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SYNOPSIS

Microcontroller Based Traffic Lights System

Submitted by

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AIM: - To design & develop a Traffic Lights. which can be used to automate any Traffic System. ABSTRACT The project here is all about a Traffic lights. In this project we have planned to develop a Traffic light System with latest electronics technology & Microcontroller. Traffic lights for vehicles usually contain three lamps: red, yellow and green. In some systems, a flashing yellow means that a motorist may go ahead with care if the road is clear, giving way to pedestrians and to other road vehicles that may have priority (essentially the same as arriving at a non-signalized intersection and not facing a stop sign). A flashing red is treated as a regular stop sign. Although the word "yellow" is common parlance in the United States, the color of the actual lamp is usually only slightly more yellowish than the amber used in Europe. Traffic lights for pedestrians normally have two main lights: a red light that means 'stop' and a green light that means 'go' (or, more correctly, 'proceed with caution'). There is usually a flashing phase that means 'complete your crossing'. In most locales in North America, the colors used are a red-orange ("Portland orange") for "stop/wait" and a bluish-white ("lunar") for "go." While the "walk" signal is generally a walking human figure, North American pedestrian signals usually show an upraised hand for "stop," while most other countries display a standing human figure. Some older American signals display the verbal commands "Walk" (lunar white or green) and "Don't Walk" or "Wait" (red-orange).

The use of these colors is thought to originate from nautical right-of-way Usually, the red light contains some orange in its hue, and the green light contains some blue, to provide some support for people with red-green color blindness. In the UK, traffic lights typically have a white reflective border which enables color blind users, during the hours of darkness, to distinguish the lights from other similarlycoloured street or automobile lights, and to allow them to distinguish the lights by vertical position (top/middle/bottom; British traffic lights are never mounted horizontally). Traffic lights for special vehicles (such as buses) may use other systems, such as vertical vs. horizontal bars of white light. In Portland, Oregon, the tram signals feature a horizontal white bar and an orange vertical bar. In most countries, the sequence is green (go), amber (prepare to stop), and red (stop). In some systems, however, just before red changes to green, both red and amber are lit. It is customary for drivers to select neutral and/or use the handbrake at red lights; the additional phase is intended to give the driver time to select first gear or release the handbrake before the light turns green, but in practice is treated as an invitation to go before the green light is showing. Austrian, Israeli, and Mexican traffic lights use a flashing green 'prepare to stop' prior to the amber 'stop if safe' signal. Traffic in a city is very much affected by traffic light controllers. When waiting for a traffic light, the driver looses time and the car uses fuel. Hence, reducing waiting times before traffic lights can save our European society billions of Euros annually. To make traffic light controllers more intelligent, we exploit the emergence of novel technologies

such as communication networks and sensor networks, as well as the use of more sophisticated algorithms for setting traffic lights. Intelligent traffic light control does not only mean that traffic lights are set in order to minimize waiting times of road users, but also that road users receive information about how to drive through a city in order to minimize their waiting times. This means that we are coping with a complex multi-agent system, where communication and coordination play essential roles. Our research has led to a novel system in which traffic light controllers and the behaviour of car drivers are optimized using machinelearning methods. Our idea of setting a traffic light is as follows. Suppose there are a number of cars with their destination address standing before a crossing. All cars communicate to the traffic light their specific place in the queue and their destination address. Now the traffic light has to decide which option (ie, which lanes are to be put on green) is optimal to minimize the long-term average waiting time until all cars have arrived at their destination address. The learning traffic light controllers solve this problem by estimating how long it would take for a car to arrive at its destination address (for which the car may need to pass many different traffic lights) when currently the light would be put on green, and how long it would take if the light would be put on red. The difference between the waiting time for red and the waiting time for green is the gain for the car. Now the traffic light controllers set the lights in such a way to maximize the average gain of all cars standing before the crossing. To estimate the waiting times, we use 'reinforcement learning' which keeps track of the waiting times of individual cars and uses a smart way to compute the long term average waiting times using dynamic programming algorithms. One nice feature is that the system is very fair; it never lets one car wait for a very long time,

since then its gain of setting its own light to green becomes very large, and the optimal decision of the traffic light will set his light to green. Furthermore, since we estimate waiting times before traffic lights until the destination of the road user has been reached, the road user can use this information to choose to which next traffic light to go, thereby improving its driving behaviour through a city. Note that we solve the traffic light control problem by using a distributed multi-agent system, where cooperation and coordination are done by communication, learning, and voting mechanisms. To allow for green waves during extremely busy situations, we combine our algorithm with a special bucket algorithm which propagates gains from one traffic light to the next one, inducing stronger voting on the next traffic controller option.

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS PCB MICROCONTROLLER AT89S51 STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER 12V/500mA VOLTAGE REGULATOR LM - 7805 RECTIFIER DIODES 1N4001 ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS LEDs LCD DISPLAY OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER PVC WIRES BC 558. BC 548. IR Tx-Rx RESISTANCE RELAYS

DEVELOPMENT TOOLS REQUIREMENTS INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT COMPILER, ASSEMBLER, SIMULATOR EMULATOR, PROGRAMMER