Bonding Theory: atoms gain, lose or share (simultaneously attract) protons, neutrons, electrons in order to achieve the proton, neutron, electron configuration of a noble / alkaline gas.
I. Ionic bonds Metal elements tend to lose / gain electrons to form positive / negative ions of a larger / smaller radius compared to the parent atom when combined with a nonmetal element which tend to lose / gain electrons to form positive / negative ions of a larger / smaller radius compared to the parent atom 25 Mg 12 Fill in: _12p, _13n, 12_e Draw in the electrons
O Mg
16 O 8 _8__p, _8___n,_8__e
25 +2 charge Mg 12 _12p,_13n,_10e +2 Mg
16 -2 charge O 8 _8_p,__8n,_10e -2 O
Put in superscripts 1s22s22px22py22pz23s2 1s2 2s2 2p63s2 [ 10Ne ]3s2 Electron Dot Diagrams +2 Mg O Mg -2 1s22s2 2px22py1 2pz1 1s22s22p
4
[ 2He ]2s22p4
2. Covalent bondsnonmetal / metal elements to nonmetal / metal elements which share / transfer electrons in order to obtain the electron configuration of a halogen / noble gas. The nucleus of one atom is attracted to the electron of a second atom while the nucleus of the second atom is attracted to the electron of the first atom. a) nonpolar covalent bond : relatively equal / unequal sharing electronegativity differences 0 to .4 approximately Electronegativity is a relative measure of the attraction for electrons in a covalent bond. Electronegativity Table
H 2.2 3 Li
1 11Na .93 19K .82 37Rb .82 55Cs .79 87Fr .70
.98 1.6
12
Be
21Sc 22Ti 1.1 1.5 39Y 40Zr 1.2 1.3 57La* 72Hf 1.1 1.3 89Ac** 104Rf 1.1
Cr 25Mn 26Fe 1.7 1.6 1.8 42Mo 43Tc 44Ru 2.2 2.1 2.2 74W 75Re 76Os 1.7 1.9 2.2
24 106
Co 28Ni 29Cu 30Zn 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.7 45Rh 46Pd 47Ag 48Cd 2.3 2.2 1.9 1.7 77Ir 78Pt 79Au 80Hg 2.2 2.2 2.4 1.9
27 109
5B 6C 2.0 2.6 13Al 14Si 1.6 1.9 31Ga 32Ge 1.8 2.0 49In 50Sn 1.8 2.0 81Tl 82Pb 1.8 1.8
7N 8O 3.0 3.4 15P 16S 2.2 2.6 33As 34Se 2.2 2.6 51Sb 52Te 2.1 2.1 83Bi 84Po 1.9 2.0
Db
Sg
107
Bh
108
Hs
Mt
Uun
Uuu
Uub
Uuq
Uuh
Uuo
Lanthanides Actinides **
58
Ce Th
59 91
Pr
60
Nd U
61
Pm Np
62
Sm Pu
63 95
Eu
64
Gd
65 97
Tb Bk
66
Dy Cf
67
Ho Es
68 100
Er
69
Tm
70
Yb No
71
Lu Lr
90
Pa
92
93
94
Am 96Cm
98
99
Fm 101Md
102
103
Periodic Table Trends Metals tend to have large___ atomic radii, require less___ ionization energy, have low__ electronegativities, few _valence electrons which they tend to _lose______. Non-metals tend to have _small___ atomic radii, require more ionization energy, have high electronegativities, __4__or more _valence_ electrons which and tend to gain or share electrons. Electronegativity H 2.2 H 2.2 Electronegativity Differences =__0____?
b) polar covalent bond : relatively equal / unequal sharing electronegativity differences .5 to 1.6 approximately Electronegativity Electronegativity Difference 2.2 3.0 _.8_____ Electron Dot Diagram H H H N H N H + H +
3. Metallic Bond
Metals require small / large amounts of energy t remove the most loosely held electrons ( ionization energy / electronegativity) and also have small / large attraction for electrons in a chemical bond. ( ionization
energy / electronegativity)
Metal atoms are held together because their strongly / loosely held valence electrons form a sea of mobile / stationary electrons that hold the rest of the atom ( essentially negative / positive ions ) in a regular geometric pattern Metals are solids/ liquids / gases at room temperature except for mercury which is a solid / liquid / gas at room temperature Metals are brittle / malleable Metals are dull / have a luster Metals are poor / good conductors of heat and electricity
Type of Elements Nonmetal to Nonmetal Nonmetal to Nonmetal Metal to nonmetal Metal to metal Bonding Types Electronegativies _2.2_ _2.6 ___0.4 _____ ____ ____ _____ ____ ____ __2.8 _2.8 0_ __2.2 __2.6__0.4 _4___ __4_ __0_ _____ ____ ____ _2.2_ _3.0 __0.8 _____ ____ ____ _____ ____ ____ _2.2__3.5__ _1.3 _____ ____ ____ _____ ____ ____ __3.0_3.0 0
Elements C to H Na to Cl Li to Li Br to Br H to S F to F Ag to Ag H to N K to I Fe to Cl H to O Al to 0 Au to Au N to N H to Cl
Type of Covalent Bond NPC _____I___ _____M____ ____NPC__ _____NPC ____NPC__ _____M____ _____PC__ ______I___ ______I___ _____PC____ ______I___ ______M___ ____NPC_____ _____PC____
__nm__ nm _C__ __m_ __m_ __nm __nm __m_ __nm __m_ _nm_ _M__ _C__ __I_ __I_
Ag to Br
_m___ _m__
__M__
______I___