SENTENCE STRUCTURE

Name: Hong Anh

SENTENCE STRUCTURE
Building blocks of a sentence:
1. Word:
Noun: economics, economist, economy Verb: economize Adjective: economic, economical Adverb: economically

2. Phrase:
Noun phrase Phrasal verb Adjective phrase Adverb phrase

3. Clause
3.1.Independent clause (IC) S+V+O 3.2.Dependent clause (DC) Subordinator S + V + O

Noun clause Adj clause Adv clause

4. Sentence
Simple Sentence Compound Sentence Complex Sentence Compound Complex Sentence

SENTENCE PATTERNS
1. S + V + O
The factory pollutes the air and water. Violence on television is polluting the minds of our children. Gerunds a. Gerunds and gerund phrases as subjects Brushing your teeth twice daily is what all dentists recommend. Traveling might satisfy your desire for new experiences. Being the boss made him feel uneasy. b. Gerunds and gerund phrases as direct objects The criminals denied stealing anything. They do not appreciate my singing. c. Gerunds and gerund phrases as subject complements One of lifes pleasures is finishing what you started. My cat's favorite activity is sleeping. d. Gerunds and gerund phrases as objects of prepositions The thief was accused of stealing a womans purse. The police arrested him for speeding. Infinitives a. Infinitives and infinitive phrases as subjects To speak clearly and slowly is important. To improve your writing, you must consider your purpose and audience. To buy a basket of flowers, John had to spend his last dollar. b. Infinitives and infinitives phrases as direct objects We plan to work safety and effectively. No ones want to leave. Their fathers advise them to study.

2. S + V + O, co-ordinator S + V + O (FANBOYS)
2.1.FOR (to add a reason) Mary enjoys math, for it is challenging. They dont go to the movies, for it rains cats and dogs. 2.2.AND (to add a similar, equal idea) Judy has won several trophies, and she is an honor student. The rent is reasonable, and the location is perfect. 2.3.NOR (to add a negative equal idea) James doesnt work, nor does he want a job. I dont expect children to be rude, nor do I expect to be disobeyed. 2.4.BUT (to add an opposite idea) The air is polluted in industrial areas, but it is clean in many rural areas. Most of us value human life, but some people think of animals as being equally important. 2.5.OR (to introduce or add an alternative) People should stop hunting threatened species, or they may soon be extinct. Youll have to go now, or youll miss your bus. 2.6.YET (to introduce or add an unexpected result) Global warming is a real problem, yet governments have been slow to take action. Korea is a small country with few natural resources, yet it is becoming an economic superpower. 2.7.SO (to introduce and effect or a result) The exhibits were precious, so a museum guard was posted in every room. The disease attacks the plant, the flower does not open, so no seeds are produced.

3. S + V + O; conjunctive adverb, S + V + O
3.1.To introduce a similar, additional idea S + V + O; besides ,S+V+O furthermore in addition moreover It rained hard; moreover, lighting flashed and thunder boomed. The drug has strong effects; in addition, it can be addictive. This new equipment will be expensive to set up; furthermore, more machines will mean fewer jobs. Our survey will produce the essential statistics; besides, it will provide information about peoples shopping habits.

3.2.To introduce a similarity (compare) S + V + O; likewise , S + V + O similarly in the same way The cost of food and clothing has come down in recent years; similarly, fuel price have fallen quite considerable. The British monarch has the right to veto any law passed by Parliament; likewise, the U.S President has the right to veto any law passed by Congress. The clams were delicious; in the same way, the eggplant was excellent.

3.3.To introduce an expected result S + V + O; however, S + V + O nevertheless nonetheless still S + V + O, yet S +V + O This is a cheap and simple progress; however, there are dangers. It was a terrible accident; nevertheless, air travel is still the safest form of transport. December saw a more than average rainfall; nonetheless, the possibility of a drought is still strong. Teaching is an interesting job; still, it can be very stressful too.

3.4.To introduce an opposite idea S + V + O; in contrast , S + V + O by contrast on the contrary on the other hand however nevertheless nonetheless still S + V + O, but S + V + O I read a lot as a child; on the contrary, my daughter just seems interested in television. The surface temperature on Venus is higher than the boiling point of water; by contrast, Mars is very cold. The purpose of the scheme is not to help the employers; on the other hand, it provides work for young people.

3.5.To introduce an example S + V + O; for example, S + V + O for instance Car prices can vary a lot; for example, in Belgium the VW Gold costs $1000 less than in Britain. Nepal has many attractions for visitors; for example, you can go trekking in the Himalayas, or see tigers in Chitwan Nation Park. There are some tasks which are your responsibility; for instance, its up to you to dismantle furniture and take down curtains.

3.6.To emphasize S + V + O; in fact , S + V + O Indeed Unilever is doing very well; in fact, the doubled their sales budget. Reports of the damage caused by the hurricane were greatly overexaggerated; indeed, the storm was not a hurricane at all.

3.7.To introduce an explanation S + V + O; that is , S + V + O in other words to put it another way to put simply The problem demands a global solution; to put it another way, local regulations will have very little effect. Money makes money; to put it simply, the more you invest, the greater your potential profit will be. A few countries in the world are monarchy; that is, the system in which a country is ruled by a kind or queen.

3.8.To introduce an alternative S + V + O; otherwise, S + V + O S + V + O, or S + V + O Both men and women should limit the amount of fat in their diets; otherwise, they risk getting heart disease. All nations of the world must take action; otherwise, our children and grandchildren will suffer the consequences.

3.9.To introduce an effect/result S + V + O; accordingly , S + V + O as a result as a consequence consequently hence, thus therefore S + V + O, so S + V + O Men are less cautious than women; thus, more men die in accidents. Jewish wedding are both religious and civil; therefore, two official applications for marriage are necessary. Most computer users have never received any formal keyboard training; consequently, their keyboard skills are inefficient. Some of the laws were contradictory; accordingly, measures were taken to clarify them. Nuclear accidents can happen; as a consequence, nuclear power plants must have strict safety control.

4. S + V + O; S + V + O
4.1.To give a similar idea

S + V + O; S + V + O S + V + O, and S + V + O
Some students to go to a vocational school to learn a trade; some students go to college to get a degree. Two letters arrived on Monday; a third one came on Wednesday. Motherhood causes some women to quit their jobs; others continue working despite having young children to care for.

4.2.To explain the first idea by giving additional information

S + V + O; S + V + O
Community colleges offer preparation for many occupations; they prepare students to transfer to a four year college or university. New York City is very cosmopolitan; there are people from many cultures and ethnic groups living there. Skiing is a dangerous sport; you can easily break your leg or your neck. A newly arrived international student faces many problems; he has to cope with a new culture.

5.

5.1.

S , noun , V + O noun phrase adj clause

Bangkok, the capital city of Thailand, attracts approximately 10.2 million visitors per year. S (who + V + O) + V + O People, who use body language to express themselves, are interesting watch. S (which + V + O) + V + O Carbohydrates, which are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, are organic compounds. S (that + V + O) + V + O The book that Im reading comes from the library.

5.2.

Noun ,S+V+O Noun phrase Reduce adj clause

Appearing in over 200 movies, John Wayne was the biggest box-office attraction of his time. Founded in 1946, UNICEF provides long-term humanitarian and developmental assistance to children and mothers in developing countries. A country in Western Europe and a member of the EU, France is known especially for its art, good food, and fine wines.

6. S + V + O, noun noun phrase adj clause

Spanish is a originated in Castile, a region in Spain.

S + V + O (who + V + O) Harvard University was named after its first benefactor, John Harvard, who is an English minister in America. A novelist is someone who writes novels.

S + V + O (which + V + O) Foreigners also have difficulty with English spelling, which is not always consistent with its pronunciation. You can learn key points and minor points by using a mind map, which is a diagram used to visually outline information.

S + V + O (that + V + O) An elephant is an animal that lives in hot countries. Homelessness is a problem that needs to be addressed.

7. S + V + O, adj clause

The FAO is a specialized agency of the United Nations that leads international effort to defeat hunger. Arsenal lost the football match again, which does not make us surprised.

Relative Pronoun as Objects S (whom S + V + O) + V + O The woman whom I wanted to see was not in the office. S (that S + V + O) + V + O The house that we rented in London was fully furnished. S (which S + V + O) + V + O The Mona Lisa, which Leonardo da Vinci painted in 15th century, has been acclaimed as the best know, the most visited, the most parodied work of art in the world.

Possessive Relative Clauses (whose + noun/noun phrase + V + O ) + V + O The book whose author won a Pulitzer has become a bestseller. J.K Rowling, whose author of the Harry Potter fantasy series, is named as the first person to become a U.S dollar billionaire by writing books. (whose + noun/noun phrase + S + V + O ) + V + O The man whose car I borrowed is very rich. Abraham Lincoln, whose speeches people still read, was the 16th President of the United States.

Relative Pronoun as Objects of Prepositions (preposition whom + S + V + O) The teacher to whom many students owe their success has taught in many countries. (preposition which + S + V + O) The world in which we live is a mirror of our attitudes and expectations. (whom + S + V + O + preposition) The man whom I was talking with was angry. (which + S + V + O + preposition) It was the river which the children preferred to swim in. (that + S + V + O + preposition) The jungle that the tribe lived in was full of strange and unusual animals.

Relative Pronouns in Phrases of Quantity and Quality Peter had thousands of books, most of which he had read. There were a lot of people at the party, many of whom I had known for years. The writer, the first of whose books had been a bestseller, was a coal miner. The caf, most of whose customers had deserted it, had to close. Adverbial Relative Clauses (when + S + V + O) 1989 was the year when the Berlin Wall was torn down. In 1945, when Germany was defeated in World War II, it had been divided into two countries. (where S + V + O) East Germany, where people had lived under communist rule, became part of the Federal Republic of Germany. The house where I was born has been turned into apartments.

8. Subordinator S + V + O, S + V + O S + V + O Subordinator S + V + O 8.1. Time clauses

Example After the fruit is harvested, it is sold at the market. I saw her a few days before she died.

Subordinating Meaning Conjunction After Before Following the time that Earlier than the time when A point in time/ short duration At the same time/ longer duration While/when Prior to From that time/ moment Each time that After Immediately after Up to the time of During the entire time that

When

Everyone should know what to do when an earthquake strikes.

while

They arrived while we were having dinner. I saw Peter as I was getting of the bus. By the time I finish college, I will be looking for a job with my new degree. I havent played football since I left university. Whenever I hear that tune, it makes me think of you. Once I get him a job, hell be fine. Ill come over to you as soon as I can. He waited until she had finished speaking. As long as we keep playing well, well keep winning games.

As By the time Since

Whenever Once As soon as Until/till As long as/ so long as

8.2.

Place Clauses
Example Where there is smoke, there is fire. Wherever there are computers, there is Microsoft software. Everywhere I shop, I use my credit cards.

Subordinator Meaning Conjunction Where A specific place Anywhere/ Any place wherever Everywhere All places

8.3.

Reason Clauses
Meaning For the reason that Example She passed the course because she worked hard. I decided to go to the beach since it was a nice day. As coal pollutes the air and gives off a lot of carbon dioxide, most European nations have switched to natural gas or nuclear power to produce electricity.

Subordinating Conjunction Because/ as/ since

As long as/ so long as Now that Inasmuch as In view of the fact that On account of the fact that As a result of the fact that On the grounds that Due to the fact that

Is used more in conversation Because now More formal and are mainly used in formal writing and speaking

Now that we know each other a little better, we get along fine. The economic forecast for the coming decade looks promising, inasmuch as we can predict that far in advance. In view of the fact that God limited the intelligence of man, it seems unfair that he did not also limit his stupidity.

8.4.

Result Clauses

So + adj/adv + that New book are so expensive that I buy used ones. The cost of education is rising so rapidly that students are looking for ways to cut costs. such a(n) + Noun phrase + that The library is such a big place that I couldnt find the book I needed. so much/many/little/few + Noun phrase + that There is always so much noise in the dormitory that I cant study there. There is so many exhibits that we couldnt see all of them.

8.5.

Concession (unexpected result) clauses:

Though you are 13, you cant go to that movie. Although Korea is a small country with few natural resources, it is becoming an economic superpower. Pascal went ahead with the experiment even though he knew it was dangerous.

8.6.

Contrast (direct opposition) Clauses

While San Juan is extremely hot during the summer, San Francisco is very cool. As a child, I never tried out for school plays, whereas my best friend usually got a starring role.

8.7.

Purpose Clauses

so that + modal Farmers use chemical pesticides so that they can grow bigger harvests. So that he would not ruin the carpet, he took off his shoes. in order that Chemicals are used in many food products in order that they will stay fresh longer. in order to + infinitive In order to understand how the human body works, you need to have some knowledge of chemistry. Samuel trained every day in order to improve his performance.

8.8.

Manner, Distance and Frequency Clauses

Manner Clauses The public must conserve energy as the president has requested. In this circumstance, it is best to assume nothing and treat the problem as if you have never seen anything like it before. He seemed as though he hadnt slept for days. Distance/Frequency Clauses: as + adv + as Many Americans want to move as far as they can from polluted cities. (distance) The EPA must remind people as often as they can about the dangers of pollution. (frequency)

9. [Subordinator S + V + O] + V + O

That Peter won a scholarship to study in England makes everyone feel surprised. That the economic growth rate is lower than the population growth rate causes problems. What these sociologists had observed was a fundamental shift in U.S. marriage. What you are telling me is ridiculous. How the budget got in is a mystery. Whether he comes or not is unimportant to me. What I cherish the most is the freedom that I have.

10. S + V + [Subordinator S + V + O]
Experts conclude that women learn language more easily than men do. I remember clearly when they last performed in Europe. The teacher must determine if/whether they are ready to study noun clauses.

S + Phrasal Verb/Adjective + Preposition + Noun + [that + S + V + O] (A that clause can follow certain abstract nouns such as idea, theory, thought, notion, belief, opinion, claim, assertion, statement, answer, reply, axiom, fact, appeal, request, hypothesis, news, possibility, proposal, reminder) Researchers are concerned about the possibility that the drug causes similar damage in humans. Residents are complaining about the fact that traffic in the area has increased. The state government thinks about the proposal that the city should build a new airport. She is sympathetic with the news that many people were affected by the housing crisis.

S + V + Noun + [that + S + V + O] Certain verbs must also be followed by an abstract noun + that clause. Such verbs include conceal, hide, discuss, dispute, support, disregard, overlook. She concealed the fact that she was pregnant. They discussed the proposal that the building should be designed. Nobody could overlook the fact that box office sales were down.

 S + to be + Adjective + [that + S + V + O]

(A that clause can also follow certain adjectives that describe emotion such as happy, glad, proud, pleased, sad, upset, worried, sorry, certain, surprised, sure)

Im happy that everything worked out well in the end. She was proud that the magazine had agreed to publish one of her stories. Her mother was pleased that she chose a college close to home. Hes upset that he didnt get an invitation to their wedding. It is almost certain that the government will be changed.

Subjunctive Verbs in That Clause S + V + [that + S + V (base form) + O] It is + adjective + [that + S + V(base form) + O]

The verb and adjectives that require the subjunctive form in that clause that follows indicate urgency, advisability, necessity and desirability. Verbs: advise, beg, command, demand, insist, move, order, pledge, pray, prefer, propose, recommend, request, require, stipulate, suggest, urge. Adjectives: important, crucial, desirable, imperative, necessary, urgent, vital, best, recommended, advisable, mandatory.

The government urged that people not use water to wash cars, sidewalks, or streets.

Doctors strongly recommended that fathers be present at their babys birth. Regulations required that students attend at least 90% of the lectures. Opinion polls suggested that only 10% of the population trust the government. It is necessary that she have a good diet for maintaining a healthy body. It is important that each driver understand the dangers of drinking and driving.