ASEN 3111 Aerodynamics

Exam 1, Sept 18

Fall 2001

Name:
This is a open book, closed note exam. Units of the answers must be consistent with those of the problem statement. Give vectorial solutions as vectors.

1. At entry to circular orbit, the space shuttle is at an altitude of 200km and traveling at 7.8km/s. The standard atmosphere predicts a molecular mean free path of 240m and a density of 1.5 1010 kg/m3 at this altitude. The shuttle cross-sectional area, normal to the direction of ight is about 131 m2 . What is the rst approximation to the drag under these conditions? Justify the model you use and the origin of your rst approximation. There are two parts to the answer: 1. Which ow regime is experienced by the shuttle? Given that we are not given the length or span of the space shuttle, we can obtain a characteristic length by taking: L = 131 = 11.4m Thus, Kn = /L = 240/11.4 = 21 is much bigger than one and therefore we must use a molecular approach. 2. What is the drag? We are not given any detailed shape of the space shuttle, but we know that in the case of a perfect absorption of the incoming molecules, the drag coecient would be 2. This is the rst approximation to the drag coecient and it tends to underestimate the drag by 10 to 20 percent. Using Cd = 2, we obtain: 1 2 D = U SCd = 0.5 1.5 1010 (7.8 103 )2 131 2 = 1.2N 2 2. Show whether the following incompressible ow satisfy the mass conservation equation: V = r cos 2 er r sin 2 e The equation of continuity in an incompressible ow (in steady state or unsteady ow) is given by: .V = 0 Substituting the value for and V : .V = ( er . e . + ).(r cos 2 er r sin 2 e ) r r e = er . (r cos 2 er r sin 2 e ) + . (r cos 2 er r sin 2 e ) r r e = er .(cos 2 er sin 2 e ) + .(2r sin 2 er + r cos 2 e 2r cos 2 e r sin 2 er ) r = cos 2 + cos 2 2 cos 2 = 0

The equation of continuity is therefore satised.

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ASEN 3111 Aerodynamics

Exam 1, Sept 18

Fall 2001

3. A nozzle is directing water at a xed wall. The velocity of water at the exit of the nozzle is 35m/s. The nozzle cross-section is circular with a diameter of 2.4in. The density of water is = 1000kg/m3 and pressure of the air surrounding the nozzle is 1atm.

Nozzle

Control Volume

(a) What is the total pressure force exerted by the ow on the wall? We can write the integral form of the momentum equation (equation 2.13) and we note the following: As the ow is assumed steady , the derivative with respect to time is zero. The surface force Fsurf ace is equal to the pressure force exerted by the uid on the plate, but it is opposite in direction The plate being vertical, any pressure force on it must be horizontal and we need consider only the horizontal component of the equation The body force which is due to gravity is vertical and therefore can be ignored, following the previous remark Therefore, we have: Fplate = Fsurf ace,x = Vx (V .n )dA
A

= u i(V .n )dA
A

We then note that the integral on the surface has two contributions where the ow crosses the boundary. The rst contribution is at the nozzle and the second is far away from the center of the ow. This second contribution has a zero velocity along the x axis and therefore: Fplate = uuAnozzle i = 35 1000 35 (1.2 2.54 10 2)2 i = 3575 iN

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ASEN 3111 Aerodynamics

Exam 1, Sept 18

Fall 2001

(b) What is the total pressure at point P ? At point A, the pressure of the ow must be the atmospheric pressure (PA = 1atm = 1.01325 105 P a, and the velocity of the ow must be VA = 35m/s. At point P , by symmetry, the ow cannot go up nor down, therefore its velocity must be VP = 0. Writing Bernoullis Equation for these two points: 1 2 1 2 PA + gZA + VA = PP + gZP + VP 2 2 and by rearranging and noting that ZA = ZP : 1 2 2 PP = PA + g (ZA ZP ) + (VA VP ) 2 = 1.01325 105 + 1000 9.81 0 + 0.5 1000 (352 0) = 7.13825 105 P a

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