Table of Contents

Human Body Systems

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Vocabulary Page 916 ( Section 35-1) DDLC Figure 35-3 on Page 894 Copy and Answer Questions Page 917 #1-2 and 11-12 How the Systems Work Together in the Human Body How the Systems Work Together in the Human Body Page 2

Muscular System
6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Vocabulary Page 938 ( Section 36-2) Summary of the function of Muscular System The Major Structures of the Muscular System Muscular Dystrophy DDLC Figure 36-6 Page 926 DDLC Figure 36-7 Page 927 Answer and Questions 7-9 and 16-20 Page 939

Skeletal System
13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. Vocabulary Page 938 (Section 36-1) Summary of the function of Skeletal System Major Structures of the Skeletal Systems Arthritis DDLC Figure 36-2 Page 922 DDLC Figure 36-3 Page 923 DDLC Figure 36-4 Page 924 DDLC Figure 36-5 Page 925 Questions and Answers 1-6 and 11-15 Page 939 Thinking Visually Page 938

Integumentary System
23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. Vocabulary Page 938 (Section 36-3) Summary of the function of Integumentary System Major structures of the Integumentary System Skin Cancer DDLC Figure 36-13 Page 934 Question and Answers Page 939 10, 21-25

Human Body Systems (General Information)

Tuan Vu # 24 Biology, Period 4 Vocabulary Page 916 (Section 35-1)

1) Specialized cell- cell that is uniquely suited to performing a particular function 2) Epithelial tissue- tissue that covers the surface of the body and lines internal organs

3) Connective tissue- tissue that holds organs in place and binds different parts of the body together 4) Nervous tissue-tissue that receives messages from the bodys external and internal environment, analyzes the data, and directs the response

5) Muscle tissue-tissue that controls the internal movement of materials in the body, as well as external movement 6) Homeostasis- process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment.

7) Feedback inhibition- process in which the product or result stops or limits the process
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DDLC Figure 35-3 on page 894

Figure 35-3 The four types of tissues in the human body are epithelial tissue, connective tissue, nervous tissue, and muscle tissue.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Epithelial Tissue (magnification: 6000x) Connective Tissue(magnification: 50x) Nervous Tissue(magnification: 1100x) Muscle Tissue(magnification: 150x)

Page 917 Questions 1-2, 11-12

1) The type of tissue that covers the body, lines internal surfaces, and forms glands
are a) Muscle tissue b) Connective tissue c) Epithelial tissue d) Nervous tissue

2) The process of maintaining a relatively constant internal environment despite

changes in the external environment is called

a) regulation

b) homeostasis

c) synapse

d) stimulation

11) Sequence from simple to most complex: organ system, tissue, organ, organism,
cell. Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism

12)Why is it important for an organism to maintain homeostasis?

Homeostasis is the state of being stable and balanced. If an organism does not maintain homeostasis, it could die.

How the Systems Work Together

Vocabulary Page 938 (Section 36-2)

1) Myosin- protein that makes up the thick filaments in striations in skeletal muscle cells.

2) Actin-protein that mainly makes up the thin filaments in striations in skeletal muscle cells

3) Neuromuscular junction- point of contract between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle cell

4) Acetylcholine- neurotransmitter that diffuses across a synapse and produces an impulse in the cell membrane of a muscle cell

5) Tendon- tough connective tissue that joins skeletal muscles to bone

The Function of the Muscular System

The Muscular System helps with movement. More than 40 percent of the mass of the average human body is muscle. The tree main types of muscles are Skeletal Muscles, Smooth Muscles and Cardiac Muscles. The Muscular System aids in movement, digestion, and strength. Each type of muscle has different jobs. For example, the cardiac muscles pump blood, the smooth muscles aid in digestion and ensure blood flow, and the skeletal muscles protect organs and aid in movement.

The Major Structures of the Muscular System

Skeletal Muscles- These muscles usually attach to bone and are controlled by the central nervous system. The main job of these muscles is that they aid in movement. Skeletal muscles are also called striated muscles.

Smooth Muscles- Smooth muscles are not under voluntary control. The smooth muscles cell has one nucleus and is not striated. This muscle is found in the walls of hollow structures like the stomach or the intestines. Their job is to move food through the digestive system and control the blood flow in the circulatory system.

Cardiac Muscles-The only cardiac muscle is the heart. The prefix cardio comes from the Greek word meaning heart. Cardiac cells are striated and are not under voluntary control. They share characteristics of both Smooth and Skeletal muscles.

Muscular Dystrophy

DDLC Figure 36-6 Page 926

Skeletal Muscle (150x)

Smooth Muscle (400x)

Cardiac Muscle (500x)

Figure 36-3 There are three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscles have cells have striations, or stripes, and many nuclei. Smooth muscle cells are spindled-shaped and have one nucleus and me striations. Cardiac muscle cells have striations and usually only one nucleus.

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DDLC Figure 36-7 Page 927

Figure 36-7 Skeletal Muscle Structure Skeletal muscles are made up of bundles of muscle fibers, which in turn are composed of myofibrils. Each myofibril contains thin filaments made of actins and thick filaments made of myosin. Muscle fibers are divided into functional units called sarcomeres.

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Questions and Answers Page 939 7-9 and 16-20

7) Which figure shows smooth muscle tissue? A. C.

B.
8)

D.

Two proteins that are involved in the contraction of muscles are A. sarcomeres and myofibril B. actin and myosin C. periosteum and cartilage D. ATP and acetylcholine

9) The point of contact between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle cell is called a: A. Cross- bridge site B. Periosteum C. Tendon D. Neuromuscular junction

16) Describe the primary function of the three types of muscle.

Skeletal-Voluntary movement Cardiac- the heart pumps blood Smooth-move food through the digestive tract and control the blood flow in the circulatory system

17) Use the sliding filament model to describe how skeletal muscles work. 1. During muscle contraction, the knoblike head of a myosin filament attaches to a binding site on actin, forming a cross-bridge 2.Powered by ATP, the myosin crossbridge changes shape and pulls the actin filament toward the center of the sarcomere 3. The cross-bridge of broken, the myosin binds to another site on the actin filament, and the cycle begins again. 18) Describe how the release of acetylcholine from a motor neuron affects a muscle cell.
Acetylcholine molecules diffuse across the synapse, producing an impulse in the cell membrane of the muscle fiber. The impulse causes the release of calcium ions within the fiber. The calcium ions affect regulatory proteins that allow actin and myosin filaments to interact. From the time a nerve impulse reaches a muscle cell, it is only a few milliseconds before these events occur and the muscle cell contracts.

19) Compare a ligament with a tendon. A ligament is a strip of tough connective tissue that holds bones together at a joint. A tendon is a tough connective tissue that joins skeletal muscles to bones. 20) Explain the statement: Most skeletal muscles work in opposing pairs. One muscle contracts and another muscle relaxes.

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MUSCULAR SYSTEM

SKELETAL SYSTEM

Vocabulary Page 938 (Section 36-1)

1) Periosteum- tough layer of connective tissue surrounding a bone

2) Haversian Canal- one of a network of tubes running through compact bone that contains blood vessels and nerves

3) Bone Marrow- soft tissue inside the cavities within bones; two types are yellow marrow and red marrow

4) Cartilage- strong connective tissue that supports the body and is softer and more flexible than bone

5) Ossification- process of bone formation, during which cartilage is replaced by bone

6) Joint-place where one bone connects to another

7) Ligament- strip of tough connective tissue that holds bones together at a joint

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Summary of the Skeletal System

The Skeletal System supports the body, protects internal organs, provides for movement, stores mineral reserves, and provides a site for blood cell formation. The bones support and shape the body. Bones can protect important organs like the brain. Bones also provide a system of levers on which muscles act to produce movement. Blood cells are produced in the soft marrow tissue that fills the internal cavities in some bones. There are 206 bones in an adult skeleton.

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Major Structures of Skeletal System

Bones

Ligament

Cartilage

Periosteum Bone Marrow

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Arthritis

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Axial Skeleton

DDLC Figure 36-2 Page 922 Appendicular Skeleton

Figure 36-2 the skeleton supports the body. The human skeleton is divided into two parts: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.

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DDLC Figure 36-3 Page 923

Figure 36-3 Structure of a Bone
Bones are a solid network of living cells and protein fibers that are supported by deposits of calcium salts. A typical long bone such as the femur contains spongy bone and compact bone. Within the compact bone are Haversian Canals, which contain blood vessels.

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DDLC Figure 36-4 Page 924 Ball-and-Socket Joint Hinge Joint

Pivot Joint

Saddle Joint

Figure 36-4 Freely movable joints are classified by the type of movement the permit. The joints illustrated are in the shoulder, knee, elbow, and hand
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DDLC Figure 36-5 Page 925

Figure 36-5 The knee joint is protected by cartilage and bursae. The ligaments hold the bones composing the knee joint femur, patella, tibia, and fibula together. 20

Questions and Answers Page 939 1-6 and 11-15

1) The tough layer of connective tissue surrounding each bone is called
A. B. C. D. Tendon Ligament Periosteum Cartilage Periosteum Joint Haversian Canals Marrow Ossification Calcification Photosynthesis Marrow Replacement Tendons Smooth Muscles Striated Muscles Ligaments Bursae Ligaments Tendons Striations Gliding joints Ball-and-socket- joints Hinge joints Pivot joints

2)

The network of tubes that runs through compact bone is called the

A. B. C. D.
3)
A. B. C. D.

Cartilage is replaced by bone during the process known as

4)

Strips of tough connective tissue that holds bones together are known as
A. B. C. D.

5)

Small sacs of synovial fluids that help reduce friction between the bones of a joint are called

A. B. C. D.
6)

Joints that allow for circular movements are

A. B. C. D.

11) What types of tissue make up the skeletal system? Periosteum, bone marrows, cartilage, ligament 12) What are bones? Bones are a solid network of living cells and protein fibers that are surrounded by deposits of
calcium salts.

13) Draw a diagram of a long bone and label the structures. Identify which structures carry
oxygen and nutrients, and identify which carry blood vessels and nerves.

14) What is the advantage of spongy bone tissue in the ends of long bones? The structure adds strength to the bone, but no mass. 15) Which cells are produced in red bone marrow? Red Blood Cells

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Think Visually on Page 938

Skeletal System

Includes tissues

Bone

Cartilage

Ligament

Tendon s Function

Functions

Function

Function

Cushion between joints

Connects bones

Connects muscle to bone

Support

Protects organs

Movement

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Integumentary System

Vocabulary Page 938 (Section 36-3)

1) Epidermis- outer layer of the skin

2) Keratin- tough fibrous protein found in skin

3) Melanin- dark- brown pigment found in skin

4) Dermis- inner layer of the skin

5) Hair Follicle- tube like pocket of epidermal vessels that extends into the dermis; cells at the base of hair follicles produce hair

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Summary of the Functions of the Integumentary System

The Integumentary system serves as a barrier against infection and injury, helps regulates body temperature, removes waste products from the body, and provides protection against ultraviolet radiation from the sun. The skin is the largest component of the Integumentary System. It contains several types of sensory receptors, it serves as the gateway through which sensations such as pressure, heat, cold, and pain are transmitted to the nervous system.

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The Major Structures of the Integumentary System

Skin- Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis Hair Follicle Sweat Pores Sweat Gland Sebaceous Gland Hair Nails

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Skin Cancer

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DDLC Figure 36-13 Page 934

Figure 36-13 The skin has an outer layer called the epidermis and an inner layer called the dermis.

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Questions and Answers Page 939 10, 21-25

10) The outer layer of the skin is called the A. dermis B. keratin C. epidermis D. melanin

21) What is the most important function of the Integumentary system? Describe three ways it performs that function. Regulate Body Temperature- Sweat, Shiver, Hair follicle muscles moves up and down 22) Compare the Epidermis and the Dermis. Dermis-Inner Layer- Interacts with the other body systems to maintain homeostasis-beneath the Epidermis Epidermis- Outer Layer- Comes in contact with the environment-No blood vessels- Rapid cell division 23) How does the melanin affect the color of skin? The amount of melanocytes affects the skin color 24) How does the skin maintain homeostasis? By sweating and shivering 25) How do fingernails and toenails grow? Nails grow from an area of rapidly dividing cells known as the nail root. The nail root is located near the tips of the fingers and toes. During cell division, the cells of the nail root fill with keratin and provide a tough, plate like mail that covers and protects the tips of the fingers and toes.

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Nervous System

Vocabulary Page 916 (Section 35-2 and 35-3) (Section 35-2)

1) Neuron-cell that carries messages throughout the nervous system. 2) Cell Body-largest part of a typical neuron; contains the nucleus and much of the cytoplasm 3) Dendrite- extension of the cell body of a neuron that carries impulses from the environment or from other neurons toward the cell body 4) Axon-long fiber that carries impulses away from the cell body of a neuron 5) Myelin Sheath-insulating membrane surrounding the axon in some neurons 6) Resting Potential-electric charge across the cell membrane of a resting neuron 7) Action Potential-reversal of charges across the cell membrane of a neuron; also called a nerve impulse 8) Threshold-minimum level of a stimulus required to activate a neuron 9) Synapse-location at which a neuron can transfer and impulse to another cell 10) Neurotransmitter-chemical used by a neuron to transmit an impulse across a synapse to another cell

(Section 35-3)
11) Meninges-three layers of connective tissue in which the brain and spinal cord are wrapped 12) Cerebrospinal Fluid-fluid in the space between the meninges that acts as a shock absorber that protects the central nervous system 13) Cerebrum-area of the brain responsible for all voluntary actions of the body 14) Cerebellum-region of the brain that coordinates body movements 15) Brain Stem-structures that connects the brain and spinal cord; includes the medulla oblongata and the pons 16) Thalamus17) Hypothalamus- brain structure that acts as a control center for recognition and analysis of hunger, thirst, fatigue anger, and body temperature 18) Reflex-quick automatic response to a stimulus 19) Reflex Arc-sensory receptor, sensory neuron, motor neuron, and effectors that are involved in a quick response to a stimulus

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Summary of the Function Nervous System

The Nervous System controls and coordinates functions throughout the body and responds to internal and external stimuli.

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Major Structures of the Nervous System

Brain Nerves Neuron Axon Spinal cord

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Alzheimers Disease

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DDLC Figure 35-5 Page 897

Figure 35-5 The Nervous System controls and coordinates functions throughout the body. The basic units of the nervous system are neuron.

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DDLC Figure 35-6 Page 898

Figure 35-6 the sodium-potassium pump in the neuron cell membrane uses the energy of ATP to pump Na+ out of the cell and, at the same time, to pump K+ in. This ongoing process maintains resting potential.

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DDLC Figure 35-9 Page 901

The Brain- as part of the Central Nervous system- helps to relay messages, process information, and analyze information. The brain consists of the cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem.

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Questions and Answers Page 917 3-10, 13-15 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8)

The basic structure and function of the nervous system are
A. Neurons B. Axons A. Myelin Sheath B. Axon A. Synapse B. Dendrite C.Dendrite D. Cell Body C. Myelin Sheath D. Receptor C .Brain and Spinal Cord D. Sensory and Motor Neurons C. Cerebellum D. Brain Stem C. Dendrites D. Neurotransmitter

In the diagram below, letter A is pointing to the

The place where a neuron transfers an impulse to another cell is the

The central nervous system consists of the

A. Sense Organs B. Reflexes A. Medulla Oblongata B. Cerebrum

Voluntary or conscious activities of the body are controlled by the

The sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system are divisions of the
A. Peripheral nervous system B. Central nervous system C. Somatic nervous System D. Automatic nervous system C. Respiratory rate D. Temperature

9)

The semicircular canals and the two tiny sacs located behind them help maintain
A. Night Vision B. Equilibrium

10)

Drugs that increase heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate are
C. Opiates D.Barbiturates

A. Stimulants B. Depressants

13) Describe the structure and the function of a neuron. Neurons have axons, dendrites, cell body nodes and Myelin sheath. They are the basic units of the nervous system. 14) What changes occur in the neuron during the resting potential? During the action potential? The supply of ATP 15) How does the all-or-none principle relate to the transmission of a nerve impulse?

If the membrane potential of a neuron goes above -30 mV, then the nerve transmits an impulse. If it doesn't go above -30mV then it doesn't transmit an impulse.

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Circulatory System

Vocabulary Page 966 (Section 37-1) 1) Myocardium2) Atrium3) Ventricle4) Pulmonary Circulation5) Systematic Circulation6) Valve7) Pacemaker8) Aorta9) Artery10) Capillary11) Vein12) Atherosclerosis-