AS Level

TOPIC 2 ANSWERS & MARK SCHEMES

QUESTIONSHEET 1
FORMULAE AND MOLECULAR EQUATIONS
a) Al2(SO4)3 gives an electrically neutral arrangement of ions / AlSO4 does not give electrical neutrality (1)
Two Al3+ ions give six positive charges (1)
Three SO42- ions give six negative charges (1)
b) (i)

CuSO4 (1)
NaOH (1)
Cu(OH)2 (1)
Na2SO4 (1)

(ii) CuSO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Cu(OH)2(s) + Na2SO4(aq) (2)

Award (1) for correct balance and (1) for state symbols.
c) (i)

Equation I
Fault
Correct equation

Nitrogen and hydrogen are diatomic / should be N2 and H2 (1)

N2(g) + 3H2 2NH3(g) (1)

Equation II
Fault
Correct equation

Equation is unbalanced (1)

2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) (1)

(ii) Reactions are reversible / reach equilibrium (1)

d) (i)

Fe(s) + 2HC1(g) FeCl2(s) + H2(g) (1)

(ii) Fe(s) + 2HC1(aq) FeCl2(aq) + H2(g) (1)

(iii) Fe(s) + 2HCl(aq) + 4H2O(1) FeCl2.4H2O(s) + H2(g) (1)

AS Level

TOPIC 2 ANSWERS & MARK SCHEMES

QUESTIONSHEET 2
IONIC EQUATIONS
a) (i)

Ions which play no part in a reaction / appear on both sides of the equation (1)

(ii) K+(aq) ions appear on both sides / should be cancelled (1)

(iii) Cl2(aq) + 2Br-(aq) Br2(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) (1)
b) (i)

CaCO3(s) + 2HC1(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(1) + CO2(g) (2)

Award (1) for correct formulae and (1) for balance and state symbols.

(ii) CaCO3(s) + 2H+(aq) Ca2+(aq) + H2O(1) + CO2(g) (2)

(Mark as above)
c) (i)

Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) AgCl(s) (2)

Award (1) for correct formulae and (1) for state symbols.

(ii) No difference (1)

d) (i)

H+(aq) + OH-(aq) H2O(l) (1)

II

H+(aq) + OH-(aq) H2O(1) (1)

(ii) The same reaction occurs in both cases (1)

e) 2KMnO4(aq) + 10FeSO4(aq) + 8H2SO4(aq) 2MnSO4(aq) + 5Fe2(SO4)3(aq) + 8H2O(1) + K2SO4(aq) (2)
Award (1) for correct formulae and (1) for balance and state symbols.

AS Level

TOPIC 2 ANSWERS & MARK SCHEMES

QUESTIONSHEET 3
MOLES
a) An amount of any substance (1)
that contains as many particles (atoms, molecules, ions, electrons) (1)
as there are atoms in exactly 12.000 g of the isotope carbon-12 (1)
b) (i)

For atoms, number of moles = mass

Ar
mass = 1 14 = 14 g (1)

(ii) For molecules, number of moles = mass ,

Mr
mass = 1 28 = 28 g (1)
c) (i)

Ar (Mg) = 24
n (Mg) = 0.48/24 = 0.02 mol (1)

(ii) Mr (Ca(OH)2) = 74,

n (Ca(OH)2) = 100 1000 / 74 = 1351 mol (1)
(iii) Ar (S) = 32
m (S) = 2 106 g
n (S) = 2 106 / 32 = 62,500 mol (1)
d) 1 mol SnCl4 has a mass of 118.7 + 4(35.5) = 258.7 g (1)
percentage Sn = (118.7 / 258.7) 100 = 45.9 % (1)
mass
no. of moles
117.0 = 58.5 (1)
2

e) Mr =

(1)

f) n (Cu2+) = 0.35 ()
n = (SO42-) = 0.35 ()
n (H2O) = 5 0.35 = 1.75 ()
total number of particles = 2.45 mol ()

AS Level

TOPIC 2 ANSWERS & MARK SCHEMES

QUESTIONSHEET 4
EMPIRICAL FORMULAE
a) An empirical formula represents the simplest ratio (1)
of atoms of each element present in a compound (1)
b)

Na
S
% by mass 29.1
40.5
Ar
29.1/23 = 1.27
40.5/32 =1.27
1.27
1
1
2
2
2
empirical formula = Na2S2O3 (1)

O
30.4
30.4/16 = 1.90
1.5
3

(1)
(1)

c) n (Pb) = 9.07/207 = 0.0438 mol Pb (1)

n (O) = (10.00 - 9.07) / 16 = 0.0581 mol O (1)
Ratio of moles = 0.0438 : 0.0581 = l : 1.33 (1)
Simplest whole number ratio = 3:4
empirical formula is Pb3O4 (1)
d) Mass of oxygen in E = 6.78 4.00 = 2.78 g (1)
n (Na) = 4.00/23 = 0.174 mol (1)
n (O) = 2.78/16 = 0.174 mol (1)
l mol Na combines with 1 mol O
empirical formula of E is NaO (1)
e) Either Relative formula mass of C5Hl1Br = 5(12) + 11 + 80 = 151
% C = 100(60)/151 = 39.74 % (1)
% H = 100(11)/151 = 7.28% (1)
% Br = 100(80)/151 = 52.98% (1)
Or Moles C = 39.74/12;
H = 7.28/1;
= 3.312
= 7.28
ratio
5.00
:
10.997
i.e. 5:11:1 as in C5H11Br (1)

Br = 52.98/80
= 0.662 (1)
:
1 (1)

AS Level

TOPIC 2 ANSWERS & MARK SCHEMES

QUESTIONSHEET 5
MOLECULAR FORMULAE
a) (i) A molecular formula represents the actual numbers of atoms (1)
of each element present in one molecule of a substance (1)
(ii) The relative molecular mass / molar mass (1)
(iii)

Mr (POCl3) = 31 + 16 + 3(35.5) = 153.5 (1)

P = 31(100) / 153.5 % O = 16 (100) / 153.5 %
P = 20.2 %
O = 10.4 %

Cl = 106.5(100) / 153.5 % (1)

Cl = 69.4 % (1)

b) 12n + 1(2n + 2) = 156 14n = 154

n = 154/14 = 11 (1)
molecular formula is C11H24 (1)
c) % composition
moles
Ratio

Ag = 71.05
71.05/108
= 0.658
1.00

C = 7.89
7.89/12
= 0.658
1.00

O = 21.06
21.06/16 (1)
= 1.316
2.00

empirical formula is AgCO2 (1)

Relative formula mass = 108 + 12 + 32 = 152 (1)
Relative molecular mass = 2(relative formula mass)
molecular formula is Ag2C2O4 (1)
d) n (NaOH) = 0.111/40 = 2.78 10-3 (1)
moles of acid = (2.78 10-3) 2 = 1.39 10-3 (1)
If 1.39 10-3 mol of the acid has a mass of 0.125 g,
then 1 mol of the acid has a mass of 0.125 (1.39 10-3) = 90 i.e. Mr = 90 (1)
Since empirical formula is CHO2, relative formula mass = 12 + 1 + 32 = 45 (1)
90 45 = 2
molecular formula = 2 empirical formula = C2H2O4 (1)

AS Level

TOPIC 2 ANSWERS & MARK SCHEMES

QUESTIONSHEET 6
USES OF FORMULAE
a) 125 g toothpaste contains 12.5 g SrCl2 . 6H2O (1)
Mr (SrCl2. 6H2O) = 267 (1)
n (SrCl2 . 6H2O) = 12.5/267 = 0.0468 mol (1)
This contains 0.0468 mol Sr.
mass of Sr = 0.0468 88 = 4.12 g (1)
b) 1 mol Pb is provided by 1 mol Pb(C2H5)4 (1)
i.e. 207 g Pb is provided by 323 g Pb(C2H5)4 (1)
0.1 g Pb is provided by (323/207) 0.1 = 0.156 g TEL (1)
For 1000 dm3 petrol, mass required = 0.156 1000 = 156 g (1)
-

c) 1 mol F is provided by 1 mol NaF (1)

i.e. 19 g F is provided by 42 g NaF (1)
1 g F- is provided by 42/19 = 2.21 g NaF (1)
This will treat 1 106 g of water, i.e. 1 t of water.
Treatment of 10 t requires 2.21 10 = 22.1 g (1)
d) 80 mg = 80/1000 = 0.08 g (1)
Mr (C2H5OH) = 46 (1)
n (C2H5OH) = 0.08/46 = 1.74 10-3 mol (1)
This is in 100 ml, i.e. 100 cm3.
n (C2H5OH) in 1 dm3 = 1.74 10-3 10 = 0.0174 mol (1)

AS Level

TOPIC 2 ANSWERS & MARK SCHEMES

QUESTIONSHEET 7
YIELD CALCULATIONS
a) (i)

Al2O3 contains 2(27)100 / [2(27) + 3(16)] = 52.9% Al (1)

1 tonne Al2O3 contains 0.529 tonnes / 529 kg Al (1)

(ii) A yield of 90 % gives 90(0.529) / 100 = 0.476 tonnes Al (1)

to obtain 1 tonne requires 1/0.476 = 2.10 tonnes i.e. 2.10 tonnes are needed (1)
b) (i)

Mr (benzene) = 78, n (benzene) = 40.0/78 = 0.513 mol (1)

This should give 0.513 mol nitrobenzene (1) of Mr 123
m (nitrobenzene) = 0.513 123 = 63.1 g (1)

(ii) Yield = (43.0/63.1) 100 = 68.1 % (1)

(iii) The reaction may not go to completion / be an equilibrium (1)
there may be other products / side reactions (1)
there will have been losses on extraction / purification (1) (Any two)
c) (i)

2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(s) + 2H2O(l) (1)

(ii) Moles of NaOH

35.0/40 = 0.875 mol (1)

Moles of H2SO4

49.0/98 = 0.500 mol (1)

Deficient reactant NaOH (1)

(iii) 0.875 mol NaOH 0.875/2 = 0.4375 mol Na2SO4 (1)
Mr (Na2SO4) = 142
m (Na2SO4) = 0.4375 142 = 62.1 g (1)

AS Level

TOPIC 2 ANSWERS & MARK SCHEMES

QUESTIONSHEET 8
CALCULATION OF REACTING MASSES
a) Mr (Na2CO3) = 106
n (Na2CO3) = 100/106 = 0.943 mol (1)
n (NaHCO3) = 2 0.943 = 1.89 mol (1)
Mr (NaHCO3) = 84
m (NaHCO3) = 1.89 84 = 159 g (1)
b) (i)

2Al + 3CuSO4 3Cu + Al2(SO4)3 (2) (i.e. 1 mark for correct formulae, 1 for balance)

(ii) n (Cu) = 1000/63.5 = 15.7 mol (1)

The equation shows that 3 mol Cu requires 2 mol Al (either stated or implied by subsequent calculation) (1)
15.7 mol Cu require (15.7 2) / 3 = 10.5 mol Al (1)
m (Al) = 10.5 27 = 284 g (1)
c) m (S) = (100 0.25) / 100 = 0.25 t (1)
n (S) = (0.25 106) / 32 = 7813 mol (1)
n (Mg) = 7813 mol (1)
m (Mg) = 7813 24 = 187512 g = 187.5 kg (1)
d) Fe2O3 contains 2(56)100 / [2(56) + 3(16)]
Thus there is 30(70) / 100
A yield of 95% produces iron which is 95(21.0) / 100
To produce 10 t iron requires 10 / (0.1995)

= 70.0% Fe by mass (1)

= 21.0% Fe by mass in haematite (1)
= 19.95% of ore used (1)
= 50.125 t
i.e. 50.1 t haematite (1)

AS Level

TOPIC 2 ANSWERS & MARK SCHEMES

QUESTIONSHEET 9
CALCULATIONS INVOLVING GASES
a) n (bromine)
= 562 10-3 / 22.4 = 0.02509 mol bromine (1)
Mr (bromine) = 4.00/0.2509 = 159 [NB: no units] (1)
b) Total moles gas present = (4/16) + (35.5/71) = 0.75 mol gas (1)
At s.t.p. this occupies 0.75(22.4) = 16.8 dm3 (1)
Correcting to new conditions, this gives V = 760(16.8)291 / 750(273) (1)
Or Total moles of gas present = 0.75 (as above) (1)
V = (0.75 8.31 291) / (101 000 750/760) (1)
= 0.0182 m3 (1)
= 18.2 dm3 (1)
c) Equation

Calculation

Mg(s) + H2SO4 (aq) MgSO4 (aq) + H2(g) (1)

Examiners may accept equations without sate symbols.
1 mol Mg produces 1 mol H2 (1)
n (H2) = 1.12/22.4 = 0.05 mol H2 (1)
n (Mg) = 0.05 mol (1)
m (Mg) = 0.05(24) = 1.20 g magnesium (1)

.
d) 1 dm3 O2 1/24 mol O2 = 0.0417 mol O2 (1)
From the equation, this requires 0.0417 2 = 0.0833 mol NaNO3 (1)
Mr (NaNO3) = 85
m (NaNO3) = 0.0833 85 = 7.08 g (1)

= 18.2 dm3 (1)

AS Level

TOPIC 2 ANSWERS & MARK SCHEMES

QUESTIONSHEET 10
TEST QUESTION
a) (i)

n (CO2) = 11.379/44 = 0.2586 mol (1)

(ii) n (H2O) = n (CO2) = 0.2586 mol (1)

(iii) Mass of carbon

0.2586 x 12 = 3.103 g (1)

Mass of hydrogen

0.2586 x 2 x 1 = 0.517 g (1)

Mass of oxygen

5.000 3.103 0.517 = 1.380 g (1)

(iv) n (O) = 1.380/16 = 0.0863 mol (1)

Moles C : H : O = 0.2586 : 0.5170 : 0.0863 (1)
Simplest ratio C : H : O = 2.997 : 5.991 : 1
empirical formula = C3H6O (1)
b) (i)

n = pV / RT (1)
V = 2.60 x 10-3 m3 (1)
T = 450 + 273 = 723 K (1)
n = (1.01 x 105 x 2.60 x 10-3) / (8.314 x 723) = 0.0437 mol (1)

(ii) Mr = 5.000/0.0437 = 114 (1)

Relative formula mass of C3H6O = 58 2 x Mr
molecular formula = C6H12O2 (1)
c) Fraction of C in C6H12O2 = 72/116 = 0.621 (1)
mass of C6H12O6 in 1 g Wondaburn = 0.490/0.621 = 0.789g (1)
percentage of C6H12O6 = (0.789/1.00) 100 = 78.9% (1)