EN1994 5 Hicks Composite Slab

EUROCODES Background and Applications
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 1
EN 1994 - Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures
Composite Slabs Stephen Hicks
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Composite slabs
2
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop
Welded mesh reinforcement for crack control, transverse load distribution and fire resistance
Concrete cast in situ
Headed stud connectors for shear connection to the composite beam and, when required, end anchorage to the slab
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Through-deck welding of headed stud shear connectors

3
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Conventional composite construction

4
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Benefits of composite beams

5
Bending resistance increased by a factor of

1.5 to 2.5
Stiffness increased by a factor of 3 to 4.5 Steel weight reduced by typically 30 to 50% Reduction in beam depth (span:depth 25) Lightweight construction
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Benefits of composite slabs

6
Profiled steel sheeting acts as a safe

working platform and permanent formwork.
Unpropped construction may be achieved. Sheeting can stabilise beams during

construction.
Sheeting can provide all, or part, of the main

tension reinforcement to the slab.
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Examples of composite construction in UK

7
Commercial sector
Residential sector
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Examples of composite construction in UK

8
Health sector
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Types of profiled steel sheeting defined in EN 1994-1-1

9
Re-entrant profiled steel sheet
Open trough profiled steel sheet
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Practical examples of open trough and re-entrant profiled steel sheets used for composite slabs
10
9 mm 60 mm
Multideck 60 Cover width: 1000
15 mm
323 mm
60 mm 300 mm
ComFlor 60 Cover width: 600
58 mm 207 mm
Confraplus 60 Cover width: 1035
40 mm 150 mm
Cofrastra 40 Cover width: 750
73 mm
Cofrastra 70
15 mm
183 mm 145 mm
70 mm 180 mm 120 mm
Cover width: 732
51 mm 152.5 mm
Super Holorib 51 Cover width : 610
80 mm
ComFlor 80 Cover width: 600
9 mm 80.5 mm 300 mm
Multideck 80 Cover width: 900
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Composite construction with services passed under structural zone

11
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Examples of fixings for ceilings and services

12
Wedge attachment
Clip attachment
Alternative wedge attachment
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EN 1994-1-1 detailing requirements

13
Re-entrant trough profile bo
br hc hp
Scope limited to sheets with narrowly spaced ribs : br / bs 0,6 Slab thickness When slab is acting compositely with beam or is used as a diaphragm: h 90 mm & hc 90 mm When slab is not acting compositely with beam or has no stabilizing function: h 80 mm & hc 40 mm
bb bs
Open trough profile bo
br hc hp
Reinforcement 80 mm/m in both directions

h
Spacing of reinforcement bars s 2h & 350 mm Maximum aggregate size dg 0,4 hc, b0 / 3 and 31,5 mm
bb bs
1/2 h p
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EN 1994-1-1 composite slab bearing requirements

14
bc
bs bc
bs bs
bs bs
(a)
(b)
(c)
The bearing length shall be such that damage to the slab and the bearing is avoided; that fastening of the sheet to the bearing can be achieved without damage to the bearing and that collapse cannot occur as a result of accidental displacement during erection.
For bearing on steel or concrete: lbc = 75 mm and lbs = 50 mm For bearing on other materials: lbc = 100 mm and lbs = 70 mm
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Actions and action effects on profiled steel sheeting

15
a) Imposed load on a 3 m 3 m
a b c b b a c b
3000
3000
working area (or the length of the span if less), with an intensity of 10% of the selfweight of the concrete but 1,5kN/m and 0,75 kN/m
b) Imposed load of 0,75 kN/m c) Self weight load

corresponding to the design thickness of the slab plus ponding effects if > h / 10
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Analysis for internal forces and moments - set-up for double span tests on profiled steel sheeting
16
Combined bending and crushing at internal support
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Typical forms of shear connection in composite slabs

17
(a)
(c)
(b)
(d)
a) Mechanical interlock through the provision of indentations or b) c) d)
embossments rolled into the profile. Frictional interlock for re-entrant profiles. End anchorage from through-deck welded stud connectors or other local connection. End anchorage from deformation of the ends of the ribs at the end of the sheeting.
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Longitudinal shear resistance

18
Test set-up from EN 1994-1-1, Annex B
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Classification of ductile or brittle behaviour

19
Load PF (kN) (kN)
50 40 30 20 10
Slip at first end
F/2 P/2
Slip at second end 1 10 20 30 40 50
F/2 P/2
Deflection (mm)
1. Brittle behaviour
o m-k method
2. Ductile behaviour - failure load exceeds the load causing a

o o
recorded end slip of 0,1 mm by more than 10%

Partial connection method m-k method
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Determination of longitudinal shear resistance without end anchorage for the partial connection method
20
M M p,Rm + M test M p,Rm A B
f cm -
N cf
f yp Lo Ls F 2 F 2
f cm f yp
Nc
+ + f yp
test
C 1.0
= Nc cf
M test
Mean value for the ultimate shear stress:
u =
b(Ls + Lo )
test N cf
Mean value for the ultimate shear stress with additional longitudinal shear resistance caused by the support reaction:
u =
test N cf Vt
b(Ls + Lo )
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Determination of design value for u,Rd from tests

21
For each variable investigated:
3 test specimens with the shear span Ls as long as possible,

whilst still providing failure in longitudinal shear.
1 test specimen with the shear span Ls as short as possible

(but not less than 3 overall slab thickness), whilst still providing failure in longitudinal shear to classify the behaviour
Characteristic value of the longitudinal shear strength u,Rk calculated from the test values as the 5% fractile from EN1990, Annex D
value u,Rd
u,Rk is divided by the partial safety factor VS to obtain a design
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Neutral axis above the sheeting and full shear connection ( = 1)

22
0.85 f cd x pl dp + f yp,d Np Nc,f z M pl,Rd
Centroidal axis of the profiled steel sheeting
Design compressive normal force in the concrete flange: Nc,f = Np = Ape fyp,d Depth of the concrete in compression xpl = Nc,f / (0,85 fcd b) hc Design moment resistance of the composite slab in sagging bending MRd = Nc,f (dp - 0,5 xpl)
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Neutral axis within the sheeting and full shear connection ( = 1)

23
0.85 f cd hc f yp,d Nc,f z M pr
=
e ep +
+
+
f yp,d Plastic neutral axis of the profiled steel sheeting Centroidal axis of the profiled steel sheeting
Design compressive normal force in the concrete flange: Nc,f = 0,85 fcd b hc Reduced plastic moment resistance of the sheeting: M pr = 1,25M pa 1 Lever arm:
z = h 0,5hc ep + (ep e )
N cf Ape f yp,d
N cf Ape f yp,d
Design moment resistance of the composite slab in sagging bending MRd = Nc,f z + Mpr
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Partial shear connection (0 < < 1)

24
0.85 f cd hc ep + f yp,d + -
Nc z + M pr
f yp,d Plastic neutral axis of the profiled steel sheeting Centroidal axis of the profiled steel sheeting
Design compressive normal force in the concrete flange: Nc = u,Rd b Lx Nc,f Reduced plastic moment resistance of the sheeting: M pr = 1,25M pa 1 Lever arm:
z = h 0,5hc ep + (ep e )
Nc Ape f yp,d
Nc Ape f yp,d
Design moment resistance of the composite slab in sagging bending MRd = Nc z + Mpr
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End anchorage
25
According to EN 1994-1-1, design resistance of a headed stud welded through the steel sheet used for end anchorage should be taken as the lesser of: PRd kt or Ppb,Rd = k ddo t fyp,d where PRd is the design resistance of a headed stud embedded in concrete, kt is a reduction factor for deck shape, ddo is the diameter of the weld collar (which may be taken as 1,1 times the shank diameter), t is the sheet thickness and k = 1 + a / ddo 6,0 a 1.5 d d0
f yp /2
d d0
Stud
f yp /2
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Variation of bending resistance along a span: uniform distributed load

26
MRd with end anchorage

M pl,Rd M Rd
MEd
Lx L
MRd without end anchorage
M Ed
M M pl,p,Rd pa Ve,Rd Ppb, Rd L sf L Lx
u,Rd b
or b u,Rd
PRd k t whichever is the lesser u,Rd b
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Variation of bending resistance along a span: Point load

27
M M M pl,Rd Rd
MRd without end anchorage
Lx
MEd
M Ed
MM pl,p,Rd pa L sf L Lx
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Classification of ductile or brittle behaviour

28
Load PF (kN) (kN)
50 40 30 20 10
Slip at first end
F/2 P/2
Slip at second end 1 10 20 30 40 50
F/2 P/2
Deflection (mm)
1. Brittle behaviour
o m-k method
2. Ductile behaviour - failure load exceeds the load causing a

o o
recorded end slip of 0,1 mm by more than 10%

Partial connection method m-k method
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Determination of m-k values from tests

29
Vt b.d p 2 m
Vertical shear
F/2
F/2
Longitudinal shear Ls Ls
Flexural k Long Ls Short Ap b Ls
For each variable investigated:
3 test specimens with the shear span Ls as long as possible, whilst still providing failure in longitudinal shear. 3 test specimens with the shear span Ls as short as possible (but not less than 3 overall slab thickness), whilst still providing failure in longitudinal shear to classify the behaviour
If behaviour brittle, Vt = 0,8 (F / 2)
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Determination of m-k values from tests

30
Characteristic regression line calculated from the test values as the 5% fractile
Vt b.d p
Mean value
Vertical shear 2 m
F/2
F/2
Longitudinal shear Ls Ls
Flexural k Long Ls Short Ap b Ls
Design shear resistance
Vl, Rd =
bd p mAp + k bL VS s
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Disadvantages of m-k method

31
The results contain all the influencing parameters, but are

impossible to separate from one another.
Methodology is not based on a mechanical model and is

therefore less flexible than the partial connection approach (contribution from end anchorage and reinforcement need to be evaluated from additional tests).
Other loading arrangements that differ from the test loading

can be problematical.
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Effective width for slabs with concentrated loads

32
bp Finishes Reinforcement hf
For hp / h 0,6 For bending and longitudinal shear: i) for simple spans and exterior spans of continuous slabs
hc hp bm b cm
Lp bem = bm + 2 Lp 1 L b
ii) for interior spans of continuous slabs
Lp bem = bm + 1,33Lp 1 L b
For vertical shear bp
Lp bev = bm + Lp 1 L b
Width of slab over which load is distributed bm = bp + 2 (hc + hf) Case c Concentrated loads applied parallel to the span Case d Concentrated loads applied perpendicular to the span
b Lp
bp
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Transverse reinforcement for concentrated loads

33
bp Finishes Reinforcement hf
hc hp bm b cm
If the characteristic imposed loads do not exceed the values given below, a nominal transverse reinforcement of not less than 0,2% of the area of concrete above the ribs of the sheet (which extends the minimum anchorage length beyond bem), may be provided without any further calculation:
concentrated load: 7,5 kN; distributed load: 5,0 kN/m.

For characteristic imposed loads greater than these values, the distribution of bending moments and the appropriate amount of transverse reinforcement should be evaluated according to EN 1992-1-1.
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Vertical shear resistance of composite slabs

34
Vv,Rd should be determined using EN 1992-1-1, 6.2.2 which gives the following: Vv,Rd = [CRd,c k(100l fck)1/3 + k1 cp] bsd with a minimum of Vv,Rd = (vmin + k1 cp) bsd (6.2b) (6.2a)
where l = Asl / bs d, Asl is the area of the tensile reinforcement which extends (lbd + d) beyond the section considered and other symbols are defined in EN1992-1-1. For normal loading conditions, and the fact that the sheeting is unlikely to be fully anchored, the vertical shear resistance will commonly be based on Eq (6.2b). For heavily loaded slabs, additional reinforcement bars may be required at the support and the vertical shear resistance based on Eq (6.2a). According to the ENV version of EN 1994-1-1, it is permitted to assume that the sheeting contributes to Asl provided that it is fully anchored beyond the section considered.
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Punching shear resistance

35
hc
b p+ 2h f
hc
dp
Critical perimeter
The punching shear resistance Vp,Rd should be calculated according to EN 1992-1-1. For a loaded area ap bp, which is applied to a screed with a thickness hf, the critical perimeter is given by: cp = 2hc+ 2(bp+ 2hf) + 2(ap+ 2hf+ 2dp 2hc)
ap +2h f
ap
Loaded area of dimensions a p x b p dp A bp
hc
A
hf
hc
dp
Section A - A
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Serviceability limit states for composite slabs

36
Crack widths For continuous slabs that are designed as simply-supported, the minimum cross-sectional area of the anti-crack reinforcement within the depth hc should be: 0,2% of the cross-sectional area of the concrete above the ribs for unpropped construction 0,4% of the cross-sectional area of the concrete above the ribs for propped construction.
The above amounts do not automatically ensure that wmax 0,3 mm as given in EN1992-1-1 for certain exposure classes. If cracking needs to be controlled, the slab should be designed as continuous, and the crack widths in hogging moment regions evaluated according to EN 1992-1-1, 7.3. Deflection Deflections due to loading applied to the composite member should be calculated using elastic analysis, neglecting the effects of shrinkage. For an internal span of a continuous slab, the deflection may be estimated using the following approximation: the average value of the cracked and uncracked second moment of area may be taken. for the concrete, an average value of the modular ratio for long-term and short-term effects may be used. For external, or simply supported spans, calculations of the deflection of the composite slab may be omitted if: the span/depth ratio of the slab does not exceed 20 for a simply-supported span and 26 for an external span of a continuous slab (corresponding to the lightly stressed concrete limits given in EN 1992-1-1; and the load causing an end slip of 0,5 mm in the tests on composite slabs exceeds 1,2 times the design service load.
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Standard push test

37
P Cover 15
150
PRk Load per stud P (kN)
250
250
Slip (mm)
150 260 150
6 mm
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Position of studs in open trough sheeting and reduction factor formula according to EN 1994-1-1
38
Compression in slab
hp,g hp,n Edge of beam

Force from stud
hsc
bo
(a) Central
(b) Favourable
(c) Unfavourable
kt = 0.85 / nr (b0 / hp) {(hsc / hp) 1} kt,max

Number of stud connectors per rib Thickness t of sheet (mm) Studs not exceeding 20 mm in diameter and welded through profiled steel sheeting 0,85 1,00 0,70 0,80 Profiled steel sheeting with holes and studs 19 mm or 22 mm in diameter 0,75 0,75 0,60 0,60
nr = 1 nr = 2
1,0 > 1,0 1,0 > 1,0
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Stud ductility demonstrated in full-scale composite beam tests with studs through-deck welded in open trough sheeting
39
180 160 140 120
160 140 Point at which deck delamination was observed Point at which maximum moment was applied in Cycle 5 120 100
Axial force (kN)
Axial force (kN)
100 80 60 40
80 60 40 20 0
20 -20 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 -40
10
15
20
25
30
Slip (mm)
7th pair 6th pair Strong
Slip (mm)
Central Weak
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Load-slip curves for push tests cf. beam tests

40
140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 -20 -40 5 10 15 20 25 30
Load per stud (kN)
nr = 1
Slip (mm)
Push test Beam test
90 80 70
Load per stud (kN)
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
nr = 2
Slip (mm)
Push test Beam test
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Recommended detailing to push test with open trough profiled steel sheeting
41
Back-breaking failure
A
P
30 recess optional 150 260 150 250 250 250
Bedded in mortar or gypsum
Steel section: 254 x 254 89 UC or HE 260 B 4d minimum 750
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Where can I get further information?

42
http://www.access-steel.com/
s.hicks@steel-sci.com

EN1994 5 Hicks Composite Slab

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EUROCODES Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 1

EN 1994 - Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures

Composite Slabs Stephen Hicks

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Concrete cast in situ

Through-deck welding of headed stud shear connectors

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Conventional composite construction

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Benefits of composite beams

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Bending resistance increased by a factor of

Benefits of composite slabs

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Profiled steel sheeting acts as a safe

Unpropped construction may be achieved. Sheeting can stabilise beams during

Sheeting can provide all, or part, of the main

Examples of composite construction in UK

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Examples of composite construction in UK

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Types of profiled steel sheeting defined in EN 1994-1-1

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Re-entrant profiled steel sheet

Open trough profiled steel sheet

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

ComFlor 60 Cover width: 600

Confraplus 60 Cover width: 1035

Cofrastra 40 Cover width: 750

Cover width: 732

Super Holorib 51 Cover width : 610

ComFlor 80 Cover width: 600

Composite construction with services passed under structural zone

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Examples of fixings for ceilings and services

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Alternative wedge attachment

EN 1994-1-1 detailing requirements

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Re-entrant trough profile bo

Open trough profile bo

Reinforcement 80 mm/m in both directions

EN 1994-1-1 composite slab bearing requirements

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Actions and action effects on profiled steel sheeting

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

b) Imposed load of 0,75 kN/m c) Self weight load

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Combined bending and crushing at internal support

Typical forms of shear connection in composite slabs

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

a) Mechanical interlock through the provision of indentations or b) c) d)

Longitudinal shear resistance

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Test set-up from EN 1994-1-1, Annex B

Classification of ductile or brittle behaviour

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Load PF (kN) (kN)

Slip at first end

2. Ductile behaviour - failure load exceeds the load causing a

recorded end slip of 0,1 mm by more than 10%

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

M M p,Rm + M test M p,Rm A B