PROJECT REPORT

ON

REGULATED POWER SUPPLY

Submitted as a part of course curriculum for

Degree of Bachelor of Technology

In

Electronics & communication Engineering

SUBMITTED TO:
HOD ECE

SUBMITTED BY:
Aaqib Ali Khan (1247767) Ashmit Mohiyal (1247795) Gagan Maggo (1247808) Gaurav Thakur (1247809) Gaurav Thapliyal (1247810)

Department of Electronics &Communication Engineering Rayat and Bahra Institute of Engineering and Biotechnology

REGULATED POWER SUPPLY

LIST OF CONTENTS
S. No.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Contents
Acknowledgement Introduction Tools Components Involved Circuit Diagram Working Result Precautions Practical Application References

Page No.
2 3 4 7 12 13 14 15 16 17

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I bow my head to the almighty God who gave me strength and wisdom due to which I have been able to complete this project successfully. I express my sincere thanks and indebtedness to my esteemed institution, RAYAT AND BAHRA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND BIO TECHNOLOGY, KHARAR which has provided me with an opportunity to fulfill my desire and reach my goal. Thanks in particular to PROF. RAVI KANT (H.O.D. ECE) AND TEACHERS OF ECE DEPARTMENT for their encouragement and valuable advice. On a moral personal note, my deepest appreciation and gratitude to my beloved parents, who have been a fountain of my inspiration and has provided unrelenting encouragement and support. I heartily thanks all those who have helped me directly or indirectly in the successful completion of this mid- term project.

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INTRODUCTION
A power supply is a device that supplies electric power to an electric load. The term is most commonly applied to electric power converters that convert one form of electrical energy to another, though it may also refer to devices that convert another form of energy (mechanical, chemical, solar) to electrical energy. A regulated power supply is one that controls the output voltage or current to a specific value; the controlled value is held nearly constant despite variations in either load current or the voltage supplied by the power supply's energy source. Every power supply must obtain the energy it supplies to its load, as well as any energy it consumes while performing that task, from an energy source. Depending on its design, a power supply may obtain energy from:

Electrical energy transmission systems. Common examples of this include power supplies that convert AC line voltage to DC voltage.

Energy storage devices such as batteries and fuel cells. Electromechanical systems such as generators and alternators. Solar power.

A power supply may be implemented as a discrete, stand-alone device or as an integral device that is hardwired to its load. Examples of the latter case include the low voltage DC power supplies that are part of desktop computers and consumer electronics devices. Commonly specified power supply attributes include:

The amount of voltage and current it can supply to its load. How stable its output voltage or current is under varying line and load conditions. How long it can supply energy without refueling or recharging (applies to power supplies that employ portable energy sources).

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TOOLS
SOLDERING WIRE
Solder is a fusible metal alloy used to join together metal work pieces and having a melting point below that of the work piece(s). Soft solder is typically thought of when solder or soldering is mentioned , with a typical melting range of 90 to 450 C (190 to 840 F).It is commonly used in electronics, plumbing, and assembly of sheet metal parts. Manual soldering uses a soldering iron or soldering gun. Alloys that melt between 180 and 190 C (360 and 370 F) are the most commonly used. Soldering performed using alloys with a melting point above 450 C (840 F) is called 'hard soldering', 'silver soldering', or brazing.

DESOLDERING
In electronics, de soldering is the removal of solder and components from a circuit board for troubleshooting, repair, replacement, and salvage. Specialized tools, materials, and techniques have been devised to aid in the de soldering process.

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RIBBON WIRE
A Ribbon cable (also known as multi-wire planar cable) is a cable with many conducting wires running parallel to each other on the same flat plane. As a result the cable is wide and flat. Its name comes from the resemblance of the cable to a piece of ribbon.

SOLDERING IRON
It is a hand most commonly used in soldering. I t supplies heat to melt the solder so that it can flow through the joint between the work pieces.

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FLUX
The purpose of flux is to facilitate soldering process. The obstacle to a successful solder joint is an impurity at the site of union or oxidation.

PCB
Printed Circuit Board, or PCB, is used to mechanically support and electrically connect electronic components using conductive pathways, tracks or signal traces etched from copper sheet laminated onto a non- conductive substrate. It is also referred to as printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board. Printed circuit boards are used in virtually all but the simplest commercially produced electronic devices.

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COMPONENTS INVOLVED
TRANSFORMER

A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers energy by inductive coupling between its winding circuits. A varying current in the primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic flux through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic flux induces a varying electromotive force or voltage in the secondary winding.

Transformers range in size from thumbnail-sized used in microphones to units weighing hundreds of tons interconnecting the power grid. A wide range of transformer designs are used in electronic and electric power applications. Transformers are essential for the transmission, distribution, and utilization of electrical energy.

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DIODE

In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal electronic component with an asymmetric transfer characteristic, with low (ideally zero) resistance to current flow in one direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other. A semiconductor diode, the most common type today, is a crystalline piece of semiconductor material with a pn junction connected to two electrical terminals. A vacuum tube diode is a vacuum tube with two electrodes, a plate (anode) and a heated cathode.

The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in one direction (called the diode's forward direction), while blocking current in the opposite direction (the reverse direction). Thus, the diode can be viewed as an electronic version of a check valve. This unidirectional behavior is called rectification, and is used to convert alternating current to direct current, including extraction of modulation from radio signals in radio receivers these diodes are forms of rectifiers.

However, diodes can have more complicated behavior than this simple onoff action. Semiconductor diodes begin conducting electricity only if a certain threshold voltage or cutin voltage is present in the forward direction (a state in which the diode is said to be forward-biased). The voltage drop across a forward-biased diode varies only a little with the current, and is a function of temperature; this effect can be used as a temperature sensor or voltage reference.

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CAPACITOR
A capacitor is a passive two terminal electrical component used to store energy in an electric field. When there is a potential difference across the conductors, a static electric field develop across the dielectric, causing positive charge to collect on one plate and negative charge on the another plate. Energy is stored in the electrostatic field. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference between them.

REGULATOR
This circuit is a small +5V power supply. The circuit will provide a regulated voltage to the external circuit which may also I am required in any part of the external circuit or the whole external circuit. The best part is that you can also use it to convert AC voltage to DC and then regulate it , simply You need a transformer to make the AC main drop down to a safe value i.e. 12-15 volts and then use a rectifier to convert AC into DC. This circuit can give +5V output at about 150 mA current, but it can be increased to 1 A when good cooling is added to 7805 regulator chip. The circuit has over overload and terminal protection. The capacitors must have enough high voltage rating to safely handle the input voltage feed to circuit. The circuit is very easy to build.

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If you need other voltages than +5V, you can modify the circuit by replacing the 7805 chips with another regulator with different output voltage from regulator 78xx chip family. The last numbers in the chip code tells the output voltage. Remember that the input voltage must be at least 3V greater than regulator output voltage or otherwise the regulator does not work well. Dont forget to check the pin diagram before connecting the IC.

Pin diagram for 7805

1. Unregulated voltage in 2. Ground 3. Regulated voltage out

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RESISTANCE

The electrical resistance of an electrical conductor is the opposition to the passage of an electric current through that conductor; the inverse quantity is electrical conductance, the ease at which an electric current passes. Electrical resistance shares some conceptual parallels with the mechanical notion of friction. The SI unit of electrical resistance is the ohm ().

An object of uniform cross section has a resistance proportional to its resistivity and length and inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area. All materials show some resistance, except for superconductors, which have a resistance of zero.

The resistance (R) of an object is defined as the ratio of voltage across it (V) to current through it (I), while the conductance (G) is the inverse:

LED (Light Emitting Diode)

A light emitting diode is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other lightings. Introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962, early LEDs emitted low intensity red light, but modern version are available across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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WORKING

The circuit diagram of +5V is shown in the figure. +5V supply is obtained from the +5V supply unit for microcontroller and digital ICs. Initially 230 V AC supply is reduced to (0-9V) with the help of a step down transformer having a capacity of 500mA. Since the input voltage to the regulator IC should be more than its output voltage, transformer secondary voltage is 9V. This low voltage is rectified with the help of bridge rectifier. The ripples are minimized with the help of capacitor filter to get a smooth DC supply. The rating of the chosen capacitor filter is 1000F.

The regulated DC voltage is obtained by using a regulator IC 7805. In the case of IC 7805, the unregulated DC voltage is applied to Pin 1, and the output is taken at Pin 3 and Pin 2 is grounded. Another capacitor filter of rating 10F is connected at the output of regulator IC to eliminate the voltage oscillations at the output due to the large voltage oscillations at the input of the regulator.

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RESULT

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PRECAUTIONS
The connections should be neat and tight. The circuit diagram should be examined carefully before soldering the components on the PCB. The components should be handled with care. Connections should be checked after soldering all the components. The soldering iron should be used with caution. Prepared circuit should be kept in a box for protection against wear and tear.
Power supplies which use capacitors suffering from the capacitor plague may experience premature failure when the capacitance drops to 4% of the original value

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APPLICATION

D.C. variable bench supply (a bench power supply usually refers to a power supply capable of supplying a variety of output voltages useful for bench testing electronic circuits, possibly with continuous variation of the output voltage, or just some preset voltages; a laboratory (lab) power supply normally implies an accurate bench power supply, while a balanced or tracking power supply refers to twin supplies for use when a circuit requires both positive and negative supply rails).

Mobile Phone power adaptors Regulated power supplies in appliances

Electromechanical systems such as generators and alternators. Solar power

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REFERENCES
www.datasheetarchieve.com www.google.com www.wikipedia.com www.answers.com

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