”
Electronics and Circuit Analysis using MATLAB.
Ed. John Okyere Attia
Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 1999
TWO-PORT NETWORKS
I1 I2
+ +
Linear
V1 two-port V2
network
- -
I 1 and V1 are input current and voltage, respectively. Also, I 2 and V2 are
output current and voltage, respectively. It is assumed that the linear two-port
circuit contains no independent sources of energy and that the circuit is initially
at rest ( no stored energy). Furthermore, any controlled sources within the lin-
ear two-port circuit cannot depend on variables that are outside the circuit.
7.1.1 z-parameters
V2 = z 21 I 1 + z 22 I 2 (7.2)
V1
z11 = I2 =0 (7.4)
I1
V1
z12 = I1 = 0 (7.5)
I2
V2
z 21 = I2 =0 (7.6)
I1
V2
z 22 = I1 = 0 (7.7)
I2
The z-parameters are also called open-circuit impedance parameters since they
are obtained as a ratio of voltage and current and the parameters are obtained
by open-circuiting port 2 ( I 2 = 0) or port1 ( I 1 = 0). The following exam-
ple shows a technique for finding the z-parameters of a simple circuit.
Example 7.1
I1 Z1 Z2 I2
+ +
V1 Z3 V2
- -
Using KVL
V1 = Z1 I 1 + Z 3 ( I 1 + I 2 ) = ( Z1 + Z 3 ) I 1 + Z 3 I 2 (7.8)
V2 = Z 2 I 2 + Z 3 ( I 1 + I 2 ) = ( Z 3 ) I 1 + ( Z 2 + Z 3 ) I 2 (7.9)
thus
V1 Z1 + Z 3 Z3 I1
V = Z Z 2 + Z 3 I 2
(7.10)
2 3
Z1 + Z 3 Z3
[Z] =
Z 2 + Z 3
(7.11)
Z3
7.1.2 y-parameters
I1
y12 = V1 = 0 (7.16)
V2
I2
y 21 = V2 = 0 (7.17)
V1
I2
y 22 = V1 = 0 (7.18)
V2
The y-parameters are also called short-circuit admittance parameters. They are
obtained as a ratio of current and voltage and the parameters are found by
short-circuiting port 2 ( V2 = 0) or port 1 ( V1 = 0). The following two exam-
ples show how to obtain the y-parameters of simple circuits.
Example 7.2
V1 Ya Yc V2
- -
Solution
Comparing Equations (7.19) and (7.20) to Equations (7.12) and (7.13), the y-
parameters are
Ya + Yb − Yb
[Y ] =
Yb + Yc
(7.21)
− Yb
Example 7.3
Figure 7.4 shows the simplified model of a field effect transistor. Find its y-
parameters.
I1 I2
+
C3 +
V1 C1 gmV1 Y2 V2
- -
Using KCL,
Comparing the above two equations to Equations (7.12) and (7.13), the y-
parameters are
7.1.3 h-parameters
where
I 1 and V2 are independent variables and
V1 and I 2 are dependent variables.
V1
h11 = V2 = 0 (7.28)
I1
V1
h12 = I1 = 0 (7.29)
V2
I2
h21 = V2 = 0 (7.30)
I1
I2
h22 = I1 = 0 (7.31)
V2
Example 7.4
V1 β I1 Y2 V2
- -
Solution
V1 = I 1 Z1 (7.32)
I 2 = βI 1 + Y2V2 (7.33)
Comparing the above two equations to Equations (7.25) and (7.26) we get the
h-parameters.
Z1 0
[ h] = ` (7.34)
β Y2
I 1 = a 21V2 − a 22 I 2 (7.36)
where
V2 and I 2 are independent variables and
V1 and I 1 are dependent variables.
V1
a11 = I2 =0 (7.38)
V2
V1
a12 = − V2 = 0 (7.39)
I2
I1
a 21 = I2 =0 (7.40)
V2
I1
a 22 = − V2 = 0 (7.41)
I2
Z1
I1 I2
+ +
V1 V2
- -
Solution
By inspection,
I1 = − I 2 (7.42)
Using KVL,
V1 = V2 + Z1 I 1 (7.43)
V1 = V2 − Z1 I 2 (7.44)
a11 = 1 a12 = Z1
(7.45)
a 21 = 0 a 22 = 1
Find the transmission parameters for the network shown in Figure 7.7.
I1 I2
+
+
V1 V2
Y2
- -
Solution
By inspection,
V1 = V2 (7.46)
I 1 = V2 Y2 − I 2 (7.47)
Comparing Equations (7.46) and 7.47) to equations (7.35) and (7.36) we have
a11 = 1 a12 = 0
(7.48)
a 21 = Y2 a 22 = 1
Using the describing equations, the equivalent circuits of the various two-port
network representations can be drawn. These are shown in Figure 7.8.
Z11 Z22
I1 I2
+ +
V1 V2
Z12 I1 Z21 I1
- -
(a)
V1 Y12 V2 Y21 V1 V2
Y11 V1 Y22 V2
- -
(b)
h11
I1 I2
+ +
- -
(c )
+ +
+ V1' [Z]1 V2' +
- -
V1 V2
-
+ + -
- V1'' [Z]2 V2''
- -
I1'' I2''
[Y] 2
I1 Ix I2
+ + +
V1 [A]1 Vx [A]2 V2
- - -
[ Z ] eq = [ Z ]1 + [ Z ] 2 + [ Z ] 3 + ...+[ Z ] n (7.49)
[Y ] eq = [Y ]1 + [Y ] 2 + [Y ] 3 + ...+[Y ] n (7.50)
When several two-port networks are connected in cascade, and the individual
networks have transmission parameters [ A]1 , [ A] 2 , [ A] 3 , ..., [ A] n , then the
equivalent two-port parameter will have a transmission parameter given as
Example 7.7
Find the equivalent y-parameters for the bridge T-network shown in Figure
7.10.
Z4
Z1 Z2
I1 I2
+ +
V1 Z3 V2
- -
Solution
I1 I2
+ Z1 Z2
+
V1 Z3
V2
_ -
N2
Z1 + Z3 Z3
[Z ] =
Z3 Z2 + Z3
Z 2 + Z3
y11 =
Z1Z2 + Z1Z3 + Z 2 Z3
− Z3
y12 =
Z1 Z2 + Z1Z3 + Z2 Z3
(7.52)
− Z3
y 21 =
Z1Z2 + Z1Z3 + Z 2 Z3
Z1 + Z3
y 22 = −
Z1 Z2 + Z1 Z3 + Z2 Z3
a11 = 1 a12 = Z4
a21 = 0 a 22 = 1
1
y11 =
Z4
1
y12 = −
Z4
(7.53)
1
y 21 = −
Z4
1
y 22 =
Z4
1 Z 2 + Z3
y11eq = +
Z4 Z1 Z2 + Z1 Z3 + Z2 Z3
1 Z3
y12 eq =− −
Z4 Z1 Z2 + Z1Z3 + Z 2 Z3
(7.54)
1 Z3
y 21eq =− −
Z4 Z1Z2 + Z1Z3 + Z2 Z3
1 Z1 + Z3
y 22 eq = +
Z4 Z1Z 2 + Z1Z3 + Z2 Z3
Example 7.8
Z1
Y2
Z1
Y2
N1 N2
a11 = 1 a12 = Z1
a 21 = 0 a 22 = 1
a11 = 1 a12 = 0
a 21 = Y2 a 22 = 1
Find the transmission parameters for the cascaded system shown in Figure
7.14. The resistance values are in Ohms.
I1 2 4 8 16 I2
+ +
V1 V2
1 2 4 8
- _
N1 N2 N3 N4
Solution
Figure 7.14 can be considered as four networks, N1, N2, N3, and N4 con-
nected in cascade. From Example 7.8, the transmission parameters of Figure
7.12 are
3 2
[a ] N 1 =
1 1
3 4
[a ] N 2 =
0.5 1
3 8
[a ] N 3 =
0.25 1
3 16
[a ] N 4 =
0125
. 1
The transmission parameters of Figure 7.14 can be obtained using the follow-
ing MATLAB program.
diary ex7_9.dat
% Transmission parameters of cascaded network
a1 = [3 2; 1 1];
a2 = [3 4; 0.5 1];
a3 = [3 8; 0.25 1];
a4 = [3 16; 0.125 1];
a=
112.2500 630.0000
39.3750 221.0000
Zin
Zg
I1 I2
+
+
Vg V2 ZL
V1
- -
In the Figure 7.15, Vg and Z g are the source generator voltage and imped-
ance, respectively. Z L is the load impedance. If we use z-parameter repre-
sentation for the two-port network, the voltage transfer function can be shown
to be
z12 z 21
Zin = z11 − (7.57)
z 22 + Z L
I2 z 21
=− (7.58)
I1 z 22 + Z L
I1
I2
+
+ +
Ig Yg [Y] V2 ZL
Vg V1
- - -
y12 y 21
Yin = y11 − (7.59)
y 22 + YL
I2 y 21YL
= (7.60)
I g ( y11 + Yg )( y 22 + YL ) − y12 y 21
V2 y21
=− (7.61)
Vg y 22 + YL
Zin
Zg
I1 I2
+
+
[A]
Vg V2 ZL
V1
- -
The voltage transfer function and the input impedance of the transmission pa-
rameters can be obtained as follows. From the transmission parameters, we
have
I 1 = a 21V2 − a 22 I 2 (7.63)
V2 = − I 2 Z L (7.64)
Substituting Equation (7.64) into Equations (7.62) and (7.63), we get the input
impedance,
a11 Z L + a12
Zin = (7.65)
a 21 Z L + a 22
V1 = V g − I 1 Z g (7.66)
Substituting Equations (7.64) and (7.66) into Equations (7.62) and (7.63), we
have
a12
Vg − I 1 Z g = V2 [a11 + ] (7.67)
ZL
a 22
I 1 = V2 [a 21 + ] (7.68)
ZL
a 22 a12
Vg − V2 Z g [a 21 + ] = V2 [a11 + ] (7.69)
ZL ZL
V2 ZL
= (7.70)
Vg (a11 + a 21 Z g ) Z L + a12 + a 22 Z g
The following examples illustrate the use of MATLAB for solving terminated
two-port network problems.
Example 7.10
I3 R3
I1 2 kilohms
2 kilohms I2
R2 1 kilohms
R4 +
R1
+
V2
1
___
V1 C = 0.1 microfarads
sC
- -
Solution
Using KVL,
I1
V1 = R1 I 1 + (7.71)
sC
V2 = R4 I 2 + R3 I 3 + R2 I 3 (7.72)
I1
R2 I 3 = (7.73)
sC
Substituting Equation (7.73) into Equation (7.72), we get
V2 =
(R 2 + R3 )I 1
+ R4 I 2 (7.74)
sCR2
Comparing Equations (7.71) and (7.74) to Equations (7.1) and (7.2), we have
From Equation (7.56), we get the voltage gain for a terminated two-port net-
work. It is repeated here.
V2 z 21 Z L
=
Vg ( z11 + Z g )( z 22 + Z L ) − z12 z 21
R3
(1 +
)Z
V2 R2 L
= (7.76)
Vg ( R4 + Z L )[1 + sC ( R1 + Z g )]
V2 2
= (7.77)
. * 10 − 4 s]
V g [1 + 105
%
num = [2];
den = [1.05e-4 1];
w = logspace(1,5);
h = freqs(num,den,w);
f = w/(2*pi);
mag = 20*log10(abs(h)); % magnitude in dB
semilogx(f,mag)
title('Lowpass Filter Response')
xlabel('Frequency, Hz')
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
EXERCISES
7.1 (a) Find the transmission parameters of the circuit shown in Figure
P7.1a. The resistance values are in ohms.
1 2
(b) From the result of part (a), use MATLAB to find the transmission
parameters of Figure P7.2b. The resistance values are in ohms.
1 2 2 4 4 8 8 32
4 8 16 32
I1 2 2 I2
+ +
V1 V2
10 4 10
-
-
7.3 (a) Show that for the symmetrical lattice structure shown in
Figure P7.3,
z11 = z 22 = 0.5( Z c + Z d )
z12 = z 21 = 0.5( Z c − Z d )
ZC
ZC
Zd
2H 2H
+ +
10 Ohms
0.25 F
- -
5 Ohms 5 Ohms
+ +
V1 C C C V2
- -
I2 C I2
+ +
V1 R1 L L R2 V2
- -
7.7 For the op amp circuit shown in Figure P7.7, find the y-parameters.
R3
I1 R5 I2
+ +
R4
V1 V2
R2
R1
- -