Summing Amplifier Revisited

Superposition can be used to easily evaluate summing amplfiers with infinite

open loop gain

R4 V1 V2 V3 R1 R2 R3

Lecture 5-1

Summing Amplifier Revisited

Can we solve for the summing amplifier gain the same way when the open

loop gain is finite?

R4 V1 V2 V3 R1 R2 R3

Lecture 5-2

Other Opamp Nonidealities

The open loop gain is generally so large that we can neglect its impact on the

closed-loop circuit gain

But a significant nonideality that we cannot ignore is the finite open-loop

gain as a function of frequency

Parasitic capacitance causes the gain to fall off at high frequency (cant make

H infinite for any amplifier!) compensation

The gain may be designed to change with frequency to enure stability ----

Lecture 5-3

741 Opamp
One of the most popular, general purpose opamps are the 741-type
VC1 15V 741OPAMP0 VIN SIN + -

+-

VMIN + 0.000 pV -

VC2 -15V

VMOUT + 3.836 V -

200dB

e-1

e0

e1

e2

e3

e4

e5

e6

e7 e-1 e0 0 e1 e2 e3 e4 e5

frequency e6 e7

100 dB

-100 0dB

-100dB DB(VMOUT/VMIN)

-200 frequency PH(VMOUT/VMIN)

Lecture 5-4

741 Opamp Example

A gain of 10, or 20dB is possible at 10kHz:
R16 10E3

VC8 -15V R15 1E3 VIN SIN 741OPAMP12 +

+-

VMIN + 0.000 pV -

VC9 15V

VMOUT + 1.009 mV -

0 V 1

time 10 e-4s

-1 VMOUT VMIN

Lecture 5-5

741 Opamp Example

But not at 100kHz:
R16 10E3

VC8 -15V R15 1E3 VIN SIN 741OPAMP12 +

+-

VMIN + 0.000 pV -

VC9 15V

VMOUT + 1.009 mV -

0.0 1 V

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

time 1.0e-4s

-1 VMOUT VMIN

Lecture 5-6

741 Opamp Example

This decrease in gain is evident from a frequency domain analysis
R16 10E3

VC8 -15V R15 1E3 VIN SIN 741OPAMP12 +

+-

VMIN + 0.000 pV -

VC9 15V

VMOUT + 1.009 mV -

e-1 e0 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40

e1

e2

e3

e4

e5

frequency e6 e7 200

e-1 e0

e1

e2

e3

e4

e5

frequency e6 e7

100

0 DB(VMOUT/VMIN) PH(VMOUT/VMIN)

Lecture 5-7

Gain as a Function of Frequency

Will the closed-loop gain (with feedback) will always be less than or equal to

the open loop gain as a function of frequency?

200dB

e-1

e0

e1

e2

e3

e4

e5

e6

e7

open loop gain

100 dB

0dB

-100dB DB(VMOUT/VMIN)

frequency

Lecture 5-8

Gain as a Function of Frequency

We can assume that the close-loop response will follow the open loop

characteristic beyond the frequency at which they intersect if the load capacitance and input terminal capacitances are small Why are the other capacitors a factor?

741 Open Loop Characteristics

200dB e-1 e0 e1 e2 e3 e4 e5 e6 e7 e-1 e0 0 e1 e2 e3 e4 e5 frequency e6 e7

100 dB

-100 0dB

-100dB DB(VMOUT/VMIN)

-200 frequency PH(VMOUT/VMIN)

Lecture 5-9

Gain as a Function of Frequency

It is important that the open loop characteristic has a phase shift of less than

180 (a change in gain of less than 40dB per decade) at the point of intersection with the closed-loop characteristic --- why?

741 Open Loop Characteristics

200dB e-1 e0 e1 e2 e3 e4 e5 e6 e7 e-1 e0 0 e1 e2 e3 e4 e5 frequency e6 e7

100 dB

-100 0dB

-100dB DB(VMOUT/VMIN)

-200 frequency PH(VMOUT/VMIN)

Lecture 5-10

Stability
If the open loop gain has a phase shift of 180, and we connect the opamp

with negative feedback (which represents another phase shift of 180), then the total phase shift will be 360 which is like positive feedback
R2 R1

vin

vo ( s ) = A ( s ) v1

Lecture 5-11

Feedback
The feedback can further complicate matters if it is also a function of

frequency

input

VS

Vi +

A( )

Vo

load

Vf ()

A( ) A f ( ) = ---------------------------------1 + ( )A( )

Lecture 5-12

Stability
The circuit will be unstable with this positive feedback What causes the gain characteristic to exhibit these unwanted phase shifts?

gain (dB)

Stable Marginally Stable closed-loop gain open-loop gain Unstable (phase becomes 180 degrees at some frequency in this range) f (Hz)

Lecture 5-13

Internal Compensation
Compensation capacitors are added to purposely place a low frequency

(dominant) pole so that the change in gain will be 20dB/decade up until the unity gain frequency Why isnt the phase a concern beyond this frequency?

gain (dB)
20dB/decade

0 f (Hz)

Sacrifices gain for stability

Lecture 5-14

Feedback
Most feedback weve considered has no phase shift (resistors), so

compensation will ensure stability However, frequency dependent feedback can pose a problem even for compensated opamps

input

VS

V +i

A( )

Vo

load

Vf ( )

A() Af ( ) = ---------------------------------1 + ( )A( )

Lecture 5-15

Modeling Gain as a Function of Frequency

With compensation, the frequency response appears like a STC

741 Open Loop Characteristics

200dB e-1 e0 e1 e2 e3 e4 e5 e6 e7

100 dB

Ao A ( s ) = --------------------1 + s b

0dB

-100dB DB(VMOUT/VMIN)

frequency

Lecture 5-16

Unity Gain Bandwidth

We can easily solve for the frequency, t, at which the gain is 0dB

741 Open Loop Characteristics

200dB e-1 e0 e1 e2 e3 e4 e5 e6 e7

100 dB

0dB

-100dB DB(VMOUT/VMIN)

frequency

Lecture 5-17

Frequency Dependence of Gain

Using these expressions for gain as a function of frequency we can

approximate the inverting amplifier circuit gain as a function of frequency

R2 R1

vin

R2 ----Vo R1 ----- = -----------------------------Vi R 2 - 1 + ----R 1 1 + -------------------A( s)

Ao A ( s ) = --------------------1 + s b

R2 -----A R1 o Vo ----- = --------------------------------------------------------------------Vi R 2 R 2 s - + ------ 1 + ----- Ao + 1 + ---- R R 1 b 1

Lecture 5-18

Frequency Dependence of Gain

We can assume that the closed-loop gain is much smaller than the dc open

loop gain R2 -----A Vo R1 o ----- = --------------------------------------------------------------------Vi R 2 R 2 s - 1 + ----A o + 1 + ----- + ------ R R 1 b 1

Lecture 5-19

Frequency Dependence of Gain

Does this result seem correct?

Lecture 5-20

Opamp Macromodels
We can model the frequency dependence of the gain using a macromodel for

the opamp Internal structure of an opamp:

C (compensation capacitor)

_ vid +

1 2

Gm

Voltage Amplifier

+1 Unity-Gain Buffer

+ vo _

Differential Input Transconductance Amplifier

Well build all of these transistor level components later in the course

Lecture 5-21

Opamp Macromodels
We can model the first two stages (the last is trivial) using controlled sources,

Rs and Cs: C

_ vid +

1 2

Gmvid

Ro1

Ri2

vi 2
_

v i 2 vo
_

Which we can simplify by combining the parallel Rs

vid
+ 2

Gmvid R

vi 2
_

vi 2

vo
_

Lecture 5-22

Opamp Macromodel
This circuit has the same STC form as a compensated opamp

vid
+ 2

Gmvid R

vi 2
_

vi 2

vo
_

Lecture 5-23

Opamp Macromodel
1 _ +

vid
+ 2

Gmvid R

vi 2
_

C(1+)

Lecture 5-24

Opamp Macromodel
The parameters for a 741 macromodel are: mA G m = 0.19 --------volt = 529 Ri2 = 4 M R o 1 = 6.7 M C = 30 pF

741 Open Loop Characteristics

200dB e-1 e0 e1 e2 e3 e4 e5 e6 e7 200dB

Macromodel
e-1 e0 e1 e2 e3 e4 e5 e6 e7

100 dB

100 dB

0dB

0dB

-100dB DB(VMOUT/VMIN)

frequency

-100dB

DB(VMOUT/VMIN)

frequency

Lecture 5-25