Title: Manufactured Substance in Industry Name: Class:

Pure metal is made up of one type of atom that are in same size. Therefore, when a force is applied the layer of atom can slide over one another. Thus, metal are ductile or can be stretched There are some empty spaces in between the pure metal atoms. When a metal is knocked or pressed, group of atoms may slide and then settle into new positions. Thus, metals are malleable or can be shaped.

Some of the spaces between the metal atoms are filled up by the foreign atoms which may be bigger or smaller than the original metal atoms The presence of foreign atom disrupts the orderly arrangement of pure metal The layers of metal are prevented from sliding over one another easily. This makes alloys stronger and harder than pure metal.

Meaning of alloy
Alloying is a process of mixing two or more metals (or mixing metals with element such carbon) which cannot be separated using physical way
For example: a. Bronze (90% of copper and 10% of tin) b. Steel (99% of iron and 1% of carbon)

Purpose of making alloy

a) Increase the strength i. Pure iron is soft and vary malleable. When a small amount of carbon is added to iron, an alloy, steal is formed. The more carbon is added, the stronger the steel becomes. ii. Pure aluminum is light but not strong. With a small amount of copper and magnesium are added to aluminum, a strong, light and durable alloy call duralumin is produced. b)Improving the resistance to corrosion i. Iron rust easily but stainless steel which contains 80.6% of iron, 0.4% of carbon, 18% of chromium and 1% of nickel does not rush. These properties make stainless steel suitable for making surgical instrument and cutlery. ii. Pure copper tarnish easily. When zinc (30%) is added, the yellow alloy which is known as brass develops a high resistance to corrosion. c) Enhancing the appearance i. Pewter, an alloy of tin (97%), antimony and copper is not only hard but also has a more beautiful white silvery appearance. ii. When copper is mixed with nickel to form cupronickel, an alloy that has an Attractive silvery, bright appearance is formed which is suitable for making Coins. 10

Alloy
High Carbon Steel Stainless steel

Composition
99% iron 1% carbon
80.6% iron 0.4% carbon 18%chromium 1% nickel 70% copper 30% zinc

Properties
Strong,hard and high wear resistance Do not rust and tarnish, strong and durable Hard, do not rust, bright appearance

uses
Making of cutting tools, hammers and chisels Making of surgical instrument, knives forks and spoons Making of ornaments, electrical wiring and plug. For casting bells, medals, swords and statues Making of ornaments, souvenirs and mugs Making part of aircrafts and racing cars Making of silver coins

Brass

Bronze Pewter

90% copper 10% tin 90% tin 2.5% copper 0.5% antimony 95% aluminium 4% copper 1%magnesium 75%copper 25%nickel

Hard, do not corrode easily and durable Ductile and malleable, white silvery appearance Light, strong and durable Attractive, silvery appearance, hard and tough

Duralumin Cupronickel

SYNTHETIC POLYMERS IN DAILY LIFE

1.Synthetic polymers have many advantages over other type of materials: a.They are cheap, light-weight and translucent. b.They are easily coloured, easily moulded and shaped. c.They are non-corrosive, waterproof and good insulator. d.They are durable and long lasting because they are resistant to decay, rusting and chemical attacks. 2.There are disadvantage using synthetic polymer: a.Most of the synthetic polymer are flammable. When a synthetic polymer material catches fire, poisonous fumes are produce causing air pollution. b.Synthetic polymers are non-biodegradable. When there are discharge, they cause litter problem and pollute the environment. c.Plastic container that are left aside in an open area collect rainwater which becomes the breeding ground for mosquitoes. d.There are limitation in recycle have to be separated out as the addition of nonrecyclable polymers in the mixture affect the properties of the recycled polymers.

Names
Polyethylene low density (LDPE) Polyethylene high density (HDPE) Polypropylene (PP) different grades

Some Common Addition Polymer Formula Monomer Properties

(CH2-CH2)n (CH2-CH2)n [CH2CH(CH3)]n ethylene CH2=CH2 ethylene CH2=CH2 propylene CH2=CHCH3 soft, waxy solid

Uses
film wrap, plastic bags electrical insulation bottles, toys similar to LDPE carpet, upholstery pipes, siding, flooring seat covers, films toys, cabinets packaging (foamed)

Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) Poly(vinylidene chloride) (Saran A) Polystyrene (PS)

(CH2CHCl)n (CH2CCl2)n [CH2CH(C6H5)]n

vinyl chloride CH2=CHCl vinylidene chloride CH2=CCl2 styrene CH2=CHC6H5

rigid, translucent solid atactic: soft, elastic solid isotactic: hard, strong solid strong rigid solid dense, highmelting solid hard, rigid, clear solid soluble in organic solvents

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN, Orlon, Acrilan)

(CH2CHCN)n

acrylonitrile CH2=CH CN

Polytetrafluoroeth (CF2-CF2)n ylene (PTFE, Teflon) Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA, Lucite, Plexiglas) Poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) cis-Polyisoprene natural rubber [CH2C(CH3)CO2C H3]n (CH2CHOCOCH3) n [CH2CH=C(CH3)CH2]n [CH2CH=CClCH2]n

tetrafluoroethyl ene CF2=CF2 methyl methacrylate CH2=C(CH3)C O2CH3 vinyl acetate CH2=CHOCOC H3 isoprene CH2=CHC( CH3)=CH2 chloroprene CH2=CHCCl= CH2

high-melting solid soluble in organic solvents resistant, smooth solid hard, transparent solid soft, sticky solid soft, sticky solid

rugs, blankets clothing

non-stick surfaces electrical insulation lighting covers, signs skylights latex paints, adhesives requires vulcanization for practical use synthetic rubber oil resistant

Polychloroprene (cis + trans) (Neoprene)

tough, rubbery solid

Glass and Ceramic

WHAT ARE GLASS 1.Glass is one of the most useful but inexpensive materials in the world. Many products are made from glass because of its specials properties. 2.Glass is: a. Transparent, hard but brittle. b. A heat and electric insulator. c. Resistant to corrosion. d. Chemical not reaction and therefore resistant to chemical attack. e. Easy to maintain. Ceramic play important role in our daily life. They are uses as a. Construction materials i. Ceramic are strong and hard, uses to make roof tiles, bricks cement, sinks, and toilet bowls. ii. They are also used to make refractory bricks because high resistant to heat. b. Decorative items i. To make pottery, china plates, and porcelain vases since they do not tarnish easily and are durable. ii. They are used to make bathroom fixture such as floor and wall tiles. c. Electrical insulator i. Ceramic are used to make electrical insulator in electrical items such as toasters, fridges and electrical plug. Type of glass Fused glass Composition SiO2: 100% Properties Transparent High melting point Good heat insulator Low melting point, easily molded into desired shape and size Low resistant to chemical attacks Brittle Resistant chemical attack and durable High melting point Good insulator to heat High refractive Uses Lens Telescope mirrors Laboratory apparatus Drinking glass, bottles Electric bulbs Window glass

Soda lime glass

SiO2: 75% Na2O:15% CaO: 9% Other:1%

Borosilicate glass

SiO2: 78% B2O3: 12% Na2O: 5% CaO: 3% Al2O3:2% SiO2: 70% Pbo/PbO2:20%

Cooking utensils Laboratory glassware such as conical flaks and boiling tube Lenses and

Lead Crystal glass (flint glass)

Na2O: 10%

index High density Attractive glittering appearance

prisms Decorative glassware and art object Imation jewellery

CERAMICS 1. Traditional silicate ceramics are made by heating aluminosilicate clay such as kaolin to a vary high temperature. 2. Ceramics have many special properties that make them one of the most useful materials in our everyday life. That: a. Are hard, strong but brittle b. Have high melting point and remain stable at high temperature c. Are heat and electric instrument d. Are resistant to corrosion and wear e. Are chemically not reactive f. Do not readily deform under stress

Materials Oxide ceramic Alumina,AL2O3 Beryllia, BeO Zirconia, ZiO Non-oxide ceramics Boron carbide,B4C3 Silicon nitride, Si3, n4 Metals Aluminium Steel

Melting Point/C

Density/G cm-3

Elastic modulus/ GPa 380 370 210

2054 2574 2710

3.97 3.01 5.68

Hardness/ mohs 9 8 8

2350 2830 1900 660 1515

2.50 3.16 3.17 2.70 7.86

280 400 310 70 205

9 9 9 3 5

Composite material WHAT ARE COMPOSITE MATERIALS 1. A composite materials (or composite) is a structure of materials that is formed by two or more different substances such as metal, glass, ceramic and polymer. 2. Some common composite materials are: a. Reinforces concrete b. Superconductor c. Fibre optic d. Fibre glass e. Photochromic glass

REINFORCES CONCRETE 1. Concrete is hard, fireproof, waterproof, comparatively cheap and easy to maintain. It is more important construction materials. 2. The reinforces is a combination of concrete and steel. SUPERCONDUCTOR 1. Metal such as copper and aluminium are good conductor of electricity, but 20% of the electric energy is lost in the form of heat during transmission. 2. Super conductor are materials that have no resistance to the flow of electricity at a particular temperature. Hence, 100% electricity transmission is possible. 3. One of the most dramatic properties of a superconductor is its ability to levitate a magnet. Superconductor are used to build magnetically levitate high-speed train (at about 552 km/h). 4. Superconductor are used to make chips for smaller and faster supercomputer. Superconductor also play an important role in high speed data processing in internet communication. FIBRE OPTIC 1. Fibre optic is a composite material that in used to transmit signals for light wave. 2. Fibre optic is used in a. Telecommunicate where the telephone substation are liked by fibre optic cables. b. Domestic cable television network c. Closed circuit television security system. 3. Fibre optic also used in medical fields. It is used in a number of instrument which enable the investigation for internal body part without having to perform surgery.

FIBRE GLASS 1. Fibre glass is glass in the form of fine threads. Molten gas is dropped onto a refractory rating disc when the glass flies off the disc glass to form fibre. 2. Fibre glass is strong than steel, do not burnt, stretch or rot, resistant to fire and water but is brittle. 3. When fibre glass added to a plastic, a new composite material fibre glass reinforces plastic is formed. 4. Fibre glass reinforces plastic has more superior properties than glass and plastic. It is a. Extremely strong b. Light weigh c. Resistant to fire and water d. Can be molded, shaped and twisted PHOTOCHROMIC GLASS 1. When 0.01 to 0.1% of silver chloride (a type of photochromic substances) and a small amount of copper (II) chloride are added to molten silicon dioxide, photochromic glass is formed. 2. The photochromic glass has a special properties. It darken when exposed to strong sunlight or ultraviolet. 3. Photochromic glass is suitable for making sunglasses. Composite material
Reinforced concrete

Component
concrete

Properties of component
hard but brittle low tensile strength

Properties of composite
stronger higher tensile strength does not corrode easily cheaper can be moulded into shape can withstand very high applied force can support very heavy load

Uses
construction of road rocket launching pads high-rise buildings

steel

strong in tensile strength expensive can corrode

Superconductor

Cooper( ll) oxide Yttrium

Insulator of electricity

Conducts electricity without

Magnetically levitated train

oxide Barium oxide

resistance when cooled by liquid nitrogen Transparent Not sensitive to light Sensitive to light Reduce refraction of light Control the amount of light passed through it auto. Has the ability to change colour and become darker when exposed to ultraviolet light Low material cost Reflect light rays and allow to travel along the fibre Can transmit electronic data or signal, voice and image

Photochromic glass

Glass

Silver chloride or silver bromid e

Transformer Electric cable Computer parts Information display panels Light detector device Car windshields Optical lens

Fibre optics

Glass with low refraction index

Transparent Does not reflect light rays

Transmit data using light waves in telecommunication

Fibre glass

Glass with higher refractive index glass

polyester plastic

high density strong but brittle nonflexible light flexible inflammable elastic but weak

high tensile strength moulded and shaped inert to chemicals light, strong, tough nonflammable impermeable to water resilient flexible

car bodies helmets skies rackets furniture