Doppler Boosting of the CMB

Aritra De NISER VSP at IUCAA, Pune May 20, 2013

Formula for Lorentz Transformation

x = (x vt) vx t = (t 2 ) c (1) (2)

Here v is the velocity between the two frames.

Calculations of the Modulation and the Aberration Eects

are the CMB temperature and direction as viewed in the CMB frame, T and n then the temperature in the observed frame is given by the lorentz transformation. T ( n) (3) T ( n) = (1 n . )

2.1

Derivation of this Result

Here the dashed coordinates is the CMB frame and the undashed frame is our frame. This is result is derived by using the lorentz transformation of the following four-vector. k = ( , kx , ky , ky ) (4) c Now this is a light-like vector because it describes an EM wave which travels at the speed of light. 2 2 ( )2 kx ky =0 (5) c This is by considering without loss of generality that the wave is in x-y plane so kz = 0.

Now by lorentz transformation: v = kx c c c 2 2 2 = kx + ky c kx = cos c v = (1 cos) c (6) (7) (8) (9)

The shift in frequency is the same as the shift in the Temperature in the Blackbody plot. Thus we obtain the following the following result: T ( n) = T ( n) (1 n . ) (10)

The term for the observed direction n

Here n is the observed direction in the CMB frame and we have to express our observed direction n in terms of the same. The way we do it is by decomposing the vector in two components: ) ] ) [ n ( n . n = ( n . (11)

) and the second part Here the rst part is parallel to the velocity vector( is perpendicular to it. We will view the n as the spatial part of a light-like four-vector (t , n ) .Now lorentz transformation will transform the part parallel to the velocity will be denoted as vector and leave the other part unaected.The term n . cos .And denote ( n . ) as x. ) ] n = (x + vt ) + [ n ( n . + vt =n + ( 1)(cos) (12) (13)

Now we have to calculate t .But this is easy to calculate. We know the propagation vector is light-like.Therefore: |n | 2 c2 t 2 = 0 & |n |=1 1 t = c Thus we obtain the following expression: ) + n =n + ( 1)( n . 2 (17) (14) (15) (16)

 But this needs to be a unit vector: The magnitude is calculted as follows( n . = a): 1 |2 |n + [ ( 1)a + ] 2 1 = 1 + 2 ( 1)2 a2 + 2 2 + 2( 1)a + 2 ( 1)a2 + 2a (1 + a)2 = (1 2 )2 = 2 (1 + a)2 Thus we obtain the required expression: n = ) + n + ( 1)( n . (1 + n .) (22) (18) (19) (20) (21)

Now expanding in gives the following expression: T ( n ) = T ( n ( n. )) = T0 + T ( n ( n. )) Here T is the temperature uctuation function which is a function of n ( n. ). For the nal expression for the temperature uctuations:
1 1 = (1 2 ) 2 = 1 + 2 2

(23)

T ( n ( n. )) T ( n) = (1 n . ) T ( n ( n. ))(1 + n . ) So the observed temperature uctuations: T ( n) = T0 ( n. ) + T ( n ( n. ))(1 + n . )

(24) (25)

(26)

Derivation of the expression of Intensity Fluctuations

2h 3 1 h 2 c exp( k T ) 1
B

The CMB Intensity formula is that of a black-body. I (, n ) = (27)

The temperature uctuations of intensity can be written as follows: I (, n ) = dI 1 d2 I |T0 T ( n) + |T T 2 ( n) + . . . dT 2 dT 2 0 3 (28)

Now we substitute the Intensity expression and drop terms of 2 .Here A = dI h = A exp( )1 dT kB T d2 I h = +2A exp( )1 dT 2 kB T +A exp(
3 2

2h 3 c2

exp(

h h (29) ) kB T kB T 2

exp(

h h h h exp( (30) ) ) kB T kB T 2 kB T kB T 2
2

h )1 kB T

exp(

h h h (31) ) kB T kB T 2 kB T 2 exp( h h (32) ) kB T kB T 3

+(2)A exp( =2 dI h exp( )1 dT kB T

1

h )1 kB T

exp(

h h h dI dI 1 ) ( (33) + ) + (2) 2 2 kB T kB T dT kB T dT T

T = T0 ( n. ) + T (1 + n . ) (T )2 = T0 (T )( n. ) + (T )2 1.1 + 2(T )2 ( n. ) (T )2 = T0 (T )( n. ) + (T )2 (1 + 2( n. )) Collecting the coecients of (2exp(

dI dT

(34) (35) (36)

, we get:

h h h 2 ) n. ) + (T )2 (1 + 2( n. ))) (37) )(T0 (T )( 2 2 kB T0 kB T0 kB T0 T0 +T0 ( n. ) + (T )(1 + n . ) (38)

Collecting the coecient of T : h h h 2 T0 n . (2exp( ) ) + (1 + n . ) 2 2 kB T0 kB T0 kB T0 T0 1) + 1 = ( n. )(2 exp( ) 0 0 0 = 1 + b ( n. ) Here b = and 0 =

kB T0 h .

(39) (40) (41)

coth( )1 0 20

Therefore the nal expression is : dI |T (T0 ( n. ) + T ( n )(1 + b ( n. ))) dT 0 (42)

I (, n ) = Hence Done