An ISO 9001 Company

INSTRUCTION MANUAL
C2
ISSUE 18

NOVEMBER 2008

Subsonic Wind Tunnel


IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION

All practical work areas and laboratories should be covered by local safety
regulations which must be fo
llowed at all times.
It is the responsibility of the owner to ensure that all users are made aware of
relevant local regulations, and that the apparatus is operated in accordance with those
regulations. If requested then Armfield can supply a typical set of standard laboratory
safety rules, but these are guidelines only and should be modified as required.
Supervision of users should be provided whenever appropriate.
Your C2 Subsonic Wind Tunnel has been designed to be safe in use when installed,
operated and maintained in accordance with the instructions in this manual. As with
any piece of sophisticated equipment, dangers may exist if the equipment is misused,
mishandled or badly maintained.

Electrical Safety
The equipment described in this Instruction Manual operates from a mains voltage
electrical supply. It must be connected to a supply of the same frequency and voltage
as marked on the equipment or the mains lead. If in doubt, consult a qualified
electrician or contact Armfield.
The equipment must not be operated with any of the panels removed.
To give increased operator protection, Armfield recommends that a Residual Current
Device (RCD), alternatively called an Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker, be fitted to the
electrical supply for the equipment. Armfield supplies a suitable RCD, which may be
fitted if the laboratory supply does not already include such a device. If through
misuse or accident the equipment becomes electrically dangerous, the RCD will
switch off the electrical supply and reduce the severity of any electric shock received
by an operator to a level which, under normal circumstances, will not cause injury to
that person.
At least once each month, check that the RCD is operating correctly by pressing the
TEST button. The circuit breaker MUST trip when the button is pressed. Failure to
trip means that the operator is not protected and the equipment must be checked and
repaired by a competent electrician before it is used.

NOTE:
This apparatus is classified as Education and Training Equipment under the
Electromagnetic Compatibility (Amendment) Regulations 1994. Use of the
apparatus outside the classroom, laboratory or similar such place invalidates
conformity with the protection requirements of the Electromagnetic Compatibility
Directive (89/336/EEC) and could lead to prosecution.



Risk of Fire or Explosion
Use of this equipment may involve the presence of highly flammable and potentially
explosive liquid (Paraffin/kerosene, used in the air speed manometer). Details of the
substances intended for use with this equipment are given in the Operational
Procedures section.
It is the users responsibility to handle chemicals safely
Keep flames, sparks and high-temperature surfaces well away from the
equipment
Ensure all electrical supplies and equipment are properly maintained and
used to avoid the risk of electrical sparks
Prepare chemicals and operate the equipment in well ventilated areas
Position the manometer out of direct sunlight and away from heat sources
Only use chemicals specified in the equipment manual and in the
concentrations recommended
Follow local regulations regarding chemical storage and disposal
Ensure that all users are made aware of the correct procedure in the event of
fire or explosion

Moving or Rotating Components and Fast Moving Air Streams
This apparatus has moving or rotating components.
Do not remove any protective guards while the equipment is in operation.
When operating the apparatus ensure that long hair is tied back out of the
way, and that clothing and jewellery cannot come into contact with any
moving parts. Dangling items such as necklaces and neckties must be
removed or secured, and long hair must be secured, so that they cannot be
sucked into the wind tunnel inlet.
Do not touch any moving components while the apparatus is in use, or insert
any item into any moving or rotating section of the equipment.
Ensure that the apparatus is switched off and that all moving parts have come
to rest before handling the equipment, except as described in the Operational
Procedures section of this manual.
Be aware that air will be moving quickly at the inlet and outlet of the wind
tunnel. There is a risk that light objects may be blown over or sucked into the
inlet.
To avoid possible damage to eyesight, avoid looking directly into the outlet
when the wind tunnel is in operation.


Noise
This equipment generates noise when running.
Depending on operator comfort and local noise regulations, ear defenders
may be required.
Ensure that all local noise regulations are followed when positioning the
apparatus for use.

Heavy Equipment
This apparatus is heavy.
The apparatus should be placed in a location that is sufficiently strong to
support its weight, as described in the Installation section of the manual.
Use lifting tackle, where possible, to install the equipment. Where manual
lifting is necessary then two or more people will be required for safety. All
should be made aware of safe lifting techniques to avoid strained backs,
crushed toes, and similar injuries.
Safety shoes and/or gloves should be worn when appropriate.





SUBSONIC WIND TUNNEL
C2

Contents
1 Introduction to the Equipment ......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Diagram 1: The C2 Subsonic Wind Tunnel showing working section ....................................................... 2
1.2 Diagram 2: Models available for use with C2 Subsonic Wind Tunnel ...................................................... 3
2 Description.......................................................................................................................................................... 4
2.1 Overview..................................................................................................................................................... 4
2.2 C2-10 Tunnel.............................................................................................................................................. 4
2.3 Fan and Motor ........................................................................................................................................... 4
2.4 Tunnel Inlet ................................................................................................................................................ 5
2.5 Air Speed Manometer................................................................................................................................. 5
2.6 Fan Speed Controller ................................................................................................................................. 6
2.7 Wind Tunnel Balance ................................................................................................................................. 6
2.8 C2-13 Multi-Tube Manometer.................................................................................................................... 7
2.9 C2-14 Pressure Wing and Rake ................................................................................................................. 7
2.10 C2-15 Slot and Flap Aerofoil ..................................................................................................................... 9
2.11 C2-16 Pitot Static Tube.............................................................................................................................. 9
2.12 C2-17 Yaw Probe ....................................................................................................................................... 9
2.13 C2-18 Drag Models.................................................................................................................................... 9
2.14 C2-19 Pressure Cylinder............................................................................................................................ 9
2.15 C2-20 Flutter Wing .................................................................................................................................... 9
3 Operation.......................................................................................................................................................... 11
3.1 Use of the Wind Tunnel Balance .............................................................................................................. 11
3.2 Tunnel Calibration ................................................................................................................................... 12
3.3 Controlling and Measuring Air Speed ..................................................................................................... 13
3.4 Using the C2-13 Multi-Tube Manometer ................................................................................................. 14
3.5 Using the C2-14 Pressure Wing and Rake ............................................................................................... 15
3.6 Using the C2-15 Slot and Flap Aerofoil................................................................................................... 16
3.7 Using the C2-16 Pitot Static Tube............................................................................................................ 16
3.8 Using the C2-17 Yaw Probe..................................................................................................................... 17
3.9 Using the C2-18 Drag Models ................................................................................................................. 17

3.10 Using the C2-19 Pressure Cylinder ......................................................................................................... 17
3.11 Using the C2-20 Flutter Wing.................................................................................................................. 18
3.12 Using the H14-2 Computer Compatible Manometer Bank ...................................................................... 18
4 Specifications.................................................................................................................................................... 19
4.1 Overall Dimensions.................................................................................................................................. 19
4.2 Electrical Supply ...................................................................................................................................... 19
4.3 Motor Rating............................................................................................................................................ 19
4.4 Lift and Drag Balance.............................................................................................................................. 20
5 Routine Maintenance....................................................................................................................................... 21
5.1 General..................................................................................................................................................... 21
5.2 RCD test ................................................................................................................................................... 21
5.3 Fan Check ................................................................................................................................................ 21
5.4 Replenishing the Manometer Reservoir ................................................................................................... 21
5.5 Lubrication............................................................................................................................................... 21
5.6 Spares....................................................................................................................................................... 21
6 Theory............................................................................................................................................................... 23
6.1 Index to Theory Section............................................................................................................................ 23
6.2 Nomenclature ........................................................................................................................................... 24
6.3 Theory for C2-14 Pressure Wing and Rake ............................................................................................. 25
6.4 Theory for C2-15 Slot and Flap Aerofoil ................................................................................................. 27
6.5 Theory for C2-16 Pitot Static Tube.......................................................................................................... 29
6.6 Theory for C2-17 Yaw Probe ................................................................................................................... 30
6.7 Theory for C2-19 Pressure Cylinder........................................................................................................ 31
6.8 Theory for C2-20 Flutter Wing ................................................................................................................ 32
7 Installation Guide ............................................................................................................................................ 37
7.1 Installing the C2-10 Subsonic Wind Tunnel............................................................................................. 37
7.2 Assembling the lift and drag balance....................................................................................................... 38
7.3 C2-13 Multi-Tube Manometer ................................................................................................................. 39
7.4 C2-14 Pressure Wing and Rake ............................................................................................................... 39
7.5 2-15 Slot and Flap Aerofoil...................................................................................................................... 40
7.6 C2-16 Pitot Static Tube and C2-17 Yaw Probe ....................................................................................... 40
7.7 C2-18 Drag Models.................................................................................................................................. 40
7.8 C2-19 Pressure Cylinder.......................................................................................................................... 41
1
Introduction to the Equipment
The C2 Subsonic Wind Tunnel, with its accessories, provides a complete facility for the study of
subsonic aerodynamics.
The degree of accuracy of the tunnel and its associated instrumentation is more than adequate for
undergraduate education and research purposes. It has an adjustable, reversible air flow through
the octagonal working section, and includes a direct reading air speed indicator and a two
component balance for lift and drag measurements.
The accessories available for use with the wind tunnel include a flat plate with probe, an aerofoil
cross-section wing (with rake) and a cylinder, both with pressure tapping points, for investigating
pressure variation over the aerofoil or cylinder cross-section, a slot and flap aerofoil for
investigations of control surfaces, a set of shapes for the investigation of drag, and a flutter wing.
Other available accessories are a Pitot static tube and a yaw probe.




C2-10 Subsonic Wind Tunnel and Accessories

2

1.1 Diagram 1: The C2 Subsonic Wind Tunnel showing working section



3

1.2 Diagram 2: Models available for use with C2 Subsonic Wind Tunnel


4

Description
Where necessary, refer to the drawings on pages 2 to 3.

1.3 Overview
The C2 wind tunnel consists of a clear-sided working section with instrumentation for a
range of models, with a motor-driven fan mounted on the outlet side.

1.4 C2-10 Tunnel
The basic tunnel comprises a fibreglass contraction and diffuser section with a clear
acrylic (Perspex) parallel test section of 300mm octagonal section. The diffuser section is
bolted directly to a Formica table top; whereas the contraction (to which is attached the
test section) is clamped to two slider bars which, in turn, are bolted to the Formica table
top. The table top is supported on a square-section steel tube frame, mounted on four
castors, two of which incorporate a lever-operated brake.

1.5 Fan and Motor
A five-bladed fan is driven by a heavy duty electric motor mounted at the outlet of the
diffuser section. The motor and fan are covered by a heavy gauge steel wire mesh guard.
The fan speed controller is fitted adjacent to the fan motor (see section 1.8).



5
1.6 Tunnel Inlet
A honeycomb flow straightener is located within the entrance to the contraction cone.




1.7 Air Speed Manometer
The tunnel air speed is indicated on a sloping manometer, calibrated in metres/second,
connected to a manifold surrounding the upstream end of the test section. Four equally
spaced static orifices, connected to the manifold, minimise the possibility of interference
effects from a model mounted in the test section.



6
1.8 Fan Speed Controller
When power is connected to the fan speed controller, the required frequency output can
be set using the raise or lower keys. The RUN key starts the fan and the STOP key
decelerates the fan until it is stationary. For more detail on the operation of the fan speed
controller, see the Operation section of this manual.




1.9 Wind Tunnel Balance
The two-component aerodynamic balance measures both the lift and the drag components
of the forces on the model under test.




7

1.10 C2-13 Multi-Tube Manometer
This option is a twenty-tube manometer, with the manometer tubes mounted on a board.
A reservoir, filled with manometer liquid, is mounted on a vertical rod at the left of the
board. The datum manometer tube levels may be adjusted to convenient heights before
commencing an experiment. A plastic tube connects the reservoir to the base of the
manometer manifold assembly. Each tube is mounted in O-ring fittings top and bottom, to
allow replacement if necessary.
The angle of the board may be adjusted to several different positions and clamped in any
selected position. The scale length is 370mm.

When using the manometer system with the tunnel it is important to bear in mind that the
working section is under suction, i.e. all stagnation pressures are below atmospheric.
Thus, in general, it is necessary to connect one manometer tube to the wind speed static
pressure line to provide a datum for measurements in the tunnel. If another tube is left
open to atmosphere then absolute pressures in the tunnel may be determined by relating
the tunnel datum to measured barometric pressure.

1.11 C2-14 Pressure Wing and Rake
The C2-14 accessory is designed to replace the lift and drag balance during use.
The pressure wing is a two-dimensional wing profile, manufactured to NACA 0015,
aerofoil section, with eleven pressure tapping points around the centre chord, flush with
the wing surface. The wing is mounted in a vertical plane in the working section, and the
angle of attack is adjustable. The appropriate size cover plates should be used to block up
the free area of slot in the base of the tunnel.
8


A simple technique allows visualisation of the airflow around the wing (this may also be
used with the cylinder and any of the other optional models available for use with C2-10).
A lightweight twine follows the flow contour around the model and shows if and where
boundary layer separation (breakaway) occurs and where the flow becomes turbulent or
reverses.
The twine passes through a stainless steel L shaped tube, mounted in a gland that is
located in the floor of the working section at the upstream end.
A simple adjustment arrangement allows the length and position of the twine to be varied.
The vertical position of the twine can be varied by sliding the L shaped tube up or down
in the gland. The horizontal position of the twine can be varied by rotating the L shaped
tube in the gland. The length of the twine can be varied by allowing more or less twine to
pass through the tube then securing the twine to the tube by sliding the O ring over the
end of the tube. Adjustment of the length is best carried out when the Wind Tunnel is
operating. The end of the twine should be tied to the O ring before operating the fan so
that the twine cannot accidentally enter the working section and become entangled with
the fan.
The C2-14 also includes a 25mm diameter solid cylinder.

A wake survey rake, consisting of an array of eighteen small diameter total head tubes, is
also supplied that may be mounted behind the aerofoil or the cylinder to measure the
variations in pressure downstream due to the wake behind the model.

The tappings on the aerofoil or wake survey rake should be connected to the C2-13 multi-
tube manometer or equivalent.
9
1.12 C2-15 Slot and Flap Aerofoil
The C2-15 aerofoil is machined to NACA 0015 profile. It is equipped with an adjustable
leading edge slot and trailing edge flap, and is used with the lift and drag balance supplied
as part of the standard C2-10 wind tunnel. The angle of attack is adjustable, as are the
distance of the slot from the leading edge and the angle of the trailing edge flap.

1.13 C2-16 Pitot Static Tube
The C2-16 Pitot static tube is constructed using 4mm diameter stainless steel tube with a
collet type mounting chuck to facilitate full traverse across the working section. It is of
Prandtl design and may be used with a negligible correction up to angles of yaw of at least
5 degrees. The two tappings should be connected to the C2-13 multi-tube manometer or
equivalent.

1.14 C2-17 Yaw Probe
This accessory is constructed using 4mm diameter stainless steel tube with a collet type
mounting chuck to facilitate full traverse across the working section. It is of the three-hole
type with centre hole for total pressure determination. The three tappings should be
connected to the C2-13 multi-tube manometer or equivalent.

1.15 C2-18 Drag Models
Five drag models are included with this accessory, all of the same equatorial diameter:-
Sphere
Hemisphere, convex to air flow direction
Hemisphere, concave to air flow direction
Circular disc
Streamlined shape
In addition to the above models, a spare support rod is provided for drag calibration
purposes.

1.16 C2-19 Pressure Cylinder
The C2-19 is a polished cylinder of 50mm diameter, and replaces the lift and drag balance
in the wind tunnel during use. It has 19 equi-spaced tapping points around half of the
circumference, i.e. at 10 intervals between 0 and 180 inclusive. The tappings should be
connected to the C2-13 multi-tube manometer or equivalent.

1.17 C2-20 Flutter Wing
The Flutter Wing is constructed of solid balsa wood and is a two-dimensional
symmetrical aerofoil to NACA.0015 specification. The aerofoil has aluminium end plates
10
and is supported at each corner by two springs. These eight suspension springs simulate
the flexural and torsional structural characteristics of a real three-dimensional wing.
11
Operation
Where necessary, refer to the drawings on pages 2 and 3.

1.18 Use of the Wind Tunnel Balance
Drag is measured on the balance arm parallel to the air flow, and lift on the arm at right
angles to the air flow.
To measure the forces on a particular model, the tunnel working section is opened the
model is mounted in the supporting spindle and the locking screw tightened. (The
calibration of the balance arms is based on the assumption that the centre of application of
the forces exerted by the air stream on the model is coincident with axis of the tunnel.
Any deviation from this condition will require either a separate calibration of the balance
or a moment calculation).
Close the tunnel working section and position the cover plate to reduce the air entry to the
tunnel via the slot in the base of the working section to a minimum. Set the controller for
the fan motor to give the required air velocity in the tunnel.
Forces exerted on the model will result in the displacement of the balance arms from the
null position. Move the sliding weights in order to re-establish the null position. The
larger weights are moved initially for coarse adjustment and the upper, smaller sliding
weights for fine adjustment, until null indication is achieved.

Null Position
NOTE:
When the balance is not required for model tests, the trunnion block and two balance
weights should be removed from the support ring, and the whole assembly placed in the
balance stand supplied separately.

12
1.19 Tunnel Calibration
The tunnel is fitted with an inclined manometer which is calibrated in metres per second
to give a direct reading of air velocity in the working section. This indicator operates on
the Venturi principle, being connected to static orifices before and after the inlet
contraction in the wall of the tunnel.
NOTE: The inclined manometer can only be used to measure the air velocity in the
normal/forward direction. When the direction of the air flow is reversed, for special
applications, the flexible connections to the manometer must be disconnected to prevent
the manometer fluid from being ejected.
Before the tunnel is used for quantitative results it will be necessary to check the accuracy
of this indicator since no account is taken of velocity profile across the working section.
(The calibration may also be used as a student exercise).
Calibration requires the Pitot Static Tube (C2-16) to be used in conjunction with the
Manometer Board (C2-13). Both items should be installed in accordance with the
instructions given in the Installation Guide (page 37).

Application of Bernoulli's Equation to the Pitot Static Tube provides the relationship:-

v =
2P

a

where
P is the difference in pressure between the total and static tappings
(N/m
2
).

a
is the density of air (kg/m
3
).
v is the point velocity (m/s).
P is measured using the Tilting Manometer when P =
m
gh
where

m
= manometer fluid density (kg/m
3
).
g = gravitational constant (9.81).
h = true difference in manometer heights.
Now
h = d sin
where
d = indicated difference in levels on the tilted
manometer.
= angle of inclination to the horizontal.
The reciprocal of sin which may be called k is marked on the manometer tilt scale as a
magnification factor (x1.5, x2 or x3)
13
so that
h = d/k
and P =
m
gd/k

Method
1 Set up the Pitot static tube in the side wall of the working section with the
nose horizontal and facing the air stream.
2 Adjust the tilting manometer to an angle of 30 (x2), clamp it, and connect
the total and static lines from the Pitot tube.
3 Zero the direct reading velocity indicator.
4 Switch on the motor and adjust the fan speed to give a suitable deflection
on the direct reading velocity indicator.
5 Read off the difference in length of the total and static heads on the
inclined manometer. Readings should be repeated as the Pitot tube is
traversed across the working section, ensuring that the nose is maintained
horizontal. The average difference should be established and the mean air
speed calculated.
6 Repeat for several values of air speed.
7 Plot graph of calculated air speed using the Pitot static tube against the
direct reading air speed indicator.

NOTE:
When taking readings using the Pitot static tube, point velocities are being measured. By
traversing the working section, a velocity profile may be established. This profile may be
used to determine the mean velocity in the section, taking into account the size of models,
positions of tappings, etc. i.e. In the case of a stationary model with fixed pressure
tappings at the centre, the reduced velocity at the walls should be ignored. However, in
the case of a lift/drag model, the mean velocity should include any deviation within the
length of the model.

1.20 Controlling and Measuring Air Speed
With power connected to the fan speed controller,
the display will flash showing the frequency
output when the fan was used previously, the red
Hz LED will flash and the green Panel Control
LED will illuminate to indicate that the controller
is ready for operation. The fan will not operate at
this point.

Set the required frequency output using the raise or lower keys then press the RUN key to
start the fan which will accelerate up to the set frequency. The Hz LED will then
illuminate and the display will show the running frequency. To change the frequency
14
press the raise or lower key as required until the required frequency is indicated (or the
required air speed is indicated on the inclined manometer).
To stop the fan press the STOP key which will decelerate the fan until it is stationary.
When pressing the raise or lower keys the right hand digit will change first, followed by
each digit to the left if the key is remains depressed.
Note: If using a model which may be damaged or manometer fluid may be lost by
operating the tunnel at high speed then it is important to set the frequency to a low value
before pressing the RUN key.
The fan speed controller is configured for normal operation with the air flowing from the
bell mouth entry towards the working section. If for a special application it is required to
operate the tunnel with the direction of the air reversed then it will be necessary to
reposition a link inside the controller to allow the fan to operate in reverse. If this action
is necessary refer to the IMO Jaguar VXS Users Guide supplied with the equipment.
NOTE: When operating the tunnel with the air flow reversed it will be necessary
to disconnect the inclined manometer, by removing the flexible
connections, to prevent the manometer fluid from being ejected.

The actual air velocity in the tunnel is indicated
on the sloping manometer directly in
engineering units of metres/second. The output
frequency of the fan speed controller can be
adjusted in steps of 0.01 Hz to give the required
air velocity.


1.21 Using the C2-13 Multi-Tube Manometer
The manometer board is used by connecting one or more flexible tubes from the pressure
tapping(s) of the model under test to the top of one or more of the manometer bank tubes.
Where multiple connections are made it is strongly suggested that the tubes be connected
to the manometer bank in the same sequence as they are positioned on the model. The
tubes are numbered to assist in this.
The angle of the board may be adjusted to several different positions, and clamped by
means of the knurled screws in any selected position, in order that magnification of the
readings may be obtained.
When using the manometer system with the tunnel it is important to bear in mind that the
working section is under suction, i.e. all stagnation pressures are below atmospheric.
Thus, in general, it is necessary to connect one manometer tube to the wind speed static
pressure line to provide a datum for measurements in the tunnel. If another tube is left
open to atmosphere then absolute pressures in the tunnel may be determined by relating
the tunnel datum to measured barometric pressure.

15
1.22 Using the C2-14 Pressure Wing and Rake
For all experiments using the pressure wing or rake, the lift and drag balance should be
removed and stored on its separate stand.
Pressure wing
The pressure wing is mounted in a vertical plane in the working section. The angle of
attack is adjusted by means of screws inboard of the wing end support blocks.
Appropriate size cover plates should be used to block up the free area of slot in the base
of the tunnel after mounting the model and after making changes to the angle of attack.
The aerofoil model is instrumented with pressure tappings on one surface only, as the
aerofoil is of symmetrical cross-section. Pressure distributions on the upper and lower
surfaces may therefore be obtained by using +ve and -ve angles of attack respectively. To
obtain a complete set of results, matching values of +ve and ve angles should be chosen
for taking readings.
Record pressure distribution for the upper and lower surfaces of the aerofoil at different
angles of attack from = 0 up to and beyond stall. Manometer levels should be noted
relative to a tunnel static datum level. Results obtained may be plotted on lines normal to
the aerofoil surface to give pressure distribution curves for each angle of attack.
Experiments may be carried out at different air velocities and the pressure distribution
curves compared for a fixed angle of attack.
Flow Visualisation
A simple technique allows flow visualisation around the wing (this may also be used with
the cylinder and any of the other optional models available for use with C2-10). A
lightweight twine follows the flow contour around the model and shows if and where
boundary layer separation (breakaway) occurs and where the flow becomes turbulent or
reverses.
The twine passes through a stainless steel L shaped tube that is located by a gland in the
floor of the working section at the upstream end.
A simple adjustment arrangement allows the length and position of the twine to be varied.
The vertical position of the twine can be varied by sliding the L shaped tube up or down
in the gland. For optimum visualisation it is suggested that the vertical position of the
twine is adjusted to coincide with mid height in the working section.
The horizontal position of the twine can be varied by rotating the L shaped tube in the
gland.
The length of the twine can be varied by allowing more or less twine to pass through the
tube then securing the twine to the tube by sliding the O ring over the end of the tube.
Adjustment of the length is best carried out when the Wind Tunnel is operating. The end
of the twine should be tied to the O ring before operating the fan so that the twine
cannot accidentally enter the working section and become entangled with the fan.
After use with C2-14, the L shaped tube can be left in position inside the wind tunnel
and used to indicate the flow patterns around other models.


16
Cylinder
The cylinder is also mounted in a vertical plane direction, and clamped by means of the
large washers (one to be placed each side of the slot in the tunnel base) and knurled screw
in the end of the cylinder. The cylinder should be mounted at the most upstream end of
the slot. Appropriate size cover plates should be used to block up the free area in the base
of the tunnel, as for the pressure wing.
Rake
Wake traverses of total head may be made for either the aerofoil or the cylinder, by
placing the rake approximately 100mm behind the model, with the total head tubes
pointing upstream. The rake has two slots in the base, to enable the unit to be positioned
appropriately, and clamped in the tunnel base slot. The numbered tubing should be taken
to the Multi Tube Manometer C2-13 or an equivalent.

1.23 Using the C2-15 Slot and Flap Aerofoil
The C2-15 Slot and Flap Aerofoil is mounted vertically in the lift and drag balance. The
angle of attack of the aerofoil may be varied by means of the protractor top of the balance,
then locked in position using the locking device. The distance of the slot from the leading
edge may be adjusted by means of the two set screws at each end of the model, as can the
angle of the trailing edge flap.
The drag counterbalance weight should be adjusted to give null deflection on the
indicator with no air flow. As the aerofoil is symmetrical about the support point, no
adjustment to the lift counterbalance weight should be necessary. An appropriately sized
cover plate must be positioned over the slot in the base of the tunnel after the model has
been positioned. Failure to do this will result in poor characteristic curves caused by air
having a transverse velocity component.
Care should be exercised when determining the angle of incidence of the aerofoil to the
air stream. A datum position (i.e. = 0) should be obtained where the lift component of
the symmetrical aerofoil, without addition of slot or flap, is zero. All readings should be
corrected to this datum. A set of performance curves for the aerofoil are included in the
theory section for the aerofoil (page 27). These show lift and drag characteristics for a
typical production aerofoil at varying angles of incidence to the air stream. The curves are
included for guidance only since results for a specific aerofoil will depend on inherent
manufacturing tolerances. It should be noted that the curves are plotted as lift and drag
coefficients against angle of incidence.

1.24 Using the C2-16 Pitot Static Tube
The Pitot static tube has pressure tappings positioned so as to provide a differential
pressure reading from the instrument. A tapping in the nose of the probe provides a total
head (stagnation pressure) reading. Tappings around the body of the probe provide a static
head reading. The velocity of the fluid may be calculated from the difference between the
two head readings, as described in the theory section (page 29).

17
1.25 Using the C2-17 Yaw Probe
The C2-17 is designed to be used in conjunction with other models, where velocity and
pressure distributions are of interest. The probe should be inserted through the side of
walls of the test section as follows:
Remove the red plastic cover plug from the side of the tunnel.
Unscrew the collet
Slide the instrument through the hole
A coupling on the stem of the probe engages in the female thread of the wall
fitting and should be screwed up tight.
Traverses may be made by unscrewing the smaller coupling on the stem from the
larger and adjusting the position of the probe as required.
The Manometer Board, C2-13 is used to monitor the pressure readings. Connections
should be made to the manometer board from all three probe holes.
The probe should be calibrated before use by running the wind tunnel without models but
with the probe in place. The set screw in the aligning block should be loosened and the
probe turned in the block until the pressure readings from the outside two holes give
identical readings, indicating that the central hole is aligned with the undisturbed air flow.
The set screw is then tightened to hold the probe in the correctly calibrated position.

1.26 Using the C2-18 Drag Models
Mount the required C2-18 drag model in the lift and drag balance. Two pins are situated
at the base of the support rod of each model. These locate in the balance socket in such a
way that axis-symmetric flow will occur over the model with the height between model
centre line and balance knife edges correct for the balance calibration.
Each model is mounted in the balance in the same way. Adjustment of the drag
counterbalance weight will be necessary for each model to achieve null deflection with no
air flow. This is due to weight differences between the models.
In order to give accurate results for drag, it is necessary to take into account the drag of
the support spindle. To give a close approximation of this effect, a spare spindle is
provided, for which a separate drag velocity curve may be determined. The appropriate
drag of the spindle may then be deducted from the total drag measured for a particular
model and support at a given velocity.
Whilst taking results it is important to reduce the slot in the tunnel base as much as
possible, using the cover plates provided.

1.27 Using the C2-19 Pressure Cylinder
Remove the lift and drag balance before mounting the C2-19 pressure cylinder. The
pressure cylinder is mounted vertically, and clamped into position at the upstream end of
the slot in the tunnel base using the large knurled nut. The pressure tapping points (taken
through the tunnel base) should be connected to the C2-13 manometer board or
equivalent.
18
In order to ensure that the first tapping hole is at 0 to the air stream, two marks have been
made on the tunnel base. These should be aligned with appropriate marks on the flange at
the lower end of the cylinder.
A suitable cover plate should be placed over the remaining slot area in the base of the
tunnel.
The air velocity should be adjusted to give a reasonable spread of manometer levels, with
the board inclined at 30 degrees to the horizontal (x2). Manometer levels for each tapping
point should be recorded relative to a datum static tapping in the tunnel wall. The cylinder
may be turned through 180 and the test repeated to demonstrate the symmetry of the
pressure profile.
The test may be repeated for differing air velocities and pressure distributions plotted for
0 to 180. A theoretical distribution may be plotted from the relationship

1.28 Using the C2-20 Flutter Wing
Before placing the model in the Wind Tunnel, ensure that the suspension springs are
located correctly in the leading hole at each corner and each has zero displacement at rest.
Spurious results will be obtained if these points are not checked.
Ensure that the restraining cords at each corner effectively limit maximum displacement
within the range of the springs.
Position the model in the Wind Tunnel ensuring that incidence is set at a low angle, i.e.
less than 5.
Increase the air speed in small increments until flutter is just initiated. Check that this is
the lowest speed at which flutter can be sustained.
This is the critical flutter speed U
f
.
The flutter frequency may be determined by means of a stroboscope (not supplied).

1.29 Using the H14-2 Computer Compatible Manometer Bank
The C2 and accessories may be used in conjunction with the Armfield H14-2 from the
Armfield Hydraulic Instruments range. However, the H14-2 only provides 16 channels
rather than the 20 manometer tubes available with the C2-13. Some tapping points must
therefore be left unconnected when using certain of the C2 accessories. To obtain
symmetrical results, the following connections are suggested:
C2-14 wake survey rake: Connect tubes 2-7 and 9-18
C2-19 pressure cylinder: Connect tubes 2 to 17
NOTE: As the H14-2 is primarily designed for use with water as the working fluid, the
scaling may be too large for good accuracy at low flow rates within the wind tunnel.

19

Specifications
1.30 Overall Dimensions
Height: - 1.83 m
Length - 2.98 m
Width - 0.80 m
Working Section - 300mm octagonal x 450mm long

1.31 Electrical Supply
C2-10-A C2-10-B C2-10-G
Green/yellow lead Earth (Ground) Earth (Ground) Earth (Ground)
Brown lead Live (Hot) Live (Hot) Live (Hot)
Blue lead Neutral Neutral Neutral
Fuse rating 10A 20A 10A
Voltage 220-240V 110-120V 220V
Frequency 50Hz 60Hz 60Hz

The equipment requires connection to a single-phase fused electrical supply. The mains
cable supplied with the equipment is terminated with a plug to suit the local electrical
supply. Three versions of the C2-10 are available: -
C2-10-A 230V/1ph/50Hz mains lead fitted with a 2 pin Shuko European style
plug with adaptor to 3 pin UK style plug.
C2-10-B 120V/1ph/60Hz Equipment as C2-10-G below but supplied with a
separate transformer to step-up the local supply voltage from 120V to
230V. The lead on the transformer is fitted with a 3 pin NEMA 5-30P
plug.
The transformer should be sited adjacent to the 120V mains outlet socket
in the laboratory, in a dry location. The mains lead from the C2-10 is
simply plugged into the 230V outlet socket on the front of the transformer.
The transformer is protected by a circuit breaker, located at the rear, with a
reset button in the event of a fault.
If a 220-230V NEMA 6-15R outlet is available in the laboratory then the
lead on the C2-10 can be plugged directly into the outlet (transformer not
used).
C2-10-G 220V/1ph/60Hz mains lead fitted with 3 pin NEMA 6-15P plug.
1.32 Motor Rating
1.5 kW

20
1.33 Lift and Drag Balance
Maximum Balance Rating Lift - 7.0N
Maximum Balance Rating Drag - 2.5N
Sensitivity of Balance - 0.01N
Range of lift measurement : 0 - 7.0 N (1.574 lb.f)
Range of drag measurement : 0 - 2.5 N (0.562 lb.f)

Sliding Weights Mass (g) Mass (lb.m)
Primary drag 411 0.906
Secondary drag 103 0.227
Primary lift 1124 2.48
Primary drag 187 0.412
Distance between model centre line and drag arm knife edges: 308.5mm (1.012 ft)
21

Routine Maintenance
To preserve the life and efficient operation of the equipment it is important that the equipment is
properly maintained. Regular maintenance of the equipment is the responsibility of the end user
and must be performed by qualified personnel who understand the operation of the equipment.

1.34 General
The equipment should be disconnected from the electrical supply when not in use.

1.35 RCD test
Test the RCD by pressing the TEST button at least once a month. If the RCD button does
not trip when the Test button is pressed then the equipment must not be used and should
be checked by a competent electrician.

1.36 Fan Check
The fan must be checked at regular intervals to ensure it is securely mounted. The fan is
secured by tightening the retaining screw at the end of the motor shaft.

1.37 Replenishing the Manometer Reservoir
Paraffin (kerosene) is volatile and some will evaporate from the manometer bank during
normal use. The manometer reserve may be replenished from the bottle supplied with the
kit. The fluid supplied is a blend of pure paraffin and dye with a specific gravity of 0.784
at 18.3C (65F).

1.38 Lubrication
No lubrication of the motor bearings is required. A few drops of SAE 30 grade oil on the
slider bars is beneficial, providing that the slider bars are kept clean.
Remove the castors annually and re-pack with ALVANIA3 grease.

1.39 Spares
Applications for spares should be sent to Armfield Ltd, Bridge House, West Street,
RINGWOOD, Hampshire, BH24 1DY, England, stating the serial number shown on the
name plate.




22

















This page intentionally blank


23

Theory
1.40 Index to Theory Section
Nomenclature............................................................................................................................................................. 24
Theory for C2-14 Pressure Wing and Rake............................................................................................................ 25
Theory for C2-15 Slot and Flap Aerofoil................................................................................................................. 27
Theory for C2-16 Pitot Static Tube ......................................................................................................................... 29
Theory for C2-17 Yaw Probe ................................................................................................................................... 30
Theory for C2-19 Pressure Cylinder ....................................................................................................................... 31
Theory for C2-20 Flutter Wing................................................................................................................................ 32

24
1.41 Nomenclature


Name Symbol Units Definition

Tunnel velocity v m/s
v =
2P

a

Difference between static and
stagnation pressure
P
P =
m
gh
=
m
gd/k
Manometer fluid density
m
kg/m
Gravitational constant g N/m g = 9.81 N/m
True difference in manometer
level
h
d sin
= d/k
Indicated difference in levels
on tilted manometer
d m Measured
Manometer inclination angle Measured
Magnification factor k Reciprocal of sin (Marked)
Chord length c m Measured
Kinematic viscosity of air Referenced
Reynolds Number Re - R
e
=

vc

Lift force L Sv
2
C
L

Drag force D Sv
2
C
D

Area of aerofoil S Length x Span
Air Temperature T K Measured if desired
Air density kg/m Referenced
Coefficient of lift C
L
-
2L
Sv
2

Coefficient of drag C
D
-
2D
Sv
2

Angle of attack (incidence)
Angle between chord of wing
and mean air flow direction


25

1.42 Theory for C2-14 Pressure Wing and Rake
When setting the aerofoil at a chosen angle of attack it should be noted that the indicator
is subject to manufacturing tolerances. The aerofoil model is instrumented with pressure
tappings on one surface only. Pressure distributions on the upper and lower surfaces are
obtained at + ve and - ve angles of attack.
Record pressure distribution for the upper and lower surfaces of the aerofoil at different
angles of attack from = 0 up to and beyond stall. Manometer levels should be noted
relative to a tunnel static datum level.
Results obtained may be plotted on lines normal to the aerofoil surface to give pressure
distribution curves for each angle of attack.
Experiments may be carried out at different air velocities and the pressure distribution
curves compared for a fixed angle of attack.
Reynold's number (R
e
) may be obtained from the relationship

R
e
=

vc

where
v is the tunnel velocity
c is the chord length
is the kinematic viscosity of the air

A simple technique allows flow visualisation around the wing (this may also be used with
the plain cylinder any of the other optional models available for use with C2-10). A
lightweight twine follows the flow contour around the model and shows if and where
boundary layer separation (breakaway) occurs and where the flow becomes turbulent or
reverses.
The twine passes through a stainless steel L shaped tube that is located by a gland in the
floor of the working section at the upstream end.
A simple adjustment arrangement allows the length and position of the twine to be varied.
The vertical position of the twine can be varied by sliding the L shaped tube up or down
in the gland. The horizontal position of the twine can be varied by rotating the L shaped
tube in the gland. The length of the twine can be varied by allowing more or less twine to
pass through the tube then securing the twine to the tube by sliding the O ring over the
end of the tube. Adjustment of the length is best carried out when the Wind Tunnel is
operating. The end of the twine should be tied to the O ring before operating the fan so
that the twine cannot accidentally enter the working section and become entangled with
the fan.

The solid cylinder is also mounted in a vertical plane and clamped by means of the large
washers (one to be placed each side of the slot in the tunnel base) and knurled screw in
26
the end of the cylinder. The cylinder should be mounted at the most upstream end of the
slot.
Wake traverses of total head may be made for either the aerofoil or the cylinder, by
placing the rake approximately 100mm behind the model, with the total head tubes
pointing upstream. The rake has two slots in the base, to enable the unit to be positioned
appropriately, and clamped in the tunnel base slot. The numbered tubing should be taken
to the Multi Tube Manometer C2-13.
It is important to place the appropriately sized cover plates over the remaining slot area in
the base of the tunnel.
27
1.43 Theory for C2-15 Slot and Flap Aerofoil
Care should be exercised when determining the angle of incidence of the aerofoil to the
air stream. A datum position (i.e. = 0) should be obtained where the lift component of
the symmetrical aerofoil, without addition of slot or flap, is zero. All readings should be
corrected to this datum. A set of performance curves for the aerofoil are included
overleaf. These show lift and drag characteristics for a typical production aerofoil at
varying angles of incidence to the air stream. The curves are included for guidance only
since results for a specific aerofoil will depend on inherent manufacturing tolerances. It
should be noted that the curves are plotted as lift and drag coefficients against angle of
incidence.
These parameters are obtained from the standard equations:
L = Sv
2
C
L
and D = Sv
2
C
D

where
L = lift force
D = drag force
S = area of aerofoil (length x span)
v = air velocity
= air density
C
L
= lift coefficient
C
D
= drag coefficient

Then Lift coefficient C
L
=
2L
Sv
2

and Drag coefficient C
D
=
2D
Sv
2


In addition to the curves shown overleaf, the ratio of C
L
/C
D
may be plotted against angle
of incidence to demonstrate the efficiency of the aerofoil.
28
Typical Lift and Drag Curves for the C2-15 Aerofoil








1 Aerofoil with split flap
2 Aerofoil with leading edge slot
3 Aerofoil alone
29
1.44 Theory for C2-16 Pitot Static Tube
Application of Bernoulli's Equation to the Pitot Static Tube provides the relationship
(assuming the flow to be incompressible at the low velocities experienced within the
wind tunnel):-
v =
2P

a

where
P is the difference in pressure between the total and static
tappings (N/m
2
).

a
is the density of air (kg/m
3
).
v is the point velocity (m/s).

P is measured using the Tilting Manometer when
P =
m
gh
where

m
= manometer fluid density (kg/m
3
).
g = gravitational constant (9.81).
h = true difference in manometer heights.

Now
h = d sin
where
d = indicated difference in levels on the tilted
manometer.
= angle of inclination to the horizontal.

The reciprocal of sin which may be called k is marked on the manometer tilt scale as a
magnification factor (x1.5, x2 or x3)
so that
h = d/k
and P =
m
gd/k
30
1.45 Theory for C2-17 Yaw Probe

The Yaw probe consists of a three Total head tubes; one central tube with two tubes located at
equal angles, on either side. This arrangement allows the direction of the air flow to be
determined and the central Total head tube to be accurately aligned with the direction of flow.

The three tappings on C2-17 should be connected to the C2-13 Inclined manometer or similar
device.

The Yaw probe should be rotated until the readings from the two side tappings are the same. At
this position the central Total head tube is pointing directly into the airstream and the magnitude
and direction can be measured.

Since the Yaw probe only incorporates a Total head tapping and no static tapping (as in the case
of the Pitot static tube C2-16) it will be necessary to relate the total head measurement from the
central tapping to the static pressure inside the duct to determine the air velocity.

31

1.46 Theory for C2-19 Pressure Cylinder
The air velocity should be adjusted to give a reasonable spread of manometer levels, with
the board inclined at 30 degrees to the horizontal (x2). Manometer levels for each tapping
point should be recorded relative to a datum static tapping in the tunnel wall. The cylinder
may be turned through 180 and the test repeated to demonstrate the symmetry of the
pressure profile.
The test may be repeated for differing air velocities and pressure distributions plotted for
0 to 180. A theoretical distribution may be plotted from the relationship



P- P
o
1
2
v
2
= 1 - 4 sin2

Where
P = measured pressure
p
o
= static pressure
= air density
v = air velocity
= angle between the radius to the tapping point
and the tunnel axis
This gives the distribution for a cylinder in an ideal fluid and comparison with the
practical results obtained will reveal a significant difference on the downstream side of
the cylinder. This is due to the properties of a real fluid giving rise to breakaway and eddy
formation.
32
1.47 Theory for C2-20 Flutter Wing
The analysis and control of the phenomenon of the flutter of an aerofoil in an air stream
has importance not only in the design of aircraft, but also civil and mechanical structures
such as bridges and towers.
Flutter is caused by damping between the aerodynamic forces generated by an aerofoil
and its inertial and structural stiffness, resulting in a binary instability between the
flexural and torsional natural modes of vibration. The general equation of motion of an
aerofoil in an air stream is expressed in matrix form by:-

(Inertia) (Aero Damping)
-
2

m, m x

b ( )
m x

B ( ), I

(

(



+ i VSc

1
z
. , 1

.
m
z
.
, m

.



(

(
+

(Aero Stiffness) (Structural Stiffness)
V
2
Sc
1
z
, 1

m
z
, m

(

(
+

k
t
, 0
0, k
r



(

(

`
)
z





`
)
=
0
0




`
)


Where
= frequency
= density of air
V = air speed
S = wing span
c = chord
m = moment
l = lift
k
t
= translational spring rate
k
r
= rotational spring rate
x

b = distance c.g to centre rotation

At the critical flutter speed the solution of the equation is of the form:-
Z = Z e
iwt

= e
iwt

The aerodynamic derivatives

1 , 1
z
etc. are dependent upon the frequency, , so that
precise solution must be achieved using an iterative process for .
33
Two-Dimensional Analysis of the Flutter Wing
The theoretical analysis of the two-dimensional model after Bisplinghoff requires that the
following physical parameters are determined:
1. The Centre of Rotation, cr
2. The Centre of Gravity, cg
3. The Translational Spring Constant, k
t

4. The Rotational Spring Constant, k
r

5. Aerofoil Chord, c
6. Aerofoil Span, S
7. The Mass of the Aerofoil, M
8. The Moment of Inertia of the Aerofoil, I
g


These parameters may be determined using the following procedures:
1. Centre of Rotation
Since the suspension springs are of equal stiffness, it may be assumed that this lies on
the transverse line of symmetry of the springs.

2. Centre of Gravity
This may be determined simply for the section by balancing the Aerofoil over a knife
edge.

3. Translation Spring Constant
This may be determined by measuring the static deflection of the spring due to a
known load.

4. Rotational Spring Constant
This may be obtained by suspending the aerofoil on its springs, placing a known
concentrated load at a known distance from the centre of rotation, and measuring the
deflection at the leading and trailing edges of the aerofoil.

5. and 6. The Chord
Span and mass of the aerofoil are obtained by direct measurements.

7. Moment of Inertia
This may be calculated from the natural period of oscillation, determined by means of
a simple torsional pendulum.

34
Calculation
The physical parameters given below were measured on the Armfield Flutter
Wing and should approximate to those of all Armfield Model Flutter Wings:



Constants: Specific mass of air = 1.23kg/m
3

Gravitational constant g = 9.81m/sec
2


The Flutter Speed = U
f
m/sec:
Chord, c = 100mm,
b = 50mm,
Span, S = 230mm
s = 63.34mm,
s
1
= 9.06mm :-

Therefore:-
Centre of Rotation, 1
r
= 40.9mm
Centre of Gravity, 1
g
= 43.9mm
Weight of Wing and End Plates, W = 59.5 x 10
-3
kg
I
g
= 0.41 x 10
-4
kg.m
2

Translational Spring Constant, k
t
= 558 N/m
Rotational Spring Constant, k
r
= 0.558 N.m/rad

35
Hence natural structural frequencies:-
Translational,
h
=

k
t
W
= 96.6 rad/sec
Rotational,

=

k
r
I
g
= 116.0 rad/sec
Mass per Unit Span, M = W/S = 0.259 kg/m

The parameters are non-dimensional in the following manner:

=
Distance from c.r. to mid - chord
semi - chord, b
C
m
( ) = 0.182
X

=
Distance from c.r. to c.g.
Semi - chord, b
= 0.060
I

=
I
g
S
= 1.78 10
4
kg.m
2
/ m, inertia per unit span


Therefore

r
2

=
I

M.b
2
= 0.275
M
b
2
= 26.8

= 0.834


Bisplinghoff's

analysis is for a simplified system with two degrees of freedom and curves
of U
f
/b

versus
h
/

are presented, bounded by the parameters:

M
b
2
; X

;r
2

The values of these parameters, calculated from the Armfield model, are compared with
the closest values given in the reference:-

Reference: Bisplinghoff R.L., Ashley H., Halfman, R.L., Aerolasticity,

Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. Inc. 1955

36
r
2

M/b
2


Calculated from Armfield model 0.275 0.060 26.8
Reference* value 0.25 0.01 30.0

Thus interpolating from the reference curves:


U
f
b.

1.75 Where b.

= 5.8m/sec

Therefore calculated flutter speed, U
f
= 10.2m/sec
37

Installation Guide


1.48 Installing the C2-10 Subsonic Wind Tunnel
The apparatus should be carefully unpacked and the components checked against the
Advice Note (A copy of the Advice Note is supplied with this instruction manual for
reference).
Any omissions or breakages should be notified to Armfield Ltd within three days of
receipt.
Any omissions or breakages should be notified immediately to the Insurance Agent stated
on the Insurance Certificate if the goods were insured by Armfield Ltd. Your own
insurers should be notified immediately if insurance was arranged by yourselves.
Position the wind tunnel in position, ensuring that the position chosen is strong enough to
support the weight of the apparatus. The frame is mounted on castors to assist in moving
the apparatus. For safety reasons it is preferable to position the inlet and outlet ends of the
tunnel such that it is not necessary to walk past them when the apparatus is in use (i.e.
avoid positioning the inlet or outlet facing a thoroughfare).
Remove the protective tape is placed from the end of the contraction and diffuser section
(contraction end).
The wind tunnel balance (used for measuring lift and drag forces) is supplied partially
dismantled for safe packing. Match the supplied components against the packing list and
identify the following:
o Lift arm, together with the larger cylindrical counterbalance weight, largest sliding
rectangular weight, protractor and cursor, model support rod and spindle block.
o Spindle, to which is attached the stabilising weight and cruciform damper vane.
o Drag arm, together with the smaller cylindrical counterbalance weight, the smaller
of the two large sliding rectangular weights and the trunnion block.
o Two smaller sliding weights. The larger of these is the secondary lift weight, the
smaller the secondary drag weight.
o One litre of heavy gear oil.
o Balance storage stand.

Before operating the equipment, it must be unpacked, assembled and
installed as described in this Installation Guide. Safe use of the
equipment depends on following the correct installation procedure.
38
1.49 Assembling the lift and drag balance
Push the stabilising weight spindle into the spindle
block.


Ensure that the cruciform vane arms are at 45 to
the balance arm, and then lock the spindle into
position with the grub screw mounted in the spindle
block (using the key provided).


Unlock the clamping screw and slide back wind tunnel working section to its fully open
position.
Remove oil level plug from damping pot and place any convenient empty container under
the oil reservoir plug hole.
Fill the damping pot with the supply of heavy gear oil, leaving the plug off for the time
being.
Place the drag arm assembly on the support ring,
such that the knife edges fit into the machined
grooves in the support.


The end of the drag arm should be within the cut-out of
the null indicator.


39
Place the lift assembly on the trunnion
block such that the knife edges fit into the
machined grooves in the trunnion block.

As the assembly is lowered, the damper vanes will displace some oil from the damping
pot through the plug hole. When the oil stops flowing, replace the plug.
Place the secondary sliding weights on their respective balance arms, i.e. the smaller on
the drag arm, the larger on the lift arm.
Slide all weights into their zero position and check that both balance indicators point to
zero. If not, slacken the locking screws on the counterbalance weights with the key
provided, and adjust until zero is obtained. Re-tighten the screws.
The balance is now ready for use, although additional adjustment of the weights may be
required depending on the model used:
o For any model that has its centre of gravity and lift coincident with vertical
spindle axis (including all Armfield accessories involving lift measurements), no
adjustment is required.
o For models where this is not the case, e.g. the Armfield Drag Models C2-18, it is
necessary to adjust the drag arm counter-weight until zero balance is obtained
with the model in position but with no air flowing through the tunnel.
When the balance is not required for model tests, the trunnion block and two balance
weights may be removed from the support ring, and the whole assembly placed in the
balance stand supplied separately.

1.50 C2-13 Multi-Tube Manometer
The Manometer Board is installed by bolting the two mounting brackets at the back of the
board through the hole provided on the table top, just to the right of the air speed
indicator.
The reservoir, to be filled with the manometer liquid, is mounted on a vertical rod at the
left of the board, such that the position of the datum manometer tube levels may be
adjusted to convenient heights before commencing an experiment. A plastic tube
connects the reservoir to the base of the manometer manifold assembly.

1.51 C2-14 Pressure Wing and Rake
The lift and drag balance should be removed and stored on its separate stand.
The wing is mounted in a vertical plane in the working section, and secured in position by
two screws through the ceiling of the tunnel, and the thumb screw clamp through the slot
in the base.
40
The tubing from the tapping holes is taken to the manometer board.
Appropriate size cover plates should be used to block up the free area of slot in the base
of the tunnel.

The flow visualisation arrangement should be installed as follows:-
Screw the gland into the tapping in the floor of the working section at the upstream end
(from the outside of the tunnel).
Feed the twine through the L shaped tube leaving a short length protruding from the
long leg of the tube.
Open the working section and insert the long leg of the L shaped tube through the gland
(after feeding the twine through the hole in the gland).
Tighten the gland sufficiently to retain the L shaped tube in position but to allow it to be
moved / rotated when required.
Outside the working section, tie the exposed end of the twine to the O ring then slide the
O ring over the end of the tube to retain the twine.

1.52 2-15 Slot and Flap Aerofoil
Fit the lift and drag balance as described previously, if not already fitted.
Mount the aerofoil vertically in the lift and drag balance, and lock at the chosen angle of
attack.
Adjust the drag counterbalance to give null deflection on the indicator with no air flow.

1.53 C2-16 Pitot Static Tube and C2-17 Yaw Probe
Remove the red plastic cover plug from the hole in the side of the test section.
Slide the instrument through the hole.
A coupling on the stem of the probe engages in the female thread of the wall fitting and
should be screwed up tight.
Connect the pressure tappings to the Manometer Board, C2-13.
Position an appropriately sized cover plate is positioned over the slot in the base of the
tunnel.
Traverses may be made by unscrewing the smaller coupling on the stem from the larger
and adjusting the position of the probe as required.

1.54 C2-18 Drag Models
Fit the lift and drag balance as described previously, if not already fitted.
Position the spare spindle in the lift and drag balance so that the two locating pins at the
base of the support rod fit into the balance socket.
41
Cover the remaining exposed slot in the tunnel base as much as possible using the cover
plates provided.
Adjust the drag counterbalance weight to give null deflection with no air flow.
Use the spindle to determine the drag of the support spindles of the drag models. The
spindle drag may then be subtracted from the total drag measured for each model. Once a
drag velocity curve has been established this may be kept with the wind tunnel and used
for future calculations.
Each model is mounted in the balance in the same way as the spare spindle. The locating
pins ensure that axis-symmetric flow will occur over the model with the height between
model centre line and balance knife edges correct for the balance calibration.
The remaining slot area must be covered with the plates provided.
Adjustment of the drag counterbalance weight will be necessary for each model to
achieve null deflection with no air flow. This is due to weight differences between the
models.

1.55 C2-19 Pressure Cylinder
The lift and drag balance should be removed and stored on its separate stand.
Mount the C2-19 vertically in the slot in the tunnel base. In order to ensure that the first
tapping hole is at 0 to the air stream, two marks have been made on the tunnel base.
These should be aligned with appropriate marks on the flange at the lower end of the
cylinder.
Clamp the cylinder into position at the upstream end using the large knurled nut.
Take the pressure tapping tubes through the tunnel base, and connect them to the
manometer board.
Cover the remaining slot area in the base of the tunnel with a suitable cover plate.



Refer to the Operational Procedures section in the product manual for
further information.
42

















This page intentionally blank

























Main Office:

Armfield Limited
Bridge House
West Street
Ringwood
Hampshire
England BH24 1DY

Tel:
Fax:
Email:
Web:
+44 (0)1425 478781
+44 (0)1425 470916
sales@armfield.co.uk
http://www.armfield.co.uk

US Office:

Armfield Inc.
436 West Commodore Blvd (#2)
Jackson, NJ 08527


Tel:
Fax:
Email:

(732) 928 3332
(732) 928 3542
Armfield@optonline.net