Accounting, Law & Economics 28 November

ACCOUNTING, LAW &
ECONOMICS
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ACCOUNTING, LAW &
ECONOMICS
Dr. T.K. Jain.
AFTERSCHO☺OL
Centre for social entrepreneurship
Bikaner M: 9414430763
tkjainbkn@yahoo.co.in
www.afterschool.tk, www.afterschoool.tk
A cheque for Rs. 500 received
from Yuvraj & C was dishonoured
and debited to Discount Account.
Due to rectification of this error, net
profit will:
• (a) Decrease by Rs. 1,000
• (b) Increase by Rs. 500
• (c) Increase by Rs. 1,000
• (d) No change
• Solution
•www.afterschoool.tk
(b) AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Sale to Mr. Z of Rs.3 000 on credit
was recorded twice in the sales
book. The rectification entry is:
• (a) Mr. Z will be credited
• (b) Mr. Z will be debited
• (c) Sales account will be credited
• (d) None
• Solution
• (a) along with debiting the sales account.
Find the mean of the following
observations
X=2, 5 7, 8, 13
• Mean = (2+ 5+ 7+ 8+ 13)/5= 7

What will happen if the mean of the
transformed series become 10
• Standard deviation will remain the same

as earlier, but the mean will change to 10.
• Ans.

By changing the value, we see that
std. dev. Remains unchanged
2 -5 25 5 -5 25
5 -2 4 8 -2 4
7 0 0 10 0 0
8 1 1 11 1 1
13 6 36 16 6 36
7 13.2 10 13.2
3.63318 3.63318
In the given question, if the mean of
the transformed series becomes 14
and the standard
deviation becomes double the
standard deviation of the given
series,what will happen? .

Solution
• As you can see, we 2 4 -10 100
have multiplied each
5 10 -4 16
value by 2. thus we
have obtained 7 14 0 0
doubled the standard 8 16 2 4
deviation.
13 26 12 144
• The mean has now
become 14. ans. 7 14 52.8
7.26636

Total income 30,000, total direct
expenses Rs 10,000,
Miscellaneous income
Rs 5,000 the gross profit will be
• (30000 – 10000 – 5000)

• Gross profit = 15000
• Miscellaneous income will be taken up in
P & L account.
The Company made Purchase of
Rs. 3,40,000 on credit. During
March, the company paid Rs.
3,50,000 to suppliers. The goods
are sold at 25% above cost. The
Sales for the month of March were
• Opening stock = 1.8 lakhs and closing

stock = 1 lakh find the sales.

Solution – statement of goods
• Op. stock 180000 • Sale : 420000
• Purchase 340000
• Closing stock 100000

Solution
• Cost of sales : 420000
• Add margin: 25% = 105000
• Thus sale price = 525000

Solve it
• Opening Stock 40,000
• Closing Stock 50,000
• Purchases 5,50,000
• Return outward 5,000
• Return inward 20,000
• Carriage inward 5,000
• If gross profit is 20% of sales, the gross
sales will be:
Solution
• Purchase 550000 – 5000 = 545000
• Add opening stock = 40000
• Less closing stock = 50000
• Total = 535000
• Add carriage inward = 5000
• Total = 540000
• Add gross profit : 20% of sales or 25% of cost :
135000
• Net sales = 675000 gross sales =
(675000+20000) = 695000 answer.

• Goti sells goods at 1/3rd above cost. His
sales were Rs. 10,20,000( during the year.
However, he sold damaged goods for Rs.
20,000 costing Rs. 30,000. This sale is
included in Rs. 10,20,000. The amount of
gross profit is:

Question…
• A Ltd. issued 10,000 12% Debentures of Rs. 10 each
at par which are redeemable at the end of each year
in equal lots in 5 years at a premium of 30%. The
amount of loss on redemption of debentures to be
written off in fourth and fifth year will be
• Solution
• The debentures to be written off : 2000 each year,
thus loss to be written off :
• 30000*2/15 = 4000 and 30000 * 1/15 = 2000.
• Sum of the years : 15 for last year : 1/15 for second
last year : 2/15
• Total loss : 3*10000 = 30000. ans.
Solution
• Let us take 25% of 10,00,000 = 2,50,000 –
abnormal loss 10000 = 240000 answer.

An asset has a useful life of 4
years. If it is depreciated by
diminishing balance method Its
book value at the end of 4 years is
24% of its original cost, what is the
rate of depreciation applied
• Let us assume the value to be 100. Value
at the end of 4 years: 100 *(100-X)/100
*(100-X)/100*(100-X)/100*(100-x)/100 =
24/100
Solution
• When we multiply .7^4 (four times) we get
.24. Thus the rate is 30% answer.

Economic Models and Theories
• Models and Theories
– are frameworks based on simplifying
assumptions
– help to organize our economic thinking
www.afterschoool.tk Chapter 2.1 21

DATA
• Data are pieces of evidence about
behaviour
– They help us quantify theoretical
relationships
– They help us test our models or our beliefs
• Types of data
– Time-series data
– Cross-section data
– Longitudinal data
Examples…
Time-Series Data
Table 2.1 Cigarette Prices and Price Indexes
Date Price of 200 Cigarette Price CPI Cigarette Real
Cigarettes ($) Index Price Index
Mar/00 35.39 100 100 100.0
Jun 34.40 97.2 100.9 96.3
Sep 36.28 102.5 101.8 100.7
Dec 36.59 103.4 102.5 100.8
… … … … …
Mar/03 62.69 177.2 109.0 162.5
Jun 64.47 182.2 108.9 167.3
Sep 64.63 182.6 109.3 167.0
Dec 69.64 196.8 109.4 179.8
Cross-Sectional Data
Table 2.2 Unemployment by Country (%)

Canada U.S. Japan Germany France U.K. Ireland
2002 7.7 5.8 5.4 8.2 8.9 5.1 4.3
2003 7.6 6.0 5.3 9.1 9.5 4.9 4.6
2004 7.2 5.5 4.7 9.5 9.6 4.7 4.5

Index Number
• Choose reference point
– Set the price value equal to 100
– Table 2.1, use March 2000 as base year
Base year index value
= $35.39 x (100/$35.39) = 100
Index value in March 2003
= $62.69 x (100/$35.39) = 177.2
Percentage change Mar/00 to Mar/03
= (177.2-100)/100 = 77.2%
Index Number
• Index numbers as average
• Weighted average of the component price
indexes
Oil Natural coal
• Example:
gas
50% 30% 20%
Fuel price index
= oil price index x 0.5 +
natural gas price index x 0.3 +
coal price index x 0.2

Index Number
• Consumer Price Index (CPI)
• Nominal and real variables
Percentage change in tobacco real price index
= (Nominal Index/CPI – 1) x 100
Apply the data from Mar/00 to Mar/03 (Table 2.1)
= (177.2/109.1 – 1) x 100
= 62.5
• Quality and Technological Change
• Measuring Change in Economic Variables
Economic Models and Analysis
• Example:
Health Canada: Model of the Effect of
Smoking
• Focusing on key elements
Smoking = f(price of cig., peer pressure,
messages, price of the “patch”)
Evidence…

Fitting Lines Through the Scatter
Plot
Figure 2.3 Scatter Plot of Cig. Sales and Prices (1981 – 1990)
250.5
200.5
Real Price Index
150.5
100.5
50.5
0.5
40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75
Billions of Cigarette Sales

Interpreting Linear Relationship
• Define the line:
P =240-3Q
• Intercept reflects the value
of P when Q is zero
P = 240 - 3 x 0 = 240 Intercept
• Slope shows the effect of
change in Q on change in P 240
Slope = 240/80 = 3.0
1 unit change in Q
3 units change in P Price Index
• Downward, negatively
sloped
Sales in Billions 80
Economic Model and Analysis
• Non-linear Relationship
• Other things Being Equal Assumption
– Increasing tobacco taxes
Illustrated…

Fitting Lines Through the Scatter
Plot
Figure 2.6 Shift in Price-Purchase Relationship
Adding observations for the

300.5 period of 1991-1993
250.5
Real Price Index
Slope is steeper
200.5
150.5
100.5
50.5
0.5
40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75
Billions of Cigarette Sales

Theories and Evidence:
Accepting and Rejecting Theories
• Scatter diagrams help us to confront
economic theory with empirical reality
• Econometrics takes this further using
statistical techniques
• Evidence may allow us to reject a
theory
• Or to accumulate support for it

Solve it …
• Goti drew a bill for Rs.9,000 on Jitu on 1st July,
2006 for three months. Goti got the bill
discounted with the bank for Rs.8, 820 and
remitted one third of the amount to Jitu. On the
due date, Goti failed to remit the amount due to
Jitu but he accepted a bill for Rs.12,600 for three
months which Jitu discounted for Rs.12,330 and
remitted Rs.2,220 to Goti . Before the maturity of
the renewed bill, Goti became insolvent and
only 50% was realized from his estate on 1
January, 2007.
Solution
• In the books of Goti :
• B.R. A/c Dr. 9000
• To Jitu 9000 (accommodation bill)
• Bank Ac dr. 8820
• Dis dr. 180
• To B/r 9000
• Jitu. Dr. 3000
• To bank 2940
• To Discount 60

Solution …
• Jitu Ac dr. 12600
• To BP 12600
• Bank Ac. Dr. 2220
• Discount A..c dr. 180
• Jitu Ac Dr. 6000
• To Jitu A.c 8400
• (amount of Rs. 6000 due was adjusted by Jite and amount
received Rs. 2220 after deducting bank commission of Rs. 180,
Jitu has given our share of Rs. 2400).
• Jitu Ac. Dr. 2100
• To Bank 2100
• (5j0% of the money due to Jitu was paid after insolvency).

• Goti , Monu and Ajay were in partn Goti and
Monu sharing profits and losses in the proportion
of 3:1 and Ajay receiving a salary of Rs. 50,000
plus 5% of the profit after charging his salary
and his 5% of the profit or 1/7 of the profits of the
firm whichever is higher. Any excess of the latter
over the former under the partnership
agreement to be charged to Goti . The profit for
the year ended 31st March 2007 is Rs.6,50,000
after charging Ajay ’s salary.
• You are required to show the distribution of
profits among the partners.
Solution
• Profit : 650000
• 5% profit: 650000*5/105= 30952
• 1/7 of profit: 700000/7= 100000
• Thus Ajay will get Rs. 50000 + 30952 or
Rs. 100000 witch ever is higher – thus he
will take 100000. Goti will bear : 100000 –
80952 = 19048
• Thus shares are :Goti: 445238,
Monu154762 Ajay 100000
Goti contracted to make and deliver 350
pairs of shoes to Double in January. A
strike of Goti’s employees prevented him
from implementing his contract. In a suit by
Double for breach of contract, Goti claims
that the contract was terminated by
impossibility of performance. Is his defence
good?
• Double can claim damages.

Question on limitation act?
• X owes Y two sums (X has to pay two
amounts to Y), one for Rs. 2,000 which is
barred by Limitation and another for Rs.
2,500-which is not barred. X pays Y Rs.
1,000 on account Later Y sues for Rs.
2500. X pleads; what should be his
argument?
• Solution: X should plead that this amount
is towards 2500 (which is not time barred)

When an inferior right accruing to a
party in a contract merges into a
superior right accruing to the same
party, then what happens:
• Inferior right will merge in the superior
charge and get discharged as now only
superior matter will remain.

Revenue is said to be realized
when:
• (a) Cash is received
• (b) Sales are made
• (c) Goods are manufactured
• (d) Cheque is realised
• Answer:
• B.

The value of asset after deducting
depreciation from the historical cost
is known as:
• Book value

A contracts to sell to B all the oil to be
produced from harvested from A’s farm.
The crops having been harvested made
therefrom, A fills the oil in the cans
supplied by B. Does property in oil pass to
B?
• No, property passes only when delivery or

symbolic delivery is made. In this case A has not
made the delivery yet. So still A is the owner of
the goods. B will become owner only when A
hands over the delivery to B. ans.
Goti, a partner of a firm, borrows
money on his own credit by giving
his own promissory note for the
same, but he subsequently uses
the proceeds of the note in the
partnership concern of his own free
will without any reference to the
lender to do so. Is the firm liable?
• No. the firm is not liable for this amount. However, if the
lender and partners know about it , the firm will be liable.
Goti Bikaneri sends out 1,000 boxes costing
1,00,000 to Pawan of Jaipur at cost +20%
consignor’s expenses were
Freight Its 6,000
Insurance Rs. 2.000
Consignees expenses were
Loading and Unloading charges Rs. 10000
Salesman salary Rs. 6,000 and
Commission 2% on Gross sale
What will be the amount of profit it ¾ goods
sold by consignee at Rs 1,00,000

Solution
• Cost = 100000
• Add 20% = 120000
• Goods sold = 75000 sale value 100000
• Commission = 2000
• Closing stock :
• 25000 + ¼ of expenses (18000) = 29500

Gross profit
• Purchase 100000 • Closing stock 29500
• Expenses 18000 • Sales 100000
• Salary 6000
• Commission 2000
• Gross profit : 3500
• Total : 129500

What will be the book value of the asset as
at the beginning of fourth
year:
• Original Cost .= Rs. 1,26,000
• Salvage ValueRs. 6,000
• Useful Life = 6 Year
• 126000 – 6000
• =120000
• Sum of the year’s digit method:
• Total dep. For first 3 years: 15/21*120000
• =85714
• Thus value left out is : 40285.7 answer.

Attempt it
• Obsolescence means decline in the value
due to:
• (a) Fall in the market price
• (b) Physical wear and tear
• (c) efflux of time
• (d) Innovations and inventions
• Correct answer:
• (c)
• Following trading results are a in respect
ni the business carried on 1 a unit
• 2003 — Loss Rs 20,000
• 2004— Loss Rs 5,000
• 2005 — Profit Rs 3 0000
• 2006— Piotit Rs 15 000
• The value of goodwill on the basis of 3
year purchase of average profit :
Solution
• Average profit :
• (45000 – 25000) = 20000/4 years = 5000
• Three year purchase :5000*3 =15000
• Answer.

the Indian economy aimed at an
annual growth rate of 8 per cent in
national income,
assuming incremental capital —
output-ratio of 3.5:1 what would be
the required rate of
investment as percent of national
income?
• If you invest 3.5, you get 1. thus in order to
get 8, you have to invest: 28 answer.
• Sundry Debtors on 3 March, 2006 are Rs.
55,200. Further Bad debts are Rs. 200:
Provision for doubtful debts are to be made on
debtors 5% and provision of discount is to be
made on debtors @ 2%. The amount provision
of discount on debtors will be::
• (a) Rs. 1,045
• (b) Rs. 2,750
• (c) Rs. 1,100
• (d) Rs. 2,760

Solution
• 55200 – 200
• 55000
• Now deduct 5% provision for doubtful
debt: 55000-2750
• Thus provision will be made on 52250
• 2% of this amount is 1045 which is
provision for discount on debtors. Answer.

In a certain code COMPUTER is
written as RFUVQNPC , how is the
MEDICINE written in the same
code?
• As we can see that the first letter is written
at the end and the last letter is written first.
All other letter have been reversed in their
positions and have been moved up by one
position, we can solve for medicine also:
• EOJDJEFM answer
On simplification (2+sqrt(3)) /(2-
(sqrt(3)) is equal to ?
• In order to solve such question, first we
should multiply it with such numbers so
that we may solve the denominator. So let
us first multiply by : (2+sqrt(3))
/(2+(sqrt(3)) {(a-b) * (a+b) = a^2-b^2 }
• Thus we get (2+ sqrt(3))^2 /1
• (a+b)^2 = a^2 + 2ab+b^2
• =4 + 4sqrt(3) + 3. = 7 + 4 sqrt(3)
• =13.9 answer.
What is the ratio of production of
1921 to 1929 with the data below?

Solution
• 44: 118 or 22:59 answer.

Increase in production was highest in
which year (in absolute v/s in %)?

Solution
• 1922 = from 44 to 68 answer.

In which year, we have highest
increase in odd years?

There is a rectangular box, which
has sides as 3*2 and height 1 feet.
It is cut in 6 equal parts. From top.
Top and bottom are white coloured
and sides are black coloured. How
many cubes are there with one side
black?

Solution
• As you can see there are 2 cubes with one
side black, there is no cube with 3 sides
black.
ONE SIDE BLACK

HOW MANY CU TUBES WILL
BE THERE WITH 3 SIDES
COLOURLESS?
• As we can see that all corner cubes have

2 sides colour less, the middle two cubes
have 3 sides colourless. The answer is 2.
answer.
Colourless
boundary

A waiter gets tips, that are 5/4
times of his salary. Then the ratio of
his income
from tips to his total income is?
• Answer = 5:4

What are the number of ways in
which 6 rings can be worn in 4
fingers?
• 6*6*6*6 = 6^4 answer.

Goti bought 4 bottles of PEPSI and
Sudha brought one large bottle of
Coke. The cost of COKE is twice
that of PEPSI. Goti paid Rs. 50 as
his share and both of them drank
equally., what was the cost of
COKE ?
• Total cost = 100.
• 4P + 2P (because one coke is equal to 2
pepsi), 6P = 100. P = 16.66. Coke = 33.3ans.
Solve it
• 100 liters of a mixture of Boric Acid and
water contains 80% Boric Acid. So what
amount of water should be added to the
mixture to reduce the strength of Boric
Acid in the mixture to 50%?

Solution
• Total liquid = 100 liters
• Boric acid = 80 liters
• We have to make it 50%, so the total liquid
should be 160 (just double of it). That
means we have to add 160-100 = 60 liters
of water.
• Answer.

Solve it
• If 7 men or 8 women or 10 boys can finish a
piece of work in 24.days each of 9 hours,
then find how many men with the help of 4
women and 5 boys can finish the work in 18
days each of 6 hours.
• Solution :
• 4 women = 5 boys, so 10 boys.
• 10*24/18*9/6* = 20 boys, we already have 10
boys, we need additional 10 boys to
complete the work. 10 boys are equal to 7
men, so we need 7 more men to complete the
work. Ans.
They ought to be here before now.
• Change before to by.

He is known about charity.
• Instead of about, use for.

The man laboured to good results.
• Change to into for

• Correct :
• The man laboured for good results.

I was on bed when he
telephoned me.
• Instead of on, use in
• I was in bed when he telephoned me.

This work of art is worthy for praise.
• Instead of worthy for praise, use praise-

worthy.
• OR
• This work of art is worthy of praise.

Which newspaper do you
subscribe for?
• Instead of for, use to.

He scoffed on the idea of
revolution.
• Instead of on, use at.

Where have you been to?
• There is no need of to.

• Where have you been?

He lives at Delhi in India.
• Correct sentence:
• He lives in Delhi in India.

The man died from fever.
• Use of instead of from.

Sumit rushed at my room, panting
for breath.
• Instead of at, use into.

The poor man is beset by
difficulties.
• Correct :
• The poor man is beset with difficulties.

Bitthal is distinguished
in the cartoons for his sense of
humour
• Instead of in, use for.

He is a descendant from the
Mughal royalty.
• Instead of from, use of.

The river flows below the bridge.
• Correct :
• The river flows under the bridge.

The weather was not very
congenial for him.
• The weather was not very congenial to
him.

We are expecting the reply till
evening.
• We are expecting the reply by evening.

He has not been cured for his
disease.
• He has not been cured of his disease.

We must not carp with the
errors of our ancestors.
• We must not carp at the errors of our
ancestors.

Patanjali is an authority for Sanskrit
grammar.
• Patanjali is an authority on Sanskrit
grammar.

The shopkeeper deals with
cotton and cloth.
• Correct :
• The shopkeeper deals in cotton and cloth.

SOLVE IT
• A salesman has a 35 hours per week
normal schedule. During normal hours he
gets Rs.40. per hour and for overtime he
gets 1.5 times his normal charges. What is
his income if he works for 60 hours in a
week?
• SOLUTION :
• 35*40 + 25*60 =1400+1500 = 2900 ANS.

What is the cube root of 571787?
• Options :
• 47
• 73,
• 83
• 93
• Answer :
• 83.

3A+2B / 5A-3B =12/15 what is the
ratio of A to B?
• 3A + 2B = 12 5A – 3B = 15
• Multiply the first equation with 5 and 2nd
equation with 3, we get :
• 15A + 10 B = 60 and
• 15A -9 B = 45
• 19 B = 15. thus B = 15/19
Solution …
• 3A + 2B = 12
• B =15/19
• Putting this value in the first equation.
• 3A + 30/19 = 12
• 3A = 12 -30/19 = 228 -30 / 19
• 3A = 198/19
• A = 198/57
• A: B = 198/57 : 15/19 = 22: 5
if p/q 2/3, what is the value
of p+q / p-q
• P=2
• Q =3
• Answer : (2+3) / (2-3)
• = - 5 answer.

Two dice are tossed
simultaneously. What is the
probability of getting the sum as a
prime number?
• Prime number : 2,3,5,7,11,

• Total possibilities = 6* 6 = 36
• Answer = 16 out of 36 or 16/36. ans.

Solution…
Total of 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
2 12
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 4 3 2

What is the value of * in the given
equation….

Solution
• We know that (A –B)^2 = A^2 – 2AB+ B^2
• A = 16/7
• B= 9/7, solutoin is 1. (16 -7 = 7,so 7/7)
• Thus the above equation is just expansion
of this equation. Thus the value of * is
2AB, out of which we already have B. thus
the remaining number is 2A = 32/7, we
already have 7, thus answer is 32.
There is a circular park of 20
meters diameter. Inside the circular
park is a path
1 meter wide. Find
the area of the park.
• Area of circle = pi* radius * radius

• = pi * 10^2 – 9^2 { A^2 – B^2=(A+B) (A-b)}
• = pi * 19*1 = 19 pi. Answer.

A can do a piece of work in 8 days,
B can do it in 9 days and C can do
it in 6 days. On the first two days A
& B work together and on the third
day C joins them. What is the total
number of days worked, needed to
complete the work?

Solution
• For the first 2 days – A and B are working
together… (2*1/8) + (2* 1/9) = 34/72
• Now A,B,C will work together:
• 1/8 +1/9 + 1/6 = 29/72
• They will complete the work in 72/29
• Now multiply this by (1- 34/72) * 72/29
• (because 34/72 work is already complete, the
remaining work is 38/72)
• =38/72 *72/29 = 38/29.
• Thus total time required is 2 +38/29 answer.

Surface area of a cube is 150 cm^2
. What is the length of its edge?
• Surface area of cube :

• Formula = 6 * Side * side
• 6 * side * side = 150
• Side * side = 25
• Side = 5 answer.

A circular cord of 35 cm is drawn
into a rhombus. what is the length
of its edge?
• Length of cord = 35 Cm
• Edge = 35/4 = 8.75 answer.

The age of the father is 4 times the
son’s age. 5 years ago it was 7
times the son’s age. What is his
age now?
• Let us assume father’s age = X , son’s
age is X /4 .
• (X-5) / (X/4 – 5) =7 or (X-5)/ (X – 20)/4 =7
Or 4X- 20 = 7X – 140
• - 3X = -120, or X = 40 Answer.
What is the difference between a
discount of 40% on Rs. 1000 and
two successive discounts of 35%
and 5% on the same amount?
• =1000*.35*.05 = discount of 350+32.5

• v/s discount of 400. the difference is : 17.5
answer.
A man sold a horse at a loss of 7%.
Had he been able to sell it at a gain
of 9%, it would have fetched Rs.64
more than it did. What is the cost
price of the horse?
• 64 *100/16 = 400 answer

Solve it ..
• On an article marked Rs.20000, a
customer has a choice between three
successive discounts of 20%, 2O% and
l0% and three successive discounts of
40%, 5% and 5%. By choosing the better
offer, determine the amount he can save.
• Solution :
• 20000*.8*.8*.9 v/s 20000*.6*.95*.95
• =12000 v/s 10300. thus savings are 1700.
A manufacturer sells a vehicle to a
dealer at a profit of
40%, the dealer sells it to a
customer at a profit of 30% and the
customer sells it to a friend for
Rs.7280 at a loss of 2O%. Find the
cost price of the vehicle for the
manufacturer?
• 7280*100/80*100/130*100/140 = 5000.
ans.
What profit percent is made by
selling an article at a certain price,
if by selling it at two-thirds of that
price, there would be a loss of
20%?
• 80 *3/2 = 120 thus there will be profit of
20%. Answer.

Two articles are sold at Rs.198
each such that a prof1t of 10% is
made on the first while a loss of
10% is incurred on the other. What
would be the net profit/loss on the
two transactions combined?

Solution
• Sold
• Profit on first 198 *10/110 =18
• Loss on 2nd = 198 * 10/90 =22
• There is net loss of Rs. 4

.A person purchases 50 dozen toys
at Rs.4 per dozen. Of these, 40
toys were found broken. At what
price should he
sell the remaining toys in order to
make a profit of 5%?

Solution
• No. toys : 50 * 12 = 600
• Defective = 40
• Net = 560
• Cost : 4 * 50 = 200
• add profit = 5% = 10
• Selling price = 210
• No. of dozens = 560/12 = 46.66 dozens
• New sale price per dozen= 4.5 answwer.
.A fruit vendor sells apples at cost
price but uses false weight
of 960 gm instead of 1 kg. Find the
gain %.
• Profit = 1000 grams – 960 grams
• = 40
• Cost = 960
• Profit = 40/960 *100 = 4.16% answer.
• A engaged 40 labourers on a job. He was
paid Rs.1,050 for the work. After retaining
20% of it, he distributed the remaining
amount amongst the labourers. If the
number of men to women labourers was
as 5: 3 and their wages were as 3 : 2,
then how much did a man get as wages?

Solution
• No . Of men = 5/ (5+3) *40 = 25
• 25 men were working
• Total payments to men:
• 5*3 = 15, women : 3*2 = 6
• Thus payment received was 15/21 *
(1050*.8)
• =total payment received = 600
• Payment per man – 600/25 = 24 answer.
arrange eight of the nine numbers 2,3,4,5,
7,10, 11,12,13 in the vacant squares of 3X4
array shown below so that the arithmetic
average of the numbers in each row and
column is the same integer.
What is their average?

Solution
• Let us add these numbers:
• Sum( 1,2,3,4,5, 7,9,10, 11,12,13,14,15, - X)
• X = left out number
• =106-X
• Let us assume average = Y
• The average is same, so total of columns
should be 4Y.
• 3*(4Y) = 106-X
• 12Y = 106 – X, by hit and trial, we know that X
should be 10. Thus Y = 8.
• Thus average is 8 and left out number is 10.
• Answer.
For how many integers N,
N/(20—n) is the square of an
integer?
• (a) 0 (b) 1
• (c) 2 (d) 3
• (e) 4
• Solution : square cannot be negative, so
20-N must be positive. Therefore N can be
upto 19 only. By trial, we can see that
when N = 16, this is square, there is no
other option, Thus
www.afterschoool.tk answer
AFTERSCHO☺OL's isFOR
MATERIAL B.PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Puzzle
• A truck tra veiled from town A to town B over several
days. During the first day, it covered 1/p of the total
distance, where p is a natural number. During the
second day, it travelled 1/q of the remaining
distance, where q is a natural number. Duthig the
third day, it travelled i/p of the distance remaining
after the second day, and during the fourth day, l/q
of the distance remaining after third day. By the end
of the fourth day the truck had travelled 3/4 of the
distance between A and B.
• The value of p+q is
• (a) 4 0) 5
• (c) 6 (d) 7
• (e) 8
Solution
• Try from options, it cannot be 5 or 6, it has to
be higher value 7 or 8. Let us try for 7.
• Let us assume that the number is 144 (we
have assumed it because 4*3*4*3 = 144)
• First day: 36 is used, left out is 108. 2nd day:
36 is used and left out is 72. 3rd day: 18 is
used and left out is 54. 4th day 18 is used and
left out is 36.
• We know that now 1/4 th is left out, so our
condition is fulfilled. Thus this is the answer.
•

In a certain factoiy, each day the expected
number of accidents is related to the number of
overtime hour by a linear equation. Suppose
that on one day there were 1000 overtime
hours logged and 8 accidents reported, and on
another day there were 400 overtime hours
logged and 5 accidents. What are the expected
numbers of accidents when no overtime hours
are logged?
• (a) 2 (b) 3
• (c) 4 (d) 5

Solution
• Let us frame 2 equations and use them to solve
this question:
• 8 = 1000X +Y
• 5 = 400 X +Y
• Solving these we get : 3 = 600X
• X = 1/200; putting this value, we get Y.
• Y = 3.
• Thus when there is no overtime, the number of
accident is 3. Answer.
In which year did the firm pay
maximum tax?

Solution
• Since all the figures are in %, we cannot
calculate the value of taxes paid as
absolute value. We are not aware of
change in sales also. So answer : cannot
be determined.

Solve it :
• Seven integers A, B, C,D, E, Fand G arc to be
arranged in an increasiug order such that
• i. First four numbers are in arithmetic progression.
• ii. Last four numbers are in geometric progression.
• iii. There exists one number between E and G.
• iv. There exist no numbers between A and B.
• v. D is the smallest number and E is the greatest.
• Vi. A / D = G /C = F / A >1
• vii. E= 960
• What is E / A?

SOLUTION
• F is more than A and A is more than D
and G is more than C.
• D is smallest :D - - - - - - E (G will come
one less than E, A and B are close. C has
to be near D.
• DC BAGFE
• The last four are in GP.
• Thus E = A *r^3 (because it is GP) and A
= D +3(common difference)
Continued…
• E = 960
• Let us find factors of 960
• 2*2*2*2*2*2*3*5
• Thus A must be 15 and ratio must be 4
• The numbers will be : 15,60,240,960.
• Or A may be 120 and ratio may be 2, the numbers
will be 120,240,480 and 960
• Thus F/A = 240/15 = 16 or 480/120 = 2.
• The 2nd option is better. Thus A/D = 2 and D = 60
• We can write that A = D + (3*common difference)
• =120=60 +(3*common difference).
Continued…
• 120=60 +(3*common difference).
• Common difference is 20
• Thus the numbers are :
• 60,80,100,120,240,480,960
• Thus we can find answer to the question:
E/A
• =960/120 = 8 answer.

Goti and Nitin could do a piece of
work in 12 days. Nitin and Kap
together
do lt In 15 days. If Goti is twice as
good a workman as Kap, find
in how many days Goti alone will
do it?

Solution
• G = 2K (now add the two equations)
• 2K+N+N+K = 1/12+1/15 = 27/180,
• K+N = 1/15 or 2 (K+N) = 2/15
• 3K +2N = 3/20
• K = 3/20 – 2/15 = 1/60
• Thus Kap can do it in 60 days.
• Goti being twice fast, can do it in 30 days
alone. Answer.
Goti car paint a fence 100 metres
long in 6 days,
then how much time will both
Goti and his friend Kap
take, if Kap is thrice as efficient
as Goti?
• Goti’s one day work = 1/6, Kap=3*1/6
• 1/6 + 3/6 = 4/6
• Thus they will take 6/4 = 1.5 days to
complete the work.
Two pipes A and B can fill a cistern
in 10 and 15 minutes
respectively. Both pipes are
opened together but at the end of 3
minutes, ‘B’ is turned off. How
much time will the cistern take to
fill?
• 3/10 +3/15 = 75/150 thus the remaining
pipe A will take 5 minutes to fill up the
tank. Total time: 2+5 = 7 minutes. Ans.
Explanation
• 75/150 = is half of the total pip3 thus the
pipe is helf illed. Thus A can fill the
remaining portion in 5 minutes (it takes 10
minutes to fill completely).

A is twice as good a workman as B;
and together they finish
a work in 14 days. In how many
days can it be done by each
separately?
• Let us assume that A takes X and B takes 2X days.
1/2x + 1/x = 1/14
• Let us assume 1/x = Y
• Y/2 + Y = 1/14
• 3/2Y = 1/14 or Y = 2/42 or 1/21
• Thus A can do it in 21 days and B in 42 days.
Answer.
If 20 men complete one-third of a
piece of work in 20 days, how many
more men should be employed to
finish the rest of the work in 25
days?
• Total work left = 2*20 = 40 days.
• Total mandays required = 40*20 = 800
• Thus no. of persons required = 800/25=32
• Additional persons required = 32-20=12
persons. Answer.
Goti can copy 75 pages in 25 hours
Goti and Kap together can copy
135 pages in 27 hours In what time
can Kap copy 42 pages?
• Goti copies 3 pages in one hour. Thus he

copies 27*3 = 81 pages. Kap copies (135-
81) = 54 pages in 27 hours, or 2 pages in
one hour. Thus 42/2 = 21 hours will be
taken by Kap Sa. Answer.
goti & Kap can do a piece of work
in 4.8 days, Kap and
Jitu together can do it in 8 days and
the three together in 4
days. How long would Goti & Jitu
together take to do it’

Solution
• (calculate for 1 day and add them to get the
ans.)
• G+K +K +J= 1 / (4.8) + 1/8
• GKKJ = 12.8 / 38.4
• GKJ = ¼
• K = 12.8 / 38.4 - ¼
• = (12.8 – 9.6) / 38.4
• = 3.2 / 38.4 = 1/12
• Thus G+J = ¼ - 1/12 = 2/12 = 1/6
• G + J will do it in 6 days. Answer.

A person works twice as fast as a
woman. A woman works twice as
fast as a child. If 16 persons can
complete a job in 12 days, then
how many days would be required
for 32 women and 64 children
together to complete the same job?
• 32 women = 16 men
• 64 children = 16 men.
• Thus they will together do it in 6 days.
Ans.
3 pipes A, B and C can fill a cistern
in 15, 20 and 30 min. respectively.
They were all turned on at the
same time. After 5 minutes the first
two pipes were turned off. In what
time will the cistern be filled?

Solution
• 5/15 + 5/20 5/30
• = (20+15+10) / 60 = 45/60 or ¾
• Thus remaining ¼ of the cistern can be
filled by C in 7.5 minutes only.
• Thus total time taken is 5 + 7.5 =12.5
minutes

A certain number of men can
finish a piece of work in 100
days. If, however, there are 10 men
less, it would take 10
days more for the work to finish.
How many men were there?
• Let the number of men = X

• Total work = 100X
• (X-10) 110 = 100X or 110X -1100 = 100X
• 10X = 1100 or X = 110.
A, B and C can do a piece of work
in 20, 20 and 40 days
respectively. They began the work
together but C left 2
days before the completion of work.
In how many days would
the work have been completed?

Solution
• For 2 days only A and B worked
• 2/20 + 2/20 = 4/20 or 1/5
• Together (all three) :
• 1/20+1/20+1/40 = (2+2+1) / 40 = 1/8
• Thus they take 8 days to complete the
work, but they completed only 4/5 work
together, so 8*4/5 = 6.4 days were taken
by them. Thus total days : 8.4 days.
Answer.
ERROR SPOTTING
Industrial accidents/(1)usually
result into /(2) ignorance/(3)or
carelessness/(4) No Error (5)
• The correct sentence should be :
• Industrial accidents are caused by
ignorance or carelessness.
• So answer is (2)

Some people are like (1)to do a lot
of social work/(2)even though they
are poor(3)and lack resources
• Correct sentence should be :

• Some people want / are likely to do a lot of
social work, even though they are poor
and lack resources.
• So answer is (1)AFTERSCHO☺OL's
www.afterschoool.tk
. MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
ERROR SPOTTING
Some men (1)have conveniently
believe (2)that women are inferior
to(3) men in respect of abilities.(4)
No Error (5)
• (2) = it should be : have conveniently

believed.

ERROR SPOTTING
His qualities include(1)the ability to
take/(2)right and/(3)quickly
decisions.(4)/ No Error(5)
• ANSWER : (4)
• It should be quick decisions.

ERROR SPOTTING
If you want to (1)ensure prompt
service (2)please be contacted to
us (3) at your earlier convenience.
(4) No Error (5)
• Answer : (3) please contact us OR please
be in contact with us

They founded (1)this institution
for/(2)the welfare of the poor (3)
and the disable people.(4) No Error
(5)
• Answer (4) it should be :

• For the disable (there is no need to put
people with disable).
He asked me/U) what had my total
investrnents(2)during the (3) last
five years.(4) No Error. (5)
• Answer : (2) it should be :

• What had my total investments been

He takes the(1) prescribed
medicine regularly(2) and that is
how(3) he has succeed to control
his ailment.(4) No Error (5)
• Answer : (3)
• It should be : this is how

We should take(1) regular
exercises to keep ourself (2) fit and
active.(3) No Error (4)
• (2) it should be : regular exercises to keep

• (there is no need of ourself).

Each time (1) you reached this spot
(2) go back and(3) start your next
(4) round again.(4) No Error (5)
• (2) it should be – you reach this spot.

SENTENCE IMPROVEMENT
• The honourable court had taken a leniency
view because the accused had no previous
criminal record.
• (1) had viewed leniency (2) had taken a
leniency viewing
• (3) had taken a lenient view(4) Noae of these
• (5) No correction required
• Solution:
• (3)
Sentence improvement
• Maintaining global peace is our self-made
commitment to the word.
• (1) self-making commitment
• (2) self-made committee
• (3) made of self-connnitment
• (4) None of these
• Solution (5)
The dinner party hosted by the
President at the club was shifted to
an undisclosed location.
• (1) a locality undisciosing
• (2) a undisc location
• (3) an undisc location
• Solution
(5) AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Sentence improvement
• The government should launch such
projects which should reversible the
destructive cycle of flood and drought.
• (1) should have reversible (2) should be
reverse (3) should have been reverse
• Solution :
• (4) correct answer: should reverse
A comnilttee comprising eminent
experts from various fields were
setting up.
(1) was setup
(2) was setting up
(3) were being set up
(4) None of these
(5) No correction required
• Solution : (1)
Our foreign exchange reserves
have been increased substantial.
(1) have been increased
substantially
(2) have increased substantially
(3) have substantially increasing
(4) None of these
• Solution : (2)
The key to a competitive economy
is its investment regime.
• (1) competition economy is

• (2) competing economist lays
• (3) economy competition was
• Solution
• (5)
Driving a car in jammed traffic
require extraordinary patience -
especially when other drivers are
not disciplined.
(1) required extraordinary patient
(2) requires extraordinary patience
(3) requiring extraordinary patience
(4) None of these
• Solution (2)
Chinese army possesses highly
sophisticated simulotors on which
their soldiers are training.
• (1) which their soldiers training on

• (2) on which their soldiers have trains
• (3) which their soldiers do train
• Solution : last part : soldiers are getting training.
(so answer is (4))
Every novel activity will be likely to
face resistance from vested
interests.
• (1) is likely to face

• (2) would be like facing
• (4) will be likely facing
• Solution : (1)
We observed that traders were not
primarily dedicated with art of
selling.
• (1) dedicated to the art of(2) None

• (3) dedicated in the art by
• (4) dedicated by the art of
• Solution (1) preposition error .
If expenses per participant during the meeting is Rs.200 in
1995, which keeps on increasing at the rate of 10% per year,
then what are the total expenses (in Rs.thousand) in 1996.
The graph below shows the number of participants coming
from different regions?

Solution
• 200*1.1*360 = 79200 answer.

The following graph shows profits
of 5 companies. What was the
average profit in 1979?

Solution :
• A =130
• B = 40
• C = 110
• D = 60
• E = 90
• Let us add them and divide by 5:
• =430/5 = 86 answer.

Solve it
• A cube with edges equal to 8cm is painted
on all the six faces and is subsequently
cut into 64 identical cubes. The number ct
smaller cubes painted on atleast two faces
is
• (1) 24 (2) 16
• (3) 36
• (4) 32
Solution
• There are four on the top right side. There
are 4 on the opposite side also (4*4*4 =
64).
• Thus we have 4+4+2+2 cubes in front,

same 12 in the back side also. We have 8
in sides also. Thus we have 32 cubes.
• Ans.
Solve it
• The perimeter of a regular hexagon is 36cm.
The area of the hexagon is
• (1) 54*sqrt(3) sq cm (2) 108*3 sq cm
• (3) 27*3 sq cm (4) 18*3 sq cm
• Solution:
• One side of hexagon = 6
• One triagle = ((sqrt(3)/4 * side )^2 =1.7/4* 36
• Hexagon = 6* equilateral triangle =
6*sqrt(3)/4*36
• =54* sqrt(3) ans

Solve it …
• How many patient does the doctor
examine in a day, if he treats 5 patients in
3 hours with breaks of 10 minutes
between two consecutive patients and
works for 10 hours per day?
• (1) 16 (2) 15
• (3) 12 (4) 20

Solution
• 3 hours = 180 minutes
• Break = 4*10 = 40
• Time per patient = 140 / 5 = 28 minutes
• Total time : 10 hours *60 = 600 minutes
• 600 – 28 = 572
• Now dividing 572 / (28+10) = 15
• Thus the doctor checks 15+1 = 16
patients.
If the interior angle of a regular
polygon is twice its exterior angle
then the polygon is a
(1) rhombus (2) pentagon
(3) hexagon (4) heptagon
Interior angle = 2X and exterior angle = X
3X = 180 or X = 60
Thus one exterior angle is 60
Thus 360/60 = 6
Thus the shape is hexagon. Answer.
DATA SUFFICIENCY QUESTION.
40 pens were distributed equally
amon all the participants, then how
many participants were there?
(A) The number of participants was
a prime number greater than 10.
(B) The leftover pen was kept by
the Chairman.

Solution
• If we combine both the statements, we
can get the answer. One pen was left
(given to the chairman), so 39 pen were
distributed.
• 39 = 3*13
• Thus the number of participants must be
either 3 or 13. since it had to be above 10,
therefore the answer is 13. (so answer can
be drawn with the help of both the
students together). Ans.
WHAT IS THE VALUE OF X

WHAT IS THE VALUE OF X

Data sufficiency question.
• Is the series a GP?
• (A)If the third term is twice the second.
• (B)The fourth term is eight times the first.
• Solution
• Let us start from 1
• 1,2,4,8 = yes it is GP
• Thus the answer can be drawn with the
help of both the statements. Ans.
The number of common terms in
the two-seç 17, 21,
25,.. ., 417 and 16, 21, 26,. . ., 466
• Let us start from 21. In the first term the

gap is of 4 and in second series the gap is
of 5. their LCM is 20 so we have to find
the gaps of 20 each.
• Last term is 417. let us deduct 21 from
417, we get 396. now let us divide it by 20.
We get : 19. Thus we have 19+1 = 20
common terms.
www.afterschoool.tk
Answer.
AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Solution continued. .. .
• The final series is :
• 21,41,61,81,101,121,141,161,181,201,22
1,241,261,281,301,321,341,361,381,401,

What is the total production of
machine no. 3?

Solution
• Production accepted : 100 – 27 = 73%.
• Thus total production
• 100/73 * 438 = 600 units answer.

• The integers 1, 2,..., 40 are written on a
blackboard. The following operation is
then repeated 39 times: In each repetition,
any two numbers, say a and b, currently
on the blackboard are erased and a new
number a + b —1 is written. What will be
the number left on the board at the end?
• Options: (1) 820 (2) 821 (3) 781 (4)
819 (5) 780

Solution ….
• In the first round, we add up 1 and 2 and
get 2. now we take up 2 and 3, we get 4,
now we take up 4 and 4 and get 7. now
we take up 7 and 5 and get 11. Now we
take up 11 and 6 and get 16. We can find
that we have an increasing series :
• 2,4,7,11,16 …. …
• Let us add 1 to 39. =39*40/2 = 780
• Let us add 780 + 1= 781 answer.
What is the total sale (in no. of
units) in the year 1991?

• = 82016 answer.

What is the % increase in the sale
of VCR in 1993 against 1992?
• Sale in 1993 =6151
• Sale in 1992 = 3006
• Difference = 3145
• Increase in % = 3145/3006 *100
• = 105% answer.

This graph shows price of 4 shares,
what is the average price of these 4
shares?

Solution
• Let us add them:
• (150+40+120+90)/4 = 100 answer

what is the production of food grains in 1991,
expressed as a percentage
of its production in 1989?

Solution
• 15/20 *100 = 75 % answer.

Which is the most logical idea?
• If an ant were as big as a horse, could it
move mountains?
• No. A giant ant . . . . . (select from a,b,c,d)
• (a) Would be a structural failure.
• (b) Would never be able to move
mountains.
• (c) Would be a mere curiosity.
• (d) Would never be able to hunt for food.
Solution
• A giant Ant would not be able to move
mountains because it is just a curoisity
(we are not sure about what could it do).
Other options are not logical – as logically
we cannot say that it is structural failure or
it cannot hunt for food or it cannot move
mountains.

Puzzle test…
• Nine cricket fans are watching a match in a
stadium. Seated in one row, they are J, K, L,
M, N, 0, P, Q and R. L is at the right of M and
at third place at the right of N. K is at one end
of the row. Q is immediately next to 0 and P.
0 is at the third place at the left of K. J is right
next to left of 0.
• Who is sitting in the centre of the row?
• (a)L (b)O
• (c)J (d)Q

Solution …
• NRMLJOPQK
• J IS IN THE CENTRE

A and B start walking in opposite
directions. A covers 3 km and B
covers 4 km. Then A turns right and
walks 4 km while B turns left and
walks 3 km. How far is each from
the starting point?
• A is 3 KM in one direction and 4 KM in
right. Applying pythogorus, we find that A
is 5 KM from the starting point. Similarly B
is also 5 KM from the starting point. Ans.
Ram walks 10 m south from his
house, turns left and walks
25 m, again turns left and walks 40
m, then turns right and. walks 5 m
to reach to school. In which
direction the school
is from his house?
• Draw a map and get the answer = north-
east.

In a class of 35 students Kiran is
placed 7th from the bottom
whereas Sohan is placed 9th from
the top. Mohan is placed exactly in
between the two. What is Kiran’s
position from Mohan?
• 10th
• From 9th to the top and 7th to the bottom,
we have 21 candidates (35-(6+8) ). Mohan
is just in the centre. So from Mohan, Kiran
is at 10th place.
www.afterschoool.tk Answer.
AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
A watch reads 4 If the minute hand
points towards the East, in which
direction does the hour hand point?
• The hour hand is towards South West.

Puzzle
• Goti and I started walking towards each
other from two places lOO m apart. After
walking 30m, Goti turns left and goes lO
m, then he turns right and goes 20m then
turns right again and comes back to the
road and starts walking. If we walk with
the same speed, what is the distance
between us at this point of time

Solution
• (Goti walks 70 meters in all), so I walk 70
meters towards Goti’s starting point and
now I am 30 meters from that. Goti takes
only 30+20 meters on the road. Thus Goti
is 50 meters from my starting point. Thus
there is a gap of 20 meters between me
and Goti. Answer.

Sum of 1st to 30th terms of a series
in arithmetic
progèssion is 150. if the first term is
A, what is 30th term of the series?
• Sum = 30/2 (2a + (29)D) = 150
• 2a + 29d =150*2/30 = or 29 D = 10 – 2A
• 30th term = A + 29D
• 29 D = 10 – 2A, putting the value, we get the answer
= 10 – A answer

Question on number system
• Convert 252 into binary system
• 252 / 2 = 126 / 2 = 63/2 = 31/2 = 15/2 =
7/2 = 3/2 =1 (starting from last remainder
to the first)
• 11111100 answer.
• Convert it again to decimal system:
• 1*2^7+1*2^6+1*2^5+1*2^4+1*2^3+1*2^2+
0*2^1+0*2^0 = 128+64+32+16+8+4 = 252
Multiply 12 to 13 ( note - both are
octal numbers, your outcomes must
also be in octal numbers)?
• Let us first convert them into decimal
numbers: 12= 1*8^1 + 2*8^0 =10
• 13 = 1*8^1 + 3*8^0 =11
• Now multiply 10 to 11 = 110
• Now convert it into octal number:
• 110/8 = 13 / 8
• =156
Test = now convert 156MATERIAL
AFTERSCHO☺OL's to decimal
FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
number
Convert 156 (octal) to decimal
number …..
• 1*8^2 + 5*8^1 + 6*8^0
• =64+40+6
• =110 answer.

Multiply 5 (base 16) to 12 (base 7)
and get the outcome in binary?
• (5*16^0 ) * (1*7^1 +2*7^0)
• 5 *9 = 45
• 45/2 = 22/2 = 11/2 = 5/2 =2/2 1
• =101101 answer.

78.8% of a common medicine for
stomach-upsets is absolute alcohol;
3.3% of it is mentha oil; 0.07%
spear mint oil; and 0.177%
chloroform. How much of each of
these compounds is there in a pack
of 30 ml?
solution
alchol = 23.6 ml, 1 ml of menthol
oil and so. On.
What is the sum of cubes of the
first 5 natural numbers?
• Formula
• = [N (N+1)/2 ]^2
• = [5*6 / 2 ]^2
• =225 answer.

What is the sum of squares of the
first 13 natural numbers?
• Formula
• =[n(n+1)(2n+1) ] /6
• =(13*14*27)/6
• =819 answer.

In a Class of 80 pupils, the number
of boys is three-fifths the number of
girls. Determine the number of girls
in the class.
• Let the number of girls be X
• X + 3/5X = 80
• 8/5 X = 80
• X = 80 *5/8
• X = 50 (the number of girls is 50, boys are
30) answer.
The difference between two
numbers is 30. On dividing the
greater by the smller the quotient is
3. Find the numbers.
• Let the smaller number be X.
• 3X – X = 30
• 2X =30; X = 15,
• Thus 2 numbers are 15 and 45 answer.

Gunpowder contains 75% nitre and
10% sulphur. The rest of it is
charcoal. What is the amount of
charcoal in 9 kg of gunpowder.
• Charcoal is (100 – 75 – 10) = 15%

• 9 KG = 9000 Grams
• 9000*15/100
• =1350 grams answer.

Question on profit
• At what percentage alove the Cost price
must an article be marked so as to gain
33% after allowing the customer a
discount of 5%?
• (a) 48% (b) 43%
• (c) 40% (d) 38%
• (e) None of the above

Solution …
• Let the cost be 100
• Final price being realised 133
• It is after discount, so price before
discount (marked price) is :
• 133*100/95 =140 , so 40 is the answer.

A vertical pole PO is standing at the
centre 0 of a square ABCD. If AC
subtends an angle 90° at point P of
the pole then the angle subtended
by a side of the square
at Pis
(a) 35° (b) 45°
(c) 30° (d) 60°
(e) None of the above
Solution
• When diagonal (in a square) makes angle
of 90 degree in a pyrimidical shape, then
sides make angles of 60 degree. (rule).
• So answer is 60 degrees.

Find the per cent of pure gold in 22
carat gold, if 24 carat gold is cent
per cent pure gold.
• 22/24 *100
• =91.67 % answer.

In the diagram the two circles pass
through each other’s centre. If the
radius of each circle is 2, what is
the perimeter of the region marked
B?

Solution
• Permieter of one circle is 2/3 now
because, it is being cut by other circle.
• Thus 2/3 + 2/3 of perimeters added :
• 2 * 2/3 * (formula of perimeter = 2pi *r)
• =(8 * pi * r) /3 answer.

What is angle C?

Solution
• Angle O is double the angle A. Thus it is
100 degree. Thus C is (180 -100)/2 = 40
degrees answer.

What is angle a?

Solution
• Angles from D and C are equal .
• 180 – 60 – 37 – x
• =83 – x
• Let us sum up for two angles:
• (180+180 ) = 360
• 83-x + 83 – x + 180+2X = 360
• 2Y +2X = 180 let us assume Y = 53
• 2X = 72 or X = 36 answer (solve by options,
so angle A = 53 ) answer.

ABOUT AFTERSCHO☺OL
Afterschoool conducts three year integrated PGPSE
(after class 12th along with IAS / CA / CS) and 18
month PGPSE (Post Graduate Programme in Social
Entrepreneurship) along with preparation for CS / CFP /
CFA /CMA / FRM. This course is also available online
also. It also conducts workshops on social
entrepreneurship in schools and colleges all over India –
start social entrepreneurship club in your institution
today with the help from afterschoool and help us in
developing society.

Why such a programme?
• To promote people to take up entrepreneurship
and help develop the society
• To enable people to take up franchising and
other such options to start a business / social
development project
• To enable people to take up social development
as their mission
• To enable people to promote spirituality and
positive thinking in the world

Who are our supporters?
• Afterschoolians, our past beneficiaries,
entrepreneurs and social entrepreneurs
are supporting us.
• You can also support us – not necessarily
by money – but by being promotor of our
concept and our ideas.

About AFTERSCHO☺OL PGPSE – the
best programme for developing great
entrepreneurs
• Most flexible, adaptive but rigorous programme
• Available in distance learning mode
• Case study focused- latest cases
• Industry oriented practical curriculum
• Designed to make you entrepreneurs – not just
an employee
• Option to take up part time job – so earn while
you learn
• The only absolutely free course on internet
Workshops from
AFTERSCHO☺OL
• IIF, Delhi
• CIPS, Jaipur
• ICSI Hyderabad Branch
• Gyan Vihar, Jaipur
• Apex Institute of Management, Jaipur
• Aravali Institute of Management, Jodhpur
• Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneshwar
• Pacific Institute, Udaipur
• Engineering College, Hyderabad

Flexible Specialisations:
• Spiritualising business and society
• Rural development and transformation
• HRD and Education, Social Development
• NGO and voluntary work
• Investment analysis,microfinance and inclusion
• Retail sector, BPO, KPO
• Accounting & Information system (with CA / CS /CMA)
• Hospital management and Health care
• Hospitality sector and culture and heritage
• Other sectors of high growth, high technology and social
relevance

Salient features:
• The only programme of its kind (in the whole world)
• No publicity and low profile course
• For those who want to achieve success in life – not just a
degree
• Flexible – you may stay for a month and continue the rest of
the education by distance mode. / you may attend weekend
classes
• Scholarships for those from poor economic background
• Latest and constantly changing curriculum – keeping pace
with the time
• Placement for those who are interested
• Admissions open throughout the year
• Latest and most advanced technologies, books and study
material

Components
• Pedagogy curriculum and approach based on IIM Ahmedabad and ISB
Hyderabad (the founder is alumnus from IIMA & ISB Hyderabad)
• Meditation, spiritualisation, and self development
• EsGotitial softwares for business
• Business plan, Research projects
• Participation in conferences / seminars
• Workshops on leadership, team building etc.
• Written submissions of research projects/articles / papers
• Interview of entrepreneurs, writing biographies of entrepreneurs
• Editing of journals / newsletters
• Consultancy / research projects
• Assignments, communication skill workshops
• Participation in conferences and seminars
• Group discussions, mock interviews, self development diaryng
• Mind Power Training & writing workshop (by Dr. T.K.Jain)

Pedagogy
• Case analysis,
• Articles from Harvard Business Review
• Quiz, seminars, workshops, games,
• Visits to entrepreneurs and industrial visits
• PreGotitations, Latest audio-visuals
• Group discussions and group projects
• Periodic self assessment
• Mentoring and counselling
• Study exchange programme (with institutions out of
India)
• Rural development / Social welfare projects
Branches
• AFTERSCHO☺OL will shortly open its
branches in important cities in India
including Delhi, Kota, Mumbai, Gurgaon
and other important cities.
Afterschooolians will be responsible for
managing and developing these branches
– and for promoting social entrepreneurs.

Case Studies
• We want to write case studies on social
entrepreneurs, first generation
entrepreneurs, ethical entrepreneurs.
Please help us in this process. Help us to
be in touch with entrepreneurs, so that we
may develop entrepreneurs.

Basic values at AFTERSCHO☺OL
• Share to learn more
• Interact to develop yourself
• Fear is your worst enemy
• Make mistakes to learn
• Study & discuss in a group
• Criticism is the healthy route to mutual support
and help
• Ask fundamental questions : why, when, how &
where?
• Embrace change – and compete with yourself
only
www.afterschoool.tk
social entrepreneurship for better
society

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ACCOUNTING, LAW &

www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS

• Mean = (2+ 5+ 7+ 8+ 13)/5= 7

www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS

• Standard deviation will remain the same

www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS

www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS

www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS

• (30000 – 10000 – 5000)

• Opening stock = 1.8 lakhs and closing

www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS

www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS

www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS

www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS

www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS

www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS

www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS

www.afterschoool.tk Chapter 2.1 21

Table 2.2 Unemployment by Country (%)

2002 7.7 5.8 5.4 8.2 8.9 5.1 4.3

2003 7.6 6.0 5.3 9.1 9.5 4.9 4.6

2004 7.2 5.5 4.7 9.5 9.6 4.7 4.5

www.afterschoool.tk Chapter 2.2 24

www.afterschoool.tk Chapter 2.3 26

www.afterschoool.tk Chapter 2.4 28

www.afterschoool.tk Chapter 2.4 29

www.afterschoool.tk Chapter 2.4 31

Adding observations for the

www.afterschoool.tk Chapter 2.4 32

www.afterschoool.tk Chapter 2.5 33

www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS

www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS

www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS

www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS

www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS

www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS

www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS

• No, property passes only when delivery or

www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS

www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS

www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS

www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS

www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS

www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS

www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS

www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS

www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS

www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS

www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS

www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS

www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS

ONE SIDE BLACK

www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS

• As we can see that all corner cubes have

www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS

www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS

• 6*6*6*6 = 6^4 answer.

www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS

www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS

www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS

• Change before to by.

www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS

www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS

Accounting, Law & Economics 28 November

Accounting, Law & Economics 28 November

• 666*6 = 6^4 answer.

• =1000.35.05 = discount of 350+32.5