:200mg+300mg.
antiretrovirals.
stavudine+lamivudine+nevirapine
zidovudine+lamivudine
Tablet:300mg+150mg.
zidovudine+lamivudine+
nevirapine
6.4.3 Other antivirals
ribavirin
Injectionforintravenousadministration:1000mgand800mgin
10mlphosphatebuffersolution.
Oralsoliddosageforms:200mg;400mg;600mg.
6.5 Antiprotozoal medicines

6.5.1 Antiamoebic and antigiardiasis medicines
diloxanide
EML 15
Tablet:500mg(furoate).
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Injection:500mgin100mlvial.
metronidazole
Oralliquid:200mg(asbenzoate)/5ml.
Tablet:200500mg.
6.5.2 Antileishmaniasis medicines

meglumineantimoniate
Injection,30%,equivalenttoapproximately8.1%antimonyin
5mlampoule.
paromomycin
Solutionforintramuscularinjection:750mgofparomomycin
basepresentasthesulfate.
ComplementaryList
amphotericinB
pentamidine
Powderforinjection:200mg;300mg(isetionate)invial.
6.5.3 Antimalarial medicines

6.5.3.1 For curative treatment
MedicinesforthetreatmentofP.falciparummalariacasesshouldbeusedincombination.Thelistcurrently
recommendscombinationsaccordingtotreatmentguidelines.TheCommitteerecognizesthatnotallof
theseFDCsexistandencouragestheirdevelopmentandrigoroustesting.TheCommitteealsoencourages
developmentandtestingofrectaldosageformulations.
Tablet:153mgor200mg(ashydrochloride).
amodiaquine*
*Tobeused(a)incombinationwithartesunate50mgOR
(b)maybeusedaloneforthetreatmentofP.vivax,P.ovaleand
P.malariaeinfections.
Oilyinjection:80mg/mlin1mlampoule.
artemether
Foruseinthemanagementofseveremalaria.
Tablet:20mg+120mg.
artemether+lumefantrine*
artesunate*
*Notrecommendedinthefirsttrimesterofpregnancyorin
childrenbelow5kg.
Injection:ampoules,containing60mganhydrousartesunicacid
withaseparateampouleof5%sodiumbicarbonatesolution.
Foruseinthemanagementofseveremalaria.
Tablet:50mg.
*Tobeusedincombinationwitheitheramodiaquine,mefloquine
orsulfadoxine+pyrimethamine.
Oralliquid:50mg(asphosphateorsulfate)/5ml.
chloroquine*
Tablet:100mg;150mg(asphosphateorsulfate).
*ForuseonlyforthetreatmentofP.vivaxinfection.
Capsule:100mg(ashydrochloride).
doxycycline*
Tablet(dispersible):100mg(asmonohydrate).
*Foruseonlyincombinationwithquinine.
EML 15
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mefloquine*
*Tobeusedincombinationwithartesunate50mg.
Tablet:7.5mg;15mg(asdiphosphate)
primaquine*
*OnlyforusetoachieveradicalcureofP.vivaxandP.ovale
infections,givenfor14days.
Injection:300mgquininehydrochloride/mlin2mlampoule.
quinine*
Tablet:300mg(quininesulfate)or300mg(quininebisulfate).
*Foruseonlyinthemanagementofseveremalaria,andshouldbe
usedincombinationwithdoxycycline.
Tablet:500mg+25mg.
sulfadoxine+pyrimethamine*
*Onlyincombinationwithartesunate50mg.
6.5.3.2 For prophylaxis
Oralliquid:50mg(asphosphateorsulfate)/5ml.
chloroquine*
Tablet:150mg(asphosphateorsulfate).
*ForuseonlyincentralAmericanregions,foruseforP.vivax.
doxycycline
Capsuleortablet:100mg(ashydrochloride).
mefloquine
proguanil*
*Foruseonlyincombinationwithchloroquine.
6.5.4 Antipneumocystosis and antitoxoplasmosis medicines
pyrimethamine
Tablet:25mg.
sulfamethoxazole+trimethoprim
Injection:80mg+16mg/mlin5mlampoule;
80mg+16mg/mlin10mlampoule.
ComplementaryList
pentamidine
Tablet:200mg;300mg.
6.5.5 Antitrypanosomal medicines

6.5.5.1 African trypanosomiasis
Medicinesforthetreatmentof1ststageAfricantrypanosomiasis
Powderforinjection:200mg(pentamidineisetionate)invial.
pentamidine*
*TobeusedforthetreatmentofTrypanosomabruceigambiense
infection.
suraminsodium*
Powderforinjection:1ginvial.
*Tobeusedexclusivelyforthetreatmentoftheinitialphaseof
Trypanosomabruceirhodesienseinfection.
Medicinesforthetreatmentof2ndstageAfricantrypanosomiasis
eflornithine
EML 15
Injection:200mg(hydrochloride)/mlin100mlbottle.
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Injection:3.6%solution,5mlampoule(180mgofactive
compound).
6.5.5.2 American trypanosomiasis
melarsoprol
benznidazole
Tablet:100mg.
nifurtimox
Tablet:30mg;120mg;250mg.
7. ANTIMIGRAINE MEDICINES
7.1 For treatment of acute attack
acetylsalicylicacid
Tablet:300500mg.
paracetamol
Tablet:300500mg.
7.2 For prophylaxis

propranolol
Tablet:20mg;40mg(hydrochloride).
8. ANTINEOPLASTIC, IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVES AND MEDICINES USED IN

PALLIATIVE CARE
8.1 Immunosuppressive medicines
ComplementaryList
azathioprine
Tablet:50mg.
Capsule:25mg.
ciclosporin
Concentrateforinjection:50mg/mlin1mlampoulefororgan
transplantation.
8.2 Cytotoxic medicines

Thissectionisexpectedtobereviewedatthenextmeeting.
ComplementaryList
asparaginase
Powderforinjection:10000IUinvial.
bleomycin
Powderforinjection:15mg(assulfate)invial.
calciumfolinate
Tablet:15mg.
chlorambucil
Tablet:2mg.
cisplatin
Powderforinjection:10mg;50mginvial.
cyclophosphamide
Tablet:25mg.
EML 15
cytarabine
dacarbazine
dactinomycin
Powderforinjection:500microgramsinvial.
daunorubicin
Powderforinjection:50mg(ashydrochloride)invial.
page - 13
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
doxorubicin
Powderforinjection:10mg;50mg(hydrochloride)invial.
Capsule:100mg.
etoposide
fluorouracil
mercaptopurine
Tablet:50mg.
methotrexate
Tablet:2.5mg(assodiumsalt).
procarbazine
Capsule:50mg(ashydrochloride).
vinblastine
Powderforinjection:10mg(sulfate)invial.
vincristine
Powderforinjection:1mg;5mg(sulfate)invial.
8.3 Hormones and antihormones

ComplementaryList
dexamethasone
Injection:4mgdexamethasonephosphate(asdisodiumsalt)in
1mlampoule.
hydrocortisone
Powderforinjection:100mg(assodiumsuccinate)invial.
Tablet:5mg;25mg.
prednisolone*
*Thereisnoevidenceforcompleteclinicalsimilaritybetween
prednisoloneanddexamethasoneathighdoses.
tamoxifen
Tablet:10mg;20mg(ascitrate).
8.4 Medicines used in palliative care

TheWHOExpertCommitteerecognizestheimportanceoflistingspecificmedicinesinthePalliativeCare
Section.SomemedicinescurrentlyusedinpalliativecareareincludedintherelevantsectionsoftheModel
List,accordingtotheirtherapeuticuse,e.g.analgesics.TheGuidelinesforPalliativeCarethatwere
referencedinthepreviouslistareinneedofupdate.TheCommitteeexpectsapplicationsformedicines
neededforpalliativecaretobesubmittedforthenextmeeting.
9. ANTIPARKINSONISM MEDICINES
Injection:5mg(lactate)in1mlampoule.
biperiden
levodopa+carbidopa
Tablet:100mg+10mg;250mg+25mg.
10. MEDICINES AFFECTING THE BLOOD

10.1 Antianaemia medicines
Oralliquid:equivalentto25mgiron(assulfate)/ml.
ferroussalt
Tablet:equivalentto60mgiron.
ferroussalt+folicacid
Tabletequivalentto60mgiron+400microgramsfolicacid
(Nutritionalsupplementforuseduringpregnancy).
folicacid
Tablet:1mg;5mg.
EML 15
page - 14
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
hydroxocobalamin
Injection:1mgin1mlampoule.
10.2 Medicines affecting coagulation

heparinsodium
Injection:1000IU/ml;5000IU/ml;20,000IU/mlin1mlampoule.
phytomenadione
Tablet:10mg.
protaminesulfate
warfarin
Tablet:1mg;2mg;5mg(sodiumsalt).
11. BLOOD PRODUCTS AND PLASMA SUBSTITUTES

11.1 Plasma substitutes
dextran70*
Injectablesolution:6%.
*Polygeline,injectablesolution,3.5%isconsideredasequivalent.
11.2 Plasma fractions for specific use

AllplasmafractionsshouldcomplywiththeWHORequirementsfortheCollection,Processingand
QualityControlofBlood,BloodComponentsandPlasmaDerivatives(Revised1992).(WHOTechnical
ReportSeries,No.840,1994,Annex2).
ComplementaryList
humannormalimmunoglobulin
factorVIIIconcentrate
factorIXcomplex(coagulation
factors,II,VII,IX,X)concentrate
Intramuscularadministration:16%proteinsolution.
Intravenousadministration:5%;10%proteinsolution.
Dried.
Dried.
12. CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINES

12.1 Antianginal medicines
atenolol
Tablet:50mg;100mg.
glyceryltrinitrate
Tablet(sublingual):500micrograms.
isosorbidedinitrate
Tablet(sublingual):5mg.
verapamil
12.2 Antiarrhythmic medicines

ThissubsectionwillbereviewedatthenextmeetingoftheExpertCommittee.
atenolol
Tablet:50mg;100mg.
Injection:250micrograms/mlin2mlampoule.
digoxin
Oralliquid:50micrograms/ml.
Tablet:62.5micrograms;250micrograms.
Injection:100micrograms/ml(asacidtartrateorhydrochloride)in
10mlampoule.
lidocaine
EML 15
page - 15
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
Injection:2.5mg(hydrochloride)/mlin2mlampoule.
verapamil
ComplementaryList
procainamide
quinidine
Tablet:200mg(sulfate).
12.3 Antihypertensive medicines

amlodipine
Tablet:5mg.
atenolol
Tablet:50mg;100mg.
enalapril
Tablet:2.5mg.
Powderforinjection:20mg(hydrochloride)inampoule.
Tablet:25mg,50mg(hydrochloride).
hydralazine*
hydrochlorothiazide
*Hydralazineislistedforuseintheacutemanagementofsevere
pregnancyinducedhypertensiononly.Itsuseinthetreatmentof
essentialhypertensionisnotrecommendedinviewofthe
availabilityofmoreevidenceofefficacyandsafetyofother
medicines.
Tablet:250mg.
methyldopa*
*Methyldopaislistedforuseinthemanagementofpregnancy
inducedhypertensiononly.Itsuseinthetreatmentofessential
hypertensionisnotrecommendedinviewoftheavailabilityof
moreevidenceofefficacyandsafetyofothermedicines.
ComplementaryList
sodiumnitroprusside
Powderforinfusion:50mginampoule.
12.4 Medicines used in heart failure

ThissubsectionwillbereviewedatthenextmeetingoftheExpertCommittee.
Injection:250micrograms/mlin2mlampoule.
digoxin
Oralliquid:50micrograms/ml.
Tablet:62.5micrograms;250micrograms.
enalapril
furosemide
Tablet:2.5mg.
Tablet:40mg.
hydrochlorothiazide
ComplementaryList
dopamine
EML 15
Injection:40mg/ml(hydrochloride)in5mlvial.
page - 16
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
12.5 Antithrombotic medicines

acetylsalicylicacid
Tablet:100mg.
ComplementaryList
streptokinase
Powderforinjection:1.5millionIUinvial.
12.6 Lipid-lowering agents

simvastatin*
Tablet:5mg;10mg;20mg;40mg.
*Foruseinhighriskpatients.
13. DERMATOLOGICAL MEDICINES (topical)

13.1 Antifungal medicines
benzoicacid+salicylicacid
Ointmentorcream:6%+3%.
miconazole
Ointmentorcream:2%(nitrate).
sodiumthiosulfate
Solution:15%.
ComplementaryList
seleniumsulfide
Detergentbasedsuspension:2%.
13.2 Anti-infective medicines

methylrosaniliniumchloride
Aqueoussolution:0.5%.
(gentianviolet)
Tincture:0.5%.
neomycinsulfate+bacitracin
Ointment:5mgneomycinsulfate+250IUbacitracinzinc/g.
potassiumpermanganate
Aqueoussolution:1:10000.
silversulfadiazine
Cream:1%,in500gcontainer.
13.3 Anti-inflammatory and antipruritic medicines

betamethasone
Ointmentorcream:0.1%(asvalerate).
calaminelotion
Lotion.
hydrocortisone
Ointmentorcream:1%(acetate).
13.4 Astringent medicines

aluminiumdiacetate
Solution:5%.
13.5 Medicines affecting skin differentiation and proliferation

benzoylperoxide
Lotionorcream:5%.
coaltar
Solution:5%.
dithranol
Ointment:0.1%2%.
fluorouracil
Ointment:5%.
podophyllumresin
Solution:1025%.
salicylicacid
Solution:5%.
EML 15
page - 17
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
Ointmentorcream:10%.
urea
13.6 Scabicides and pediculicides

benzylbenzoate
Lotion:25%.
Cream:5%.
permethrin
Lotion:1%.
14. DIAGNOSTIC AGENTS

14.1 Ophthalmic medicines
fluorescein
Eyedrops:1%(sodiumsalt).
tropicamide
Eyedrops:0.5%.
14.2 Radiocontrast media

amidotrizoate
Injection:140420mgiodine(assodiumormegluminesalt)/mlin
20mlampoule.
bariumsulfate
Aqueoussuspension.
iohexol
Injection:140350mgiodine/mlin5ml;10ml;20mlampoules.
ComplementaryList
meglumineiotroxate
Solution:58giodinein100250ml.
15. DISINFECTANTS AND ANTISEPTICS

15.1 Antiseptics
chlorhexidine
Solution:5%(digluconate)fordilution.
ethanol
Solution:70%(denatured).
polyvidoneiodine
Solution:10%.
15.2 Disinfectants
chlorinebasecompound
Powder:(0.1%availablechlorine)forsolution.
chloroxylenol
Solution:4.8%.
glutaral
Solution:2%.
16. DIURETICS
amiloride
furosemide
Tablet:40mg.
hydrochlorothiazide
mannitol
Injectablesolution:10%;20%.
spironolactone
Tablet:25mg.
EML 15
page - 18
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
17. GASTROINTESTINAL MEDICINES

17.1 Antacids and other antiulcer medicines
aluminiumhydroxide
Tablet:500mg.
ranitidine
magnesiumhydroxide
Oralliquid:equivalentto550mgmagnesiumoxide/10ml.
17.2 Antiemetic medicines

metoclopramide
promethazine
17.3 Anti-inflammatory medicines

Retentionenema.
sulfasalazine
Suppository:500mg.
Tablet:500mg.
ComplementaryList
Retentionenema.
hydrocortisone
Suppository:25mg(acetate).
(theonlyappliestohydrocortisoneretentionenema).
17.4 Laxatives
senna
EML 15
Tablet:7.5mg(sennosides)(ortraditionaldosageforms).
page - 19
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
17.5 Medicines used in diarrhoea

17.5.1 Oral rehydration
oralrehydrationsalts*
glucose:
sodium:
chloride:
potassium:
citrate:
osmolarity:
glucose:
sodiumchloride:
potassiumchloride:
trisodiumcitratedihydrate+:
75mEq
75mEqormmol/l
65mEqormmol/l
20mEqormmol/l
10mmol/l
245mOsm/l
13.5g/l
2.6g/l
1.5g/l
2.9g/l
+trisodiumcitratedihydratemaybereplacedbysodium
hydrogencarbonate(sodiumbicarbonate)2.5g/l.However,asthe
stabilityofthislatterformulationisverypoorundertropical
conditions,itisonlyrecommendedwhenmanufacturedfor
immediateuse.
*Incasesofcholeraahigherconcentrationofsodiummaybe
required.
17.5.2 Medicines for diarrhoea in children
Oralliquid:in10mgperunitdosageforms.
zincsulfate*
Tablet:in10mgperunitdosageforms.
*Inacutediarrhoeazincsulfateshouldbeusedasanadjunctto
oralrehydrationsalts.
17.5.3 Antidiarrhoeal (symptomatic) medicines in adults

Tablet:30mg(phosphate).
codeine*
*Theroleofthisitemhasbeenquestionedanditscontinued
inclusiononthelistwillbereviewedatthenextmeetingofthe
ExpertCommittee.
18. HORMONES, OTHER ENDOCRINE MEDICINES AND CONTRACEPTIVES

18.1 Adrenal hormones and synthetic substitutes
Addisonsdiseaseisararecondition;adrenalhormonesarealreadyincludedinsection3.
18.2 Androgens
ComplementaryList
testosterone
Injection:200mg(enantate)in1mlampoule.
18.3 Contraceptives
18.3.1 Oral hormonal contraceptives
ethinylestradiol+levonorgestrel
Tablet:30micrograms+150micrograms.
ethinylestradiol+norethisterone
Tablet:35micrograms+1.0mg.
levonorgestrel
Tablet:30micrograms;750micrograms(packoftwo);1.5mg.
EML 15
page - 20
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
18.3.2 Injectable hormonal contraceptives

medroxyprogesteroneacetate
Depotinjection:150mg/mlin1mlvial.
medroxyprogesteroneacetate+
estradiolcypionate
Injection:25mg+5mg.
norethisteroneenantate
Oilysolution:200mg/mlin1mlampoule.
18.3.3 Intrauterine devices

coppercontainingdevice
18.3.4 Barrier methods

condoms
diaphragms
18.3.5 Implantable contraceptives

levonorgestrelreleasingimplant
Tworodlevonorgestrelreleasingimplant,eachrodcontaining
75mgoflevonorgestrel(150mgtotal).
18.4 Estrogens
Tablet:10micrograms;50micrograms.
ethinylestradiol*
*Thepublichealthrelevanceand/orcomparativeefficacyand/or
safetyofthisitemhasbeenquestionedanditscontinuedinclusion
onthelistwillbereviewedatthenextmeetingoftheExpert
Committee.
18.5 Insulins and other antidiabetic agents

glibenclamide
Tablet:2.5mg;5mg.
insulininjection(soluble)
Injection:40IU/mlin10mlvial;100IU/mlin10mlvial.
intermediateactinginsulin
Injection:40IU/mlin10mlvial;100IU/mlin10mlvial
(ascompoundinsulinzincsuspensionorisophaneinsulin).
metformin
18.6 Ovulation inducers

ComplementaryList
clomifene
Tablet:50mg(citrate).
18.7 Progestogens
Tablet:5mg.
norethisterone*
EML 15
Committee.
page - 21
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
ComplementaryList
Tablet:5mg.
medroxyprogesteroneacetate*
Committee.
18.8 Thyroid hormones and antithyroid medicines

levothyroxine
Tablet:50micrograms;100micrograms(sodiumsalt).
potassiumiodide
Tablet:60mg.
propylthiouracil
Tablet:50mg.
19. IMMUNOLOGICALS
19.1 Diagnostic agents
AlltuberculinsshouldcomplywiththeWHORequirementsforTuberculins(Revised1985).WHOExpert
CommitteeonBiologicalStandardization.Thirtysixthreport.(WHOTechnicalReportSeries,No.745,
1987,Annex1).
tuberculin,purifiedproteinderivative
Injection.
(PPD)
19.2 Sera and immunoglobulins
AllplasmafractionsshouldcomplywiththeWHORequirementsfortheCollection,Processingand
QualityControlofBlood,BloodComponentsandPlasmaDerivatives(Revised1992).WHOExpert
CommitteeonBiologicalStandardization.Fortythirdreport.(WHOTechnicalReportSeries,No.840,1994,
Annex2).
antiDimmunoglobulin(human)
Injection:250microgramsinsingledosevial.
antitetanusimmunoglobulin(human) Injection:500IUinvial.
Injection.
antivenomimmunoglobulin*
*Exacttypetobedefinedlocally.
diphtheriaantitoxin
Injection:10000IU;20000IUinvial.
rabiesimmunoglobulin
Injection:150IU/mlinvial.
19.3 Vaccines
SelectionofvaccinesfromtheModelListwillneedtobedeterminedbyeachcountryafterconsiderationof
internationalrecommendations,epidemiologyandnationalpriorities.Thelistbelowdetailsthevaccines
forwhichthereiseitherarecommendationfromtheStrategicAdvisoryGroupofExpertsonImmunization
(SAGE)(http://www.who.int/immunization/sage_conclusions/en/index.html)and/oraWHOposition
paper(http://www.who.int/immunization/documents/positionpapers/en/index.html).Thissitewillbe
updatedasnewpositionpapersarepublishedandcontainsthemostrecentinformationand
recommendations.
AllvaccinesshouldcomplywiththeWHORequirementsforBiologicalSubstances.
BCGvaccine
choleravaccine
EML 15
page - 22
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
diphtheriavaccine
hepatitisAvaccine
hepatitisBvaccine
Haemophilusinfluenzaetypebvaccine
influenzavaccine
Japaneseencephalitisvaccine
measlesvaccine
meningococcalmeningitisvaccine
mumpsvaccine
pertussisvaccine
pneumococcalvaccine
poliomyelitisvaccine
rabiesvaccine
rotavirusvaccine
rubellavaccine
tetanusvaccine
typhoidvaccine
varicellavaccine
yellowfevervaccine
20. MUSCLE RELAXANTS (PERIPHERALLY-ACTING) AND CHOLINESTERASE

INHIBITORS
alcuronium
Injection:5mg(chloride)/mlin2mlampoule.
neostigmine
Injection:500microgramsin1mlampoule;2.5mg(metilsulfate)
in1mlampoule.
Tablet:15mg(bromide).
Injection:50mg(chloride)/mlin2mlampoule.
suxamethonium
Powderforinjection(chloride)invial.
ComplementaryList
pyridostigmine
Tablet:60mg(bromide).
vecuronium
EML 15
Powderforinjection:10mg(bromide)invial.
page - 23
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
21. OPHTHALMOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS

ThissectionwillbereviewedatthenextmeetingoftheExpertCommittee.
21.1 Anti-infective agents
aciclovir
gentamicin*
Ointment:3%W/W.
Solution(eyedrops):0.3%(sulfate).
tetracycline
Eyeointment:1%(hydrochloride).
21.2 Anti-inflammatory agents

prednisolone
Solution(eyedrops):0.5%(sodiumphosphate).
21.3 Local anaesthetics

tetracaine
Solution(eyedrops):0.5%(hydrochloride).
21.4 Miotics and antiglaucoma medicines

acetazolamide
Tablet:250mg.
pilocarpine
Solution(eyedrops):2%;4%(hydrochlorideornitrate).
timolol
Solution(eyedrops):0.25%;0.5%(asmaleate).
21.5 Mydriatics
atropine
Solution(eyedrops):0.1%;0.5%,1%(sulfate).
ComplementaryList
Solution(eyedrops):2%(ashydrochloride).
22. OXYTOCICS AND ANTIOXYTOCICS

22.1 Oxytocics
ergometrine
Injection:200micrograms(hydrogenmaleate)in1mlampoule.
oxytocin
Injection:10IUin1mlampoule.
ComplementaryList
misoprostol
Vaginaltablet:25micrograms.
mifepristone*misoprostol*
Wherepermittedunder
nationallawandwhere
culturallyacceptable.
Tablet200mgtablet200micrograms.
*Requiresclosemedicalsupervision.
22.2 Antioxytocics (tocolytics)

nifedipine
EML 15
Immediatereleasecapsule:10mg.
page - 24
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
23. PERITONEAL DIALYSIS SOLUTION

ComplementaryList
intraperitonealdialysissolution(of
Parenteralsolution.
appropriatecomposition)
24. PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC MEDICINES

24.1 Medicines used in psychotic disorders
chlorpromazine
fluphenazine
haloperidol
Injection:25mg(decanoateorenantate)in1mlampoule.
Tablet:2mg;5mg.
24.2 Medicines used in mood disorders

24.2.1 Medicines used in depressive disorders
amitriptyline
fluoxetine
Capsuleortablet:20mg(presentashydrochloride).
24.2.2 Medicines used in bipolar disorders

carbamazepine
lithiumcarbonate
valproicacid
Tablet(entericcoated):200mg;500mg(sodiumvalproate).
24.3 Medicines used in generalized anxiety and sleep disorders

diazepam
24.4 Medicines used for obsessive compulsive disorders and panic attacks
clomipramine
Capsule:10mg;25mg(hydrochloride).
24.5 Medicines used in substance dependence programmes

ComplementaryList
Concentratefororalliquid:5mg/ml;10mg/ml(hydrochloride).
methadone*
Oralliquid:5mg/5ml;10mg/5ml.
*Thesquareboxisaddedtoincludebuprenorphine.Themedicines
shouldonlybeusedwithinanestablishedsupportprogramme.
25. MEDICINES ACTING ON THE RESPIRATORY TRACT

25.1 Antiasthmatic and medicines for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
beclometasone
EML 15
Inhalation(aerosol):50microgramsperdose(dipropionate);
250micrograms(dipropionate)perdose.
page - 25
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
Injection:1mg(ashydrochlorideorhydrogentartrate)in
1mlampoule.
ipratropiumbromide
Inhalation(aerosol):20micrograms/metereddose.
Inhalation(aerosol):100micrograms(assulfate)perdose.
Injection:50micrograms(assulfate)/mlin5mlampoule.
salbutamol
Oralliquid:2mg/5ml.
Respiratorsolutionforuseinnebulizers:5mg(assulfate)/ml.
Tablet:2mg;4mg(assulfate).
25.2 Other medicines acting on the respiratory tract

caffeinecitrate
Injection:20mg/ml(equivalentto10mgcaffeinebase/ml).
Oralliquid:20mg/ml(equivalentto10mgcaffeinebase/ml).
26. SOLUTIONS CORRECTING WATER, ELECTROLYTE AND ACID-BASE

DISTURBANCES
26.1 Oral
oralrehydrationsalts
Seesection17.5.1.
potassiumchloride
Powderforsolution.
26.2 Parenteral
glucose
Injectablesolution:5%;10%isotonic;50%hypertonic.
glucosewithsodiumchloride
Injectablesolution:4%glucose,0.18%sodiumchloride
(equivalenttoNa+30mmol/l,Cl30mmol/l).
potassiumchloride
Solution:11.2%in20mlampoule
(equivalenttoK+1.5mmol/ml,Cl1.5mmol/ml).
sodiumchloride
Injectablesolution:0.9%isotonic(equivalenttoNa+154mmol/l,
Cl154mmol/l).
sodiumhydrogencarbonate
sodiumlactate,compoundsolution
Injectablesolution:1.4%isotonic(equivalenttoNa+167mmol/l,
HCO3167mmol/l).
Solution:8.4%in10mlampoule(equivalenttoNa+1000mmol/l,
HCO31000mmol/l).
Injectablesolution.
26.3 Miscellaneous
waterforinjection
2ml;5ml;10mlampoules.
27. VITAMINS AND MINERALS

ascorbicacid
ergocalciferol
Tablet:50mg.
Capsuleortablet:1.25mg(50000IU).
Oralliquid:250micrograms/ml(10000IU/ml).
EML 15
page - 26
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
Capsule:200mg.
iodine
Iodizedoil:1ml(480mgiodine);0.5ml(240mgiodine)in
ampoule(oralorinjectable);0.57ml(308mgiodine)indispenser
bottle.
nicotinamide
Tablet:50mg.
pyridoxine
Capsule:50000IU;100000IU;200000IU(aspalmitate).
Oraloilysolution:100000IU(aspalmitate)/mlinmultidose
dispenser.
retinol
Tablet(sugarcoated):10000IU(aspalmitate).
Watermiscibleinjection:100000IU(aspalmitate)in
2mlampoule.
riboflavin
Tablet:5mg.
sodiumfluoride
Inanyappropriatetopicalformulation.
thiamine
ComplementaryList
calciumgluconate
EML 15
page - 27
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
Index
abacavir(ABC) .......................................................... 9
acetazolamide.......................................................... 24
acetylcysteine ............................................................ 3
acetylsalicylicacid ........................................ 1, 13, 17
aciclovir ................................................................ 8, 24
albendazole................................................................ 4
alcuronium............................................................... 23
allopurinol ................................................................. 2
aluminiumdiacetate............................................... 17
aluminiumhydroxide ............................................ 19
amidotrizoate .......................................................... 18
amikacin....................................................................... 7
amiloride .................................................................. 18
amitriptyline ............................................................ 25
amlodipine............................................................... 16
amodiaquine............................................................ 11
amoxicillin ................................................................. 5
amoxicillin+clavulanicacid ................................... 5
amphotericinB....................................................... 8, 11
ampicillin ................................................................... 5
antiDimmunoglobulin(human) ......................... 22
antitetanusimmunoglobulin(human)................. 22
antivenomimmunoglobulin ................................. 22
artemether................................................................ 11
artemether+lumefantrine ..................................... 11
artesunate................................................................. 11
ascorbicacid ............................................................ 26
asparaginase............................................................... 13
atenolol............................................................... 15, 16
atropine ............................................................ 1, 3, 24
azathioprine ........................................................... 2, 13
azithromycin.............................................................. 6
bacitracin.................................................................. 17
bariumsulfate ......................................................... 18
BCGvaccine............................................................. 22
beclometasone ......................................................... 25
benzathinebenzylpenicillin .................................... 5
benznidazole............................................................ 13
benzoicacid ............................................................. 17
benzoicacid+salicylicacid ................................... 17
benzoylperoxide..................................................... 17
benzylbenzoate....................................................... 18
benzylpenicillin......................................................... 5
betamethasone......................................................... 17
biperiden .................................................................. 14
bleomycin................................................................... 13
bupivacaine................................................................ 1
caffeinecitrate ......................................................... 26
calaminelotion ........................................................ 17
calciumfolinate.......................................................... 13
calciumgluconate ............................................... 3, 27
capreomycin ................................................................. 8
carbamazepine..................................................... 3, 25
carbidopa.................................................................. 14
cefazolin...................................................................... 5
cefixime....................................................................... 5
ceftazidime ................................................................... 5
ceftriaxone.................................................................... 5
charcoal,activated..................................................... 3
chlorambucil............................................................... 13
chloramphenicol........................................................ 6
chlorhexidine ........................................................... 18
chlorinebasecompound ........................................ 18
chloroquine .................................................... 2, 11, 12
chloroxylenol ........................................................... 18
chlorphenamine......................................................... 2
chlorpromazine ....................................................... 25
choleravaccine ........................................................ 22
ciclosporin.................................................................. 13
cilastatin ...................................................................... 5
ciprofloxacin .............................................................. 6
cisplatin...................................................................... 13
clavulanicacid ........................................................... 5
clindamycin ................................................................. 6
clofazimine................................................................. 7
clomifene .................................................................... 21
clomipramine........................................................... 25
clotrimazole ............................................................... 8
cloxacillin ................................................................... 5
coaltar ...................................................................... 17
codeine.................................................................. 2, 20
condoms ................................................................... 21
coppercontainingdevice....................................... 21
cyclophosphamide ...................................................... 13
cycloserine.................................................................... 8
cytarabine................................................................... 13
dacarbazine ................................................................ 13
dactinomycin.............................................................. 13
dapsone ...................................................................... 7
daunorubicin.............................................................. 13
deferoxamine ............................................................. 3
dexamethasone.................................................... 2, 14
dextran70................................................................. 15
diaphragms .............................................................. 21
diazepam.......................................................... 1, 3, 25
didanosine(ddI) ........................................................ 9
diethylcarbamazine ...................................................... 4
digoxin................................................................ 15, 16
diloxanide................................................................. 10
dimercaprol................................................................ 3
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
diphtheriaantitoxin................................................ 22
diphtheriavaccine .................................................. 23
dithranol................................................................... 17
DLmethionine .......................................................... 3
dopamine.................................................................... 16
doxorubicin................................................................ 14
doxycycline.................................................... 6, 11, 12
efavirenz............................................................... 9, 10
efavirenz(EFVorEFZ)............................................. 9
efavirenz+emtricitabine+tenofovir ................... 10
eflornithine .............................................................. 12
emtricitabine........................................................ 9, 10
emtricitabine(FTC)................................................... 9
emtricitabine+tenofovir........................................ 10
enalapril ................................................................... 16
ephedrine...................................................................... 1
epinephrine(adrenaline) ................... 1, 2, 15, 24, 26
ergocalciferol ........................................................... 26
ergometrine.............................................................. 24
erythromycin ............................................................. 6
estradiolcypionate.................................................. 21
ethambutol................................................................. 7
ethanol...................................................................... 18
ethinylestradiol ................................................. 20, 21
ethinylestradiol+levonorgestrel .......................... 20
ethinylestradiol+norethisterone.......................... 20
ethionamide.................................................................. 8
ethosuximide................................................................ 4
etoposide .................................................................... 14
factorIXcomplex(coagulationfactors,II,VII,IX,X)
concentrate............................................................ 15
factorVIIIconcentrate............................................... 15
ferroussalt ............................................................... 14
ferroussalt+folicacid ........................................... 14
fluconazole................................................................. 8
flucytosine.................................................................... 8
fluorescein................................................................ 18
fluorouracil .......................................................... 14, 17
fluoxetine ................................................................. 25
fluphenazine............................................................ 25
folicacid ................................................................... 14
furosemide ......................................................... 16, 18
gentamicin ........................................................... 6, 24
glibenclamide .......................................................... 21
glucose............................................................ 1, 20, 26
glucosewithsodiumchloride ............................... 26
glutaral ..................................................................... 18
glyceryltrinitrate .................................................... 15
griseofulvin................................................................ 8
Haemophilusinfluenzaetypebvaccine .................. 23
haloperidol............................................................... 25
halothane.................................................................... 1
heparinsodium ....................................................... 15
hepatitisAvaccine.................................................. 23
hepatitisBvaccine................................................... 23
humannormalimmunoglobulin................................ 15
hydralazine .............................................................. 16
hydrochlorothiazide ......................................... 16, 18
hydrocortisone......................................... 2, 14, 17, 19
hydroxocobalamin .................................................. 15
ibuprofen.................................................................... 1
imipenem+cilastatin................................................... 5
immunoglobulin ..................................................... 22
indinavir(IDV) ........................................................ 10
influenzavaccine..................................................... 23
insulin ....................................................................... 21
insulininjection(soluble)....................................... 21
intermediateactinginsulin.................................... 21
intraperitonealdialysissolution(ofappropriate
composition).......................................................... 25
iodine .................................................................. 18, 27
iohexol ...................................................................... 18
ipratropiumbromide.............................................. 26
isoniazid ..................................................................... 7
isoniazid+ethambutol ............................................. 7
isosorbidedinitrate ................................................. 15
ivermectin .................................................................. 4
Japaneseencephalitisvaccine................................ 23
kanamycin.................................................................... 8
ketamine ..................................................................... 1
lamivudine ........................................................... 9, 10
lamivudine(3TC) ...................................................... 9
levamisole .................................................................. 4
levodopa................................................................... 14
levodopa+carbidopa ............................................. 14
levonorgestrel .................................................... 20, 21
levonorgestrelreleasingimplant .......................... 21
levothyroxine........................................................... 22
lidocaine ............................................................... 1, 15
lidocaine+epinephrine(adrenaline)...................... 1
lithiumcarbonate .................................................... 25
lopinavir ................................................................... 10
lopinavir+ritonavir(LPV/r).................................. 10
lumefantrine ............................................................ 11
magnesiumhydroxide ........................................... 19
magnesiumsulfate.................................................... 3
mannitol ................................................................... 18
measlesvaccine ....................................................... 23
mebendazole.............................................................. 4
medroxyprogesteroneacetate ......................... 21, 22
medroxyprogesteroneacetate+estradiol
cypionate ............................................................. 21
mefloquine ............................................................... 12
meglumineantimoniate ......................................... 11
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
meglumineiotroxate .................................................. 18
melarsoprol.............................................................. 13
meningococcalmeningitisvaccine ....................... 23
mercaptopurine.......................................................... 14
metformin ................................................................ 21
methadone.................................................................. 25
methotrexate .......................................................... 2, 14
methyldopa.............................................................. 16
methylrosaniliniumchloride(gentianviolet) ..... 17
methylthioniniumchloride(methyleneblue)....... 3
metoclopramide ...................................................... 19
metronidazole ..................................................... 6, 11
miconazole............................................................... 17
mifepristone ............................................................... 24
misoprostol ................................................................ 24
morphine................................................................ 1, 2
mumpsvaccine ....................................................... 23
naloxone ..................................................................... 3
nelfinavir(NFV)...................................................... 10
neomycinsulfate ..................................................... 17
neomycinsulfate+bacitracin................................ 17
neostigmine ............................................................. 23
nevirapine ................................................................ 10
nevirapine(NVP).................................................... 10
niclosamide................................................................ 4
nicotinamide............................................................ 27
nifedipine ................................................................. 24
nifurtimox ................................................................ 13
nitrofurantoin ............................................................ 6
nitrousoxide.............................................................. 1
norethisterone ................................................... 20, 21
norethisteroneenantate.......................................... 21
nystatin....................................................................... 8
ofloxacin....................................................................... 8
oralrehydrationsalts ....................................... 20, 26
oxamniquine ................................................................ 5
oxygen ........................................................................ 1
oxytocin.................................................................... 24
paminosalicylicacid ................................................... 8
paracetamol ......................................................... 2, 13
paromomycin .......................................................... 11
penicillamine............................................................ 2, 3
pentamidine ......................................................... 11, 12
permethrin ............................................................... 18
pertussisvaccine ..................................................... 23
phenobarbital ............................................................ 3
phenoxymethylpenicillin......................................... 5
phenytoin ................................................................... 4
phytomenadione ..................................................... 15
pilocarpine ............................................................... 24
pneumococcalvaccine............................................ 23
podophyllumresin ................................................. 17
poliomyelitisvaccine .............................................. 23
polyvidoneiodine ................................................... 18
potassiumchloride............................................ 20, 26
potassiumferrichexacyanoferrate(II)2H20
(Prussianblue) ...................................................... 3
potassiumiodide .................................................... 8, 22
potassiumpermanganate....................................... 17
praziquantel ............................................................... 4
prednisolone .................................................. 2, 14, 24
primaquine............................................................... 12
procainamide.............................................................. 16
procainebenzylpenicillin......................................... 5
procarbazine............................................................... 14
proguanil.................................................................. 12
promethazine....................................................... 1, 19
propranolol .............................................................. 13
propylthiouracil ...................................................... 22
protaminesulfate .................................................... 15
pyrantel ...................................................................... 4
pyrazinamide............................................................. 7
pyridostigmine ........................................................... 23
pyridoxine ................................................................ 27
pyrimethamine .................................................. 11, 12
quinidine .................................................................... 16
quinine...................................................................... 12
rabiesimmunoglobulin .......................................... 22
rabiesvaccine........................................................... 23
ranitidine .................................................................. 19
retinol........................................................................ 27
ribavirin.................................................................... 10
riboflavin .................................................................. 27
rifampicin ................................................................... 7
rifampicin+isoniazid ............................................... 7
rifampicin+isoniazid+ethambutol....................... 7
rifampicin+isoniazid+pyrazinamide .................. 7
rifampicin+isoniazid+pyrazinamide+
ethambutol ............................................................ 7
ritonavir.................................................................... 10
rotavirusvaccine ..................................................... 23
rubellavaccine......................................................... 23
salbutamol................................................................ 26
salicylicacid............................................................. 17
saquinavir(SQV)..................................................... 10
seleniumsulfide ......................................................... 17
senna ......................................................................... 19
silversulfadiazine ................................................... 17
simvastatin ............................................................... 17
sodiumcalciumedetate............................................ 3
sodiumchloride ................................................ 20, 26
sodiumfluoride....................................................... 27
sodiumhydrogencarbonate............................ 20, 26
sodiumlactate.......................................................... 26
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
sodiumnitrite ............................................................ 3
sodiumnitroprusside................................................. 16
sodiumthiosulfate .............................................. 3, 17
sodiumvalproate ................................................ 4, 25
spectinomycin ........................................................... 6
spironolactone ......................................................... 18
stavudine.............................................................. 9, 10
stavudine(d4T) ......................................................... 9
stavudine+lamivudine+nevirapine................... 10
streptokinase .............................................................. 17
streptomycin.............................................................. 7
sulfadiazine.................................................................. 6
sulfadoxine ........................................................ 11, 12
sulfadoxine+pyrimethamine ............................... 12
sulfamethoxazole ................................................ 6, 12
sulfamethoxazole+trimethoprim .................... 6, 12
sulfasalazine........................................................... 2, 19
suraminsodium..................................................... 4, 12
suxamethonium ...................................................... 23
tamoxifen ................................................................... 14
tenofovir................................................................... 10
tenofovirdisoproxilfumarate ................................. 9
testosterone ................................................................ 20
tetanusvaccine ........................................................ 23
tetracaine.................................................................. 24
tetracycline ............................................................... 24
thiamine.................................................................... 27
thiopental ................................................................... 1
timolol....................................................................... 24
triclabendazole .......................................................... 4
trimethoprim ............................................................. 6
tropicamide .............................................................. 18
tuberculin,purifiedproteinderivative(PPD)..... 22
typhoidvaccine ....................................................... 23
urea ........................................................................... 18
valproicacid......................................................... 4, 25
vancomycin .................................................................. 7
varicellavaccine ...................................................... 23
vecuronium ................................................................ 23
verapamil ........................................................... 15, 16
vinblastine.................................................................. 14
vincristine .................................................................. 14
warfarin .................................................................... 15
waterforinjection ................................................... 26
yellowfevervaccine ............................................... 23
zidovudine ........................................................... 9, 10
zidovudine(ZDVorAZT) ....................................... 9
zidovudine+lamivudine....................................... 10
zidovudine+lamivudine+nevirapine ................ 10
zincsulfate ............................................................... 20

WHO Model List of Essential Medicines

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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines

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1.2 Local anaesthetics

2. ANALGESICS, ANTIPYRETICS, NON-STEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY

2.2 Opioid analgesics

2.3 Medicines used to treat gout

2.4 Disease modifying agents used in rheumatoid disorders (DMARDs)

3. ANTIALLERGICS AND MEDICINES USED IN ANAPHYLAXIS

4. ANTIDOTES AND OTHER SUBSTANCES USED IN POISONINGS

6.1.3 Antischistosomals and antitrematode medicine

6.2.2 Other antibacterials

6.2.3 Antileprosy medicines

6.2.4 Antituberculosis medicines

6.4 Antiviral medicines

6.4.3 Other antivirals

6.5 Antiprotozoal medicines

6.5.2 Antileishmaniasis medicines

6.5.3 Antimalarial medicines

6.5.5 Antitrypanosomal medicines

7.2 For prophylaxis

8. ANTINEOPLASTIC, IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVES AND MEDICINES USED IN

8.2 Cytotoxic medicines

8.3 Hormones and antihormones

8.4 Medicines used in palliative care

10. MEDICINES AFFECTING THE BLOOD

10.2 Medicines affecting coagulation

11. BLOOD PRODUCTS AND PLASMA SUBSTITUTES

11.2 Plasma fractions for specific use

12. CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINES

12.2 Antiarrhythmic medicines

12.3 Antihypertensive medicines

12.4 Medicines used in heart failure

12.5 Antithrombotic medicines

12.6 Lipid-lowering agents

13. DERMATOLOGICAL MEDICINES (topical)

13.2 Anti-infective medicines

13.3 Anti-inflammatory and antipruritic medicines

13.4 Astringent medicines

13.5 Medicines affecting skin differentiation and proliferation

13.6 Scabicides and pediculicides

14. DIAGNOSTIC AGENTS

14.2 Radiocontrast media

15. DISINFECTANTS AND ANTISEPTICS

17. GASTROINTESTINAL MEDICINES

17.2 Antiemetic medicines

17.3 Anti-inflammatory medicines

17.5 Medicines used in diarrhoea

17.5.3 Antidiarrhoeal (symptomatic) medicines in adults

18. HORMONES, OTHER ENDOCRINE MEDICINES AND CONTRACEPTIVES

18.3.2 Injectable hormonal contraceptives

18.3.3 Intrauterine devices

18.3.4 Barrier methods

18.3.5 Implantable contraceptives

18.5 Insulins and other antidiabetic agents

18.6 Ovulation inducers

18.8 Thyroid hormones and antithyroid medicines

20. MUSCLE RELAXANTS (PERIPHERALLY-ACTING) AND CHOLINESTERASE

21. OPHTHALMOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS

21.2 Anti-inflammatory agents

21.3 Local anaesthetics

21.4 Miotics and antiglaucoma medicines

22. OXYTOCICS AND ANTIOXYTOCICS

22.2 Antioxytocics (tocolytics)

23. PERITONEAL DIALYSIS SOLUTION

24. PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC MEDICINES